1 Jonckbloet, Beknopte Geschiedenis der nederl. Letterkunde, ed. 1880, p. 282. ↑
3 Cp. Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, pp. 336–37; Colerus, Vie de Spinoza, as cited, p. lviii. ↑
4 See Texte, Rousseau and the Cosmopolitan Spirit, Eng. tr. p. 29. ↑
6 This is the basis of Pope’s reference to “illustrious Passeran” in his Epilogue to the Satires, 1738, ii, 124. The Rev. J. Bramstone’s satire, The Man of Taste (1733), spells the name “Pasaran,” whence may be inferred the extent of the satirist’s knowledge of his topic. ↑
7 Reprinted, in French, at London in 1749, in a more complete and correct edition, published by J. Brindley. ↑
8 The copy in the British Museum is dated 1737, and the title-page describes Passerano as “a Piemontæse exile now in Holland, a Christian Freethinker.” It is presumably a re-issue. ↑
9 Warburton in a note on Pope (Epilogue, as cited) characteristically alleges that Passerano had been banished from Piedmont “for his impieties, and lived in the utmost misery, yet feared to practise his own precepts; and at last died a penitent.” The source of these allegations may serve as warrant for disbelieving them. Warburton, it will be observed, says nothing of an imprisonment in England. ↑
10 London ed. 1749, pp. 24–25. ↑
11 Koch, Histor. View of the European Nations, Eng. tr. 3rd ed. p. 103. Cp. Crichton and Wheaton, Scandinavia, 1837, i, 383–96; Otté, Scandinavian History, 1874, pp. 222–24; Villiers, Essay on the Reformation, Eng. tr. 1836, p. 105. But cp. Allen, Histoire de Danemark, Fr. tr. i, 298–300. ↑
12 Otté, pp. 232–36; Crichton-Wheaton, i, 398–400; Geijer, Hist. of the Swedes, Eng. tr. i, 125. ↑
13 Koch, p. 104; Geijer, i, 129. ↑
14 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 322. ↑
15 Ludwig Holberg, Baron Holberg, born at Bergen, Norway, 1684. After a youth of poverty and struggle he settled at Copenhagen in 1718, as professor of metaphysics, and attained the chair of eloquence in 1720. Made Baron by King Frederick V of Denmark at his accession in 1747. D. 1754. ↑
16 Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum novam telluris theoriam ac historiam quintæ monarchiæ ... exhibens, etc. Dr. Gosse, in art. Holberg, Encyc. Brit., makes the mistake of calling the book a poem. It is in Latin prose, with verse passages. ↑
17 It was published thrice in Danish, ten times in German, thrice in Swedish, thrice in Dutch, thrice in English, twice in French, twice in Russian, and once in Hungarian. ↑
18 Cap. vi, De religione gentis Potuanæ. ↑
20 Cap. vi, p. 69; cp. cap. viii, De Academia, p. 101. ↑
22 He had visited England in his youth. ↑
23 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 322. On p. 159 a somewhat contrary statement is made, which obscures the facts. Cp. Schlosser, iv, 13, as to Christian’s martinet methods. ↑
25 Id. p. 343; Otté, p. 292. ↑
26 Geijer, i, 342. Cp. Ranke, Hist. of the Popes, Eng. tr. ed. 1908, ii, 399; iii, 345–46. ↑
27 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 88–89, and refs. ↑
28 Cp. Ranke, as cited, ii, 407. ↑
29 Work cited, pp. 288–89. This writer gives the only intelligible account of the private execution of Christina’s secretary, Monaldeschi, by her orders. Monaldeschi had either passed over to other hands some of her letters to him, or kept them so carelessly as to let them be stolen. Id. p. 11. For her cruel act she shows no trace of religious or any other remorse. She was, in fact, a neurotic egoist. Cp. Ranke, ii, 394, 405. ↑
30 Bouillier, Hist. de la philos. cartés., i, 449–50. ↑
32 See his treatise, Of the Nature and Qualification of Religion in Reference to Civil Society, Eng. tr. by Crull, 1698. ↑
33 Heaven and Hell, 1758, §§ 353, 354, 464. ↑
34 Translated as The Divine Providence. ↑
37 De cultu et amore Dei, 1745. tr. as The Worship and Love of God, ed. 1885, p. 18. ↑
38 “When he was contradicted he kept silence.” Documents concerning Swedenborg, ed. by Dr. Tafel, 1875–1877, ii, 564. ↑
39 Cp. Swedenborg’s letter to Beyer, in Documents, as cited, ii, 279. ↑
40 For many years he seldom went to church, being unable to listen peacefully to the trinitarian doctrine he heard there. Documents, as cited, ii, 560. ↑
41 W. White, Swedenborg: his Life and Writings, ed. 1867, i, 188. ↑
42 Schweitzer, Geschichte der skandinavischen Literatur, ii, 175, 225; C.-F. Allen, Histoire de Danemark, Fr. tr. ii, 1900–1901; R. N. Bain, Gustavus Vasa and his Contemporaries, 1894, i, 226. ↑
43 Correspondance de Grimm, ed. 1829–1831, vii, 229. ↑
44 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 206. ↑
45 Writing to his mother on his first visit to Paris, he takes her, ostensibly as a libre esprit, into his confidence, disparaging Marmontel and Grimm as vain. Joseph II in turn pronounced Gustavus “a conceited fop, an impudent braggart” (Bain, as cited, i, 266). Both monarchs set up an impression of want of balance, and the mother of Gustavus, who forced him to break with her, does the same. ↑
46 Bain, as cited, i, 224–31. ↑
49 Cp. Bain, ii, 272, 287, 293–96. ↑
50 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 335. ↑
51 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 322. Cp. pp. 161–63. Schlosser, iv, 15. ↑
52 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 190; Otté, p. 322; C.-F. Allen, as cited, ii, 194–201; Schlosser, iv, 319 sq. ↑
53 Cp. Mary Wollstonecraft’s Letters from Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, 1796, Let. xviii. One of the grounds on which the queen was charged with unchastity was, that she had established a hospital for foundlings. ↑
54 Trans. from the German, 1774; 2nd ed. 1825. See it also in the work, Converts from Infidelity, by Andrew Crichton; vols. vi and vii of Constable’s Miscellany, 1827. This singular compilation includes lives of Boyle, Bunyan, Haller, and others, who were never “infidels.” ↑
55 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 190–91. ↑
57 Id. Letter viii, near end. ↑
58 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 324. ↑
59 He claimed that the remarks penned by him in an anti-atheistic work, challenging its argument, represented not unbelief but the demand for a better proof, which he undertook to produce. See Krasinski, Sketch of the Religious History of the Slavonic Nations, 1851, pp. 224–25. It is remarkable that the Pope, Innocent XI, bitterly censured the execution. ↑
60 Fletcher, History of Poland, 1831, p. 141. ↑
62 Hardwick, Church History: Middle Age, 1853, pp. 386–87. ↑
63 L. Sichler, Hist. de la litt. Russe, 1887, pp. 88–89, 139. Cp. Rambaud, Hist. de Russie, 2e édit. pp. 249, 259, etc. (Eng. tr. i, 309, 321, 328). ↑
64 R. N. Bain, The First Romanovs, 1905, pp. 136–51; Rambaud, p. 333 (tr. i, 414–17). The struggle (1654) elicited old forms of heresy, going back to Manicheism and Gnosticism. In this furious schism Nikon destroyed irregular ikons or sacred images; and savage persecutions resulted from his insistence that the faithful should use three fingers instead of two in crossing themselves. Many resisted to the death. ↑
65 Prince Serge Wolkonsky, Russian History and Literature, 1897, pp. 98–101. ↑
66 Morfill, History of Russia, 1902, p. 14; Bain, p. 201. ↑
68 C. E. Turner, Studies in Russian Literature, 1882, p. 2. ↑
69 Id. pp. 16, 17, 25, 26, 40; Sichler, p. 148. ↑
70 Sichler, p. 139. Peter’s dislike of monks won him the repute of a freethinker. Morfill, p. 97. He was actually attacked as “Antichrist” in a printed pamphlet on the score of his innovations. Personally, he detested religious persecution, and was willing to tolerate anybody but Jews; but he had to let persecution take place; and even to consent to removing statues of pagan deities from his palace. Bain, pp. 304–309. ↑
72 Turner, p. 22. Kantemir was the friend of Bolingbroke and Montesquieu in Paris. ↑
75 See the passages cited by Rambaud, p. 482, from her letter to Voltaire. ↑
76 Seume, Ueber das Leben ... der Kaiserin Catharina II: Werke, ed. 1839, v, 239–40; Rambaud, pp. 482–84. ↑
77 See Bishop Burnet’s Letters, iv, ed. Rotterdam, 1686, pp. 187–91. ↑
78 Zeller, Histoire d’Italie, pp. 426–32, 450; Procter, Hist. of Italy, 2nd ed. pp. 240, 268. ↑
79 Burnet, as cited, pp. 195–97. ↑
80 Prof. Flint, who insists on the deep piety of Vico, notes that he “appears to have had strangely little interest in Christian systematic theology” (Vico, 1884, p. 70). ↑
81 Siciliani, Sul Rinnovamento della filosofia positiva in Italia, 1871, pp. 37–41. ↑
83 Introduction (by Mignet?) to the Princess Belgiojoso’s tr. La Science Nouvelle, 1844, p. cxiii. Cp. Flint, Vico, 231. ↑
84 Ganganelli, Papst Clemens XIV, seine Briefe und seine Zeit, vom Verfasser der Römischen Briefe (Von Reumont), 1847, pp. 35–36, and p. 155, note. ↑
85 See the Storia della economia pubblica in Italia of G. Pecchio, 1829, p. 61 sq., as to the claim of Antonio Serra (Breve trattato, etc. 1613) to be the pioneer of modern political economy. Cp. Hallam, Lit. of Europe, iii, 164–66. Buckle (1-vol. ed. p. 122, note) has claimed the title for William Stafford, whose Compendious or briefe Examination of certain ordinary Complaints (otherwise called A Briefe Conceipt of English Policy) appeared in 1581. But cp. Ingram (Hist. of Pol. Econ. 1888, pp. 43–45) as to the prior claims of Bodin. ↑
86 Briefe, as before cited, p. 408. ↑
87 Correspondence littéraire, ed. 1829–31, vii, 331. Cp. Von Reumont, Ganganelli, p. 33. ↑
88 The Dei delitti e delle pene was translated into 22 languages. Pecchio, p. 144. ↑
89 See in the 6th ed. of the Dei delitti (Harlem, 1766) the appended Risposta ad uno scritto, etc., Parte prima, Accuse d’empietà. ↑
90 See his letter to the Abbé Morellet, cited by Mr. Farrer in ch. i of his ed. of Crimes and Punishments, 1880, p. 5. It describes the Milanese as deeply sunk in prejudices. ↑
92 Cp. McCulloch, Literature of Political Economy, 1845, p. 64; Blanqui, Hist. de l’economie politique, 2e édit. ii, 432. ↑
93 As to the genuineness of the Ganganelli letters, originally much disputed, see Von Reumont’s Ganganelli, Papst Clemens XIV; seine Briefe und seine Zeit, 1847, pp. 40–44. ↑
94 Lett. lvi, Eng. tr. 1777, i, 141–42. No. lxxii in Von Reumont’s Ganganelli, 1847. ↑
95 Lett. xiii, 1749. Eng. tr. i, 44–46; No. cxiv in Von Reumont’s translation. ↑
96 Lett. vi and xiv; Nos. ix and xxii in Von Reumont. ↑
97 Lett. xxx, p. 83; No. xxxiv in Von Reumont. ↑
98 Lett. xci; No. xcii in Von Reumont. ↑
99 Lett. cxlvi; No. xiii in Von Reumont. ↑
100 Lett. lxxxii, 1753 or 1754; No. lxi in Von Reumont. ↑
101 Lett. cxxiv, 1769. This letter is not in Von Reumont’s collection, and appears to be regarded by him as spurious—or unduly indiscreet. ↑
102 Lett. lxxxiii, 1754; No. lxxiii in Von Reumont. ↑
103 Corr. Litt. as cited, vii, 104. ↑
106 Julien Luchaire, Essai sur l’evolution intellectuelle de l’Italie de 1815 à 1830, 1906, p. 3. ↑
107 Parini wrote a reproving Ode on the subject. (Henri Hauvette, Littérature Italienne, 1906, p. 371.) He was one of those disillusioned by the course of the Revolution. (Id. p. 375.) ↑
109 Coxe, Memoirs of the Bourbon Kings of Spain, ed. 1815, iv, 408. ↑
110 Villanueva, Vida Literaria, London, 1825. ↑
111 Buckle, iii, 547–48 (1-vol. ed. 599–600). The last victim seems to have been a woman accused of witchcraft. Her nose was cut off before her execution. See the Marokkanische Briefe, 1785, p. 36; and Buckle’s note 272. ↑
112 Letter of D’Alembert to Voltaire, 13 mai, 1773. ↑
113 Grimm, Corr. Litt. x, 393. ↑
115 As to which see Buckle, p. 607. ↑
118 Grimm is evidently in error in his statement (Correspondance, ed. 1829–31, x, 394) that one of the main grievances against Olavidès was his having caused to be made a Spanish translation of Raynal’s book, which was never published. No such offence is mentioned by Llorente. The case of Almodobar had been connected in French rumour with that of Olavidès. ↑
125 Id. ii, 440–42. Llorente mentions that Clavijo edited a journal named The Thinker, “at a time when hardly anyone was to be found who thought.” A Frenchman, Langle having asserted, in his Voyage d’Espagne, that the Thinker was without merit, the historian comments that if Langle is right in the assertion, it will be the sole verity in his book, but that, in view of his errors on all other matters, it is probable that he is wrong there also. ↑
127 Id. ii, 450–51. The book was prohibited, but a printer at Bayonne reissued it with an additional volume of the tracts written for and against it. ↑
132 Carnota, The Marquis of Pombal, 2nd ed. 1871, p. 242. ↑
137 Cp. P. Godet, Hist. litt. de la suisse française, 1900. ↑
138 E. de Budé, Vie de François Turrettini, 1871, pp. 12–18. B. Turrettini was commissioned to write a history of the Reformation at Geneva, which however remains in MS. He was further commissioned in 1621 to go to Holland to obtain financial help for the city, then seriously menaced by Savoy; and obtained 30,000 florins, besides smaller sums from Hamburg and Bremen. ↑
139 Cp. Budé, as cited, pp. 24 (birth-date wrong), 294; and the Avis de l’Éditeur to the Traité de la Verité de la Religion Chrétienne of J. A. Turretin, Paris, 1753. ↑
141 Lettre à Damilaville, 6 décembre, 1763. The reserved youth may have been either Jean-Alphonse, grandson of the Socinian professor, who was born in 1735 and died childless, or some other member of the numerous Turrettini clan. ↑
142 Voltaire to Damilaville, 12 juillet, 1763. “Il faut que vous sachiez,” explains Voltaire “que Jean Jacques n’a été condamné que parce qu’on n’aime pas sa personne.” ↑
143 Voltaire to Damilaville, 21 auguste, 1763. ↑
144 Cp. i, 2, 16, 56, 58, 65, 68, 70, 71, 73, 94; ii, 290, etc. ↑
145 For instance: “Je me recommande contr’eux [les prêtres] à Dieu le père, car pour le fils, vous savez qu’il a aussi peu de crédit que sa mère à Genève” (Lettre à D’Alembert, 25 mars, 1758).... “Une république où tout le monde est ouvertement socinien, exceptés ceux qui font anabaptistes ou moraves. Figurez-vous, mon cher ami, qu’il n’y a pas actuellement un chrétien de Genève à Berne; cela fait frémir!” (To the same, 8 fév. 1776.) ↑
146 On this see the correspondence of Voltaire and D’Alembert, under dates 8, 28, and 29 janvier, 1757. ↑
147 Lettre à D’Alembert, 27 août, 1757. ↑
148 Lettres sur le Déisme, 1759, p. 6. Cp. pp. 84, 94, 103, 105, 412. ↑