1 The Natural History of the Hartz Forest (Hercynia Curiosa), translated from the German of H. Behrens, M.D., by John Andree, 1670, p. 41.

2 Florus, lib. iii. c. x. Delphin. 4to. 1714, p. 112.

3 Since this was written, Sir C. Lyell has withdrawn his term “Post-pleiocene” in favour of Pleistocene. (“Antiquity of Man,” 4th edition, 1873.)

4 Hist. Anim. vol. i. Folio, 1603. Article “Monoceras.”

5 Described by Professor Owen, Quart. Geol. Journ. p. 417. See Hanbury on “Chinese Materia Medica,” 1862, 8vo. p. 40. Some of the dragons’ teeth were found in caves by Mr. Swinhoe.

6 Hercynia Curiosa.

7 See Cuvier, Oss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 290 et seq.

8 The references are to be found in Cuvier, top. cit. and in Buckland, “Reliquiæ Diluvianæ,” 4to. 1822. Most of them I have verified.

9 Phil. Trans. 1817, p. 176.

10 Pengelly, “Literature of Kent’s Cavern,” Devonshire Association. 1868–9. “Kent’s Hole,” Lecture, delivered in Hulme Town Hall, 1872.

11 Comptes Rendus, 1847, pp. 649–50, et 1864, p. 230.

12 Prestwich, Phil. Trans. 1860. Proceed. Royal Soc. 1859.

13 Quart. Geol. Journ. Jan. 1861.

14 Falconer, Palæont. Mem. vol. ii. p. 498.

15 Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1865–72.

16 The authorities for this paragraph are Cuvier (Oss. Foss.), Desnoyers (Article “Grottes,” Dictionnaire Univ. d’Histoire Naturelle), Marcel de Serres (Cavernes à Oss. Foss. du Département de l’Aude, 1839), Gervais (Paléontologie Française, 1859, and Nouvelles Recherches sur les Animaux Vertébrés, Vivants et Fossiles, 1868–9–70).

17 An. des Sc.: Nat. Zool. iv. sér. t. xv.

18 Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ.

19 Recherches sur les Oss. Foss. découverts dans les Cavernes de la Province de Liège, 4to. atlas folio.

20 Bull. de l’Académie Royale de Belgique, 1 sér. t. xx. p. 427, 1853; 2 sér. t. xviii. p. 479, 1864; xxii. p. 187, 1866.

21 L’Homme pendant les Ages de la Pierre dans les Environs de Dinant sur Meuse. Bruxelles, 1871. 2nd edit., 1872.

22 Ice-caves, 8vo. 1865, Longmans.

23 D’Orbigny, Dictionnaire Universel d’Histoire Naturelle, Article “Grottes.”

24 Quart. Geol. Journ. xxvii. 312.

25 When the English conquered Somerset from the Brit-Welsh, they translated the Celtic Ogo into Hole, whence the cave and village of Wookey Hole were named, just as they translated a neighbouring hill, called Pen, into Knowle, the generic Celtic term in each case being used to specify a particular object. There are many other instances of the like use of a Celtic name by the English conquerors of the Celts. In the Limestone plateau of Llanamynech, near Oswestry, there is a cave called “The Ogo.”

26 Phil. Trans. 1680, p. 1.

27 The cave is accessible, and can be examined without any climbing.

28 Both of these caves are kept in excellent order, and the latter is lighted with gas.

29 The cave is admirably preserved by the care of the owner, J. Farrer, Esq., and may be visited without any difficulty.

30 Rivers, Mountains, and Sea-coast of Yorkshire, 8vo. 1854, p. 34.

31 On the Ordnance Maps it is wrongly printed Alum Pot.

32 Op. cit. Article Grottes.

33 L’Homme pendant les Ages de la Pierre dans les Environs de Dinant sur Meuse, Bruxelles, 1871.

34 The bare pavements above Malham Cove are worthy of a careful examination.

35 I have used the term incretionary as implying an accumulation of mineral matter from the circumference of a cavity towards its centre, as in the case of an agate. Concretionary action, with which it is generally confused, ought to be defined as the deposition of successive layers of matter round a nucleus or centre. The one action operates from the circumference to the centre, the other from the centre to the circumference.

36 Corals and Coral Islands, 1872, p. 361.

37 Prestwich, Ann. Address Geol. Soc. 1872, p. 84.

38 Phil. Trans. April 7th, 1680, p. 731.

39 “Ice-Caves in France and Switzerland.” Longmans, 1865, p. 296.

40 Leges Walliæ.

41 Bell, “British Quadrupeds,” 8vo. p. 386.

42 The authorities for the preceding paragraphs will be found in Chapter II. of my Preliminary Treatise on the “Relation of the Pleistocene Mammalia to those now living in Europe” (Palæont. Soc. 1874).

43 Benedict. ad Mensas Ekkehardi Monachi Sangallensis, l. 129.

44 Buffon, Quadrupeds, l. v. p. 52; l. x. p. 67. Sir G. C. Lewis, “Notes and Queries,” 2nd series, l. ix. pp. 4, 5.

45 See Rolleston, Journ. Anat. and Phys., 1868, pp. 51–2. Lenz, “Zoologie der Alten.”

46 Fig. 19, A.

47 Roach Smith, “Collectanea Antiqua,” vol. i. No. 5, p. 72, 1844. It is noticed by Eckroyd Smith, Trans. Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, May 11, 1865; and by Mr. Denny, Trans. Geol. and Polytechnic Soc. of West Riding, 1859.

48 “Collectanea Antiqua,” vol. i. No. 5, pp. 69, 70.

49 The Victoria Cave has engaged the attention of the following writers:—Farrer, Proceed. Soc. Antiquaries, vol. iv.;—Roach Smith and Jackson, “Collectanea Antiqua,” vol. i. No. 5, 1844;—Denny, Proceed. Geol. and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1859;—Eckroyd Smith, Trans. Historic Society of Cheshire, May 11, 1865;—Boyd Dawkins, “Nature,” April 21, 1870; British Assoc. Reports, 1870; Macmillan’s Magazine, Sept. 1871; Journ. Anthrop. Institute, 1871;—Tiddeman, “Nature,” 1872;—Boyd Dawkins and Tiddeman, British Assoc. Reports, 1872;—Tiddeman, Geol. Mag., Jan. 1873;—Boyd Dawkins, Proceed. Manch. Philosophical Soc., Feb. 1873;—Brockbank, Proceed. Manch. Philosophical Soc., March 1873.

50 See Palæont. Society, 1874—Boyd Dawkins’ Preliminary Treatise, Chapter II.

51 R. D. Darbishire, Proceed. Manchester Numismatic Society, Part II. 1865: “On some Autonomous Coins of Ancient Spain.”

52 Vetusta Monumenta, vol. vi.

53 I have to thank the Rev. J. R. Green for allowing me to quote this passage from his work, which is now in the press.

54 Antiquités Suisses, Second Supplement; Lausanne, 1867, p. 15, Pl. xii. figs. 3, 4.

55 La Seine Inférieure, 4to., 1867, p. 203.

56 See Kemble, “Horæ Ferales,” 4to.; Description of Plates by A. W. Franks, p. 64.

57 ταῦτα φασι τὰ χρώματα τοὺς ἐν Ὠκεανῷ βαρβάρους ἐγχεῖν τῷ χάλκῳ διαπύρῳ, τὰ δὲ συνίστασθαι καὶ λιθοῦσθαι, καὶ σώζειν ἃ ἐγράφη (Icon. lib. i. c. 28). The art was evidently unknown in Rome at this time.

58 Notice des Émaux du Musée du Louvre, 1857, pp. 25, 26.

59 Eckroyd Smith, Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire, 1866. Limestone Caves of Craven.

60 Proc. Geol. and Polytechnic Soc. of West Riding of Yorkshire, 1859, p. 45 et seq.

61 Denny and Farrer, op. cit. 1864–5, 414 et seq.; Farrer, Proc. Soc. Antiq. vol. iv.

62 The authorities for this paragraph are Gildas, Nennius, and others, printed in “Monumenta Historica Britannica,” folio, Rolls Publication.

63 “Repellunt nos Barbari ad mare, repellit nos mare ad Barbaros; inter hæc oriuntur duo genera funerum; aut jugulamur aut mergimur.” Gildas, xvii.

64 “Britones de ipsis montibus, speluncis ac saltibus dumis consertis continue rebellabant.” Gildas, xvii. Bæda, Hist. Eccles. lib. i. cxiv.

65 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, passim.

66 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A.D. 449. “From Anglia, which has ever since remained waste between the Jutes and Saxons, came the men of East Anglia, Middle Anglia, Mercia, and all North-humbria.” The MS. A, from which this was taken, ends in A.D. 975. The passage was taken from Bæda who lived in the 8th century.

67 See E. A. Freeman, “Norman Conquest,” vol. i.

68 “Confovebatur ... de mari usque ad mare ignis orientalis sacrilegorum manu exaggeratus, et finitimas quasque civitates populans, qui non quievit accensus donec cunctam pene exurens insulæ superficiem, rubra occidentalem trucique oceanum linguâ delamberet.”—xxiv.

69 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

70 On the date of the conquest of Lancashire see “Manchester Phil. and Lit. Soc. Proc.” 1873, p. 25. In working out this somewhat difficult question, I am indebted to the Rev. J. R. Green for most valuable aid.

71 Gildas, Nennius, the Annales Cambriæ, Bæda, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are the authorities for these statements.

72 The section of the Victoria Cave published by Mr. Tiddeman in the Geological Magazine expresses the relation of the clay with boulders to the cave-earth with greater clearness than I could observe on the ground. The laminated clay is not yet proved to occupy such a large area in the cave, or to be so regularly deposited, or so clearly defined. It occurs at various levels in the mass of the grey clay in the section (to be seen on May 21, 1873), above and below the cave-earth.—“The Older Deposits in the Victoria Cave,” Geol. Mag. x. p. 11.

73 See Essays by the writer in “Pop. Sci. Rev.” Oct. 1871: “On the relation of the Pleistocene Mammalia to the Glacial period.” “On the Classification of the Pleistocene Strata of Europe by means of the Mammalia;” Quart. Geol. Journ. June 1872.

74 Mém. de l’Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, 6^e Sér. tome v. 1849, Pl. xiii. Fig. 1.

75 See my “Pleistocene Mammals of Yorkshire,” Geol. and Polytechnic Soc. of West Riding of Yorks. Leeds, Aug. 6th, 1866.

76 See Brit. Ass. Reports, Bradford, 1873.

77 Mem. Anthrop. Soc. vol. ii. p. 358.

78 Sussex Archæol. Coll., 1863.

79 Trans. Midland Sci. Ass., Sess. 1864–5, pp. 1–6, 19, 29, Plates 1–15, “Report on the Exploration of Thor’s Cave,” by E. Brown, Esq.

80 See E. A. Freeman, “Norman Conquest,” vol. i. p. 43.

81 Preliminary Treatise on the Relation of the Pleistocene Mammalia to those now living in Europe. Palæont. Soc. 1874, chap. ii.

82 “Equos etiam plerique in vobis comedunt, quod nullus Christianorum in orientalibus facit.” Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland,” vol. ii. p. 459.

83 Laing, “Norway,” p. 316. Mr. Laing justly argues that the habit of eating horseflesh in Norway, where pasturage is scant, must have been acquired in the luxuriant grassy steppes of Central Asia by the ancestors of the Scandinavians.

84 Benedict. ad Mensas Ekkehardi Monachi Sangallensis, Pertz. Mon. Germ., vol. vi. p. 117.

85 “Pleistocene Mammalia.” Palæont. Soc. 1866. Introd. Internat. Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Paris, and Norwich volumes.

86 These questions are treated in detail in my Preliminary Treatise, “Brit. Pleist. Mammalia.” Palæont. Soc. 1874.

87 “Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain,” p. 2.

88 Somerset Archæol. and Nat. Hist. Soc. 1864. “On the Caverns of Burrington Combe.”

89 Elliott, “Geologist,” 1862, p. 34, ditto p. 167. Huxley, ditto, p. 205. Carter Blake, ditto, p. 312. Mackie, “Proceed. Soc. Antiq.” 2nd Series, vol. ii. p. 177.

90 This woodcut, as well as Figs. 33 and 35, have been kindly lent by the Council of the Society of Antiquaries.

91 Commissao Geologica de Portugal. Estudos Geoligicos. Da Existencia do homen no nosso solo em Tempos mui remotos provada pelo estudos des cavernas. Primeiro opusculo. Noticea ácerca das Grutas da Césareda. Por J. F. N. Delgado com a versao em Francez por M. Dalhunty.

92 Ethnol. Journ. N.S. 7, p. 43.

93 For definition of these terms, see p. 190.

94 International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Norwich Volume, p. 84.

95 International Congress, Paris Volume, p. 159.

96 Prehistoric Congress, Brussels Volume, 1872, p. 363.

97 Burial in the contracted posture, which is so characteristic of the neolithic age, was probably due, as is suggested by my friend Mr. John Evans, F.R.S., to the habit of sleeping in that posture and not at full length on a bed. The body was not laid out after death, but may have been folded together, as in the case of the ancient Peruvian mummies. No regularity, however, in the contracted posture could be observed in the many tumuli and caves which I have explored, although very generally the corpse had been interred on its side.

98 Edinburgh New Phil. Soc. (1833), No. 27, p. 40.

99 For the definition of the term, see p. 190.

100 Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, vol. ii. New Series, No. 1, April 1870, p. 45, pl. vii. fig. 3.

101 Nilsson’s “Stone Age,” translated by Sir J. Lubbock.

102 These are merely samples of the large number of human skulls and bones which were discovered.

103 Amongst the Keiss crania described by Prof. Huxley, this most closely resembles his No. 5; but it is of the same type as No. 3 and No. 7, and not very far from that of the Towyn-y-capel cranium, through which the transition to the Mewslade form (“Nat. Hist. Rev.” vol. i. p. 174, pl. v.) is very easy.

104 The forms most closely resembling this skull amongst those from Keiss are Nos. 3 and 7.

105 Déformation du crâne resultant de la méthode la plus générale de couvrir la tête des enfans. Paris, 1834.

106 Essai sur les déformations artificielles du crâne, par L. A. Gosse, de Genève. Paris, 1855.

107 Recherches sur quelques déformations du crâne observées dans le Département des Deux-Sêvres (“Ann. Médico-psychologique”). Paris, 1852.

108 This index is obtained by dividing the least circumference by the length of the bone.

109 “Mémoires sur les ossemens des Eyzies.” Paris, 1868. “On the Human Skulls and Bones found in the Cave of Cro-magnon,” Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ, p. 97.

110 But these are by no means extreme instances of the Gibraltar tibiæ.

111 As regards the absolute dimensions of the skulls, it would seem that the Welsh crania stand high in the scale—quite as high as any of the existing races of mankind. I have made the comparison in a rough way in the following manner:—

If the numbers representing the length, breadth, and height of the skull are added together, a number is obtained which will, of course, in some measure, indicate the gross dimensions of the skull. From the rather numerous data furnished by my own Tables of Measurements I obtained the results stated in the subjoined list, in which the gross mean dimensions of various sets of crania are contrasted.

112 “Notes on the Human Remains from Keiss,” p. 85.

113 Loc. cit. p. 114.

114 Vol. i. p. 174, pl. v.

115 The stature is obtained, according to Prof. Humphry’s method, from the length of the femur, which is 27·5 of stature taken as 100.

116 Ορθος straight, γναθος jaw, with profile vertical, as opposed to προγναθος, with projecting jaws, or “snouty.”

117 “Anthropological Memoirs,” vols. i. and iii.; Huxley and Laing, “Prehistoric Remains in Caithness.”

118 “Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Manchester,” vol. v. p. 213.

119 “Anthrop. Mem.” vol. i. p. 144.

120 Brit. Assoc. Report, 1871, p. 160, “On Human and Animal Bones and Flints, from a Cave at Oban, Argyleshire,” by Prof. Turner.

121 Huxley and Laing, “Prehistoric Remains of Caithness,” p. 119 et seq.

122 “Prehistoric Annals of Scotland.”

123 The evidence of cannibalism in the contents of the tumuli seems to me to be doubtful.

124 Prehistoric Congress, Brussels Volume, 1872, p. 182.

125 Bull. Soc. Anthrop. iv.

126 Anthrop. Mem. i. 490.

127 Prehistoric Congress, Norwich Volume, 1869.

128 Prehistoric Congress, Norwich Volume, 1869.

129 Don Manuel Gongora y Martinez, “Antiguedades Prehistoricas de Andalucia.” Madrid, 1868. 8vo.

130 “The Woman’s Cave,” 4to. Parts I. and II. 1870–1. Cadiz, Federico Joly y Velasco.

131 Don Manuel Gongora y Martinez, op. cit.

132 Ethnological Journ. N.S. vii. p. 107.

133 Broca, “Bull. Soc. Anthrop.” s.s. t. i. p. 470; t. ii. p. 10–30; s.s. t. iii. p. 43–101. The cephalic index in the preceding Table differs slightly from that given by M. Broca. Thurnam, “Anthrop. Mem.” iii. p. 64 et seq.

134 These skulls are preserved in the Museum of the Anthropological Society at Paris, where by the kindness of Dr. Broca I was allowed to study them in the autumn of 1873. Some were marked with the “tête annulaire.”

135 Laing and Huxley, “Prehistoric Remains of Caithness.”

136 Spring, “Bull. Acad. Roy. de Belgique,” 1 sér. l. xx. p. 427; 2 sér. l. xviii. p. 479; l. xxii. p. 187.

137 Dupont, “L’Homme pendant les Âges de la Pierre dans les environs de Dinant sur Meuse,” 2d edit. p. 222.

138 Soreil, “Sur Nouvelle Exploration de la Caverne de Chauvau,” Congrès Intern. Anthropologie et d’Archéologie Prehistoriques, p. 381 et seq. Bruxelles, 1872.

139 International Congress, Bruxelles, 1872, p. 370.

140 Cæsar, i. 50.

141 “Bull. Soc. Anthrop de Paris,” 2 sér. t. 111., p. 118.

142 “Diodorus Siculus,” iv. 6; v. 39. Steur, “Ethnographie des Peuples de l’Europe,” p. 31 et seq.; Donaldson, “Varronianw.” p. 70 et seq. Dion. Hal. i 22. See also Niebuhr and Mommsen. The documentary evidence is so uncertain as to the affinities of the Ligurians that scarcely any two writers agree. “Quot homines tot sententiæ.”

143 Thucydides, vi. 2.

144 Tacitus, “Agricola,” xi.

145 Cæsar, i. 12.

146 Prof. Huxley brings them into relation with the ancient Egyptians, the “Melanochroi” of India, and the Australians, “Critiques and Addresses,” p. 134; Prehistoric Congress, Norwich Volume, p. 92 et seq.

147 See Prof. Huxley’s “Critiques and Addresses,” p. 167.

148 For a masterly account of the varying stature in Britain and Ireland, see Dr. Beddoe’s Essay, “Anthrop. Soc. Mem.” iii. p. 384–573.

149 “τοὺς μὲν Ἀκυϊτανοὺς τελέως ἐξηλλαγμένους οὐ τῇ γλώττῃ μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς σώμασιν, ἐμφερεῖς Ἰβήρεσι μᾶλλον ἢ Γαλάταις· τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς Γαλατικοὺς μὲν τὴν ὄψιν, ὁμογλώττους δ’ οὐ πάντας, ἀλλ’ ἐνίους μικρὸν παραλλαττόντας ταῖς γλώτταις.”—Lib. iv. c. 1, §1.

150 The correspondence of my map, Fig. 68, with that of M. Broca, is one of those undesigned coincidences which are so valuable in arriving at truth, for his most admirable essay on the Ethnology of France did not come into my hands until my own map was engraved. M. Broca takes a different point of view to that advanced in these pages, holding that the Celts were dark and the Belgic were blue-eyed tall Kymri or Cimbri. The Celts known to history were undoubtedly a tall fair race.

151 In treating this difficult subject, I have purposely omitted to use the uncertain light of philology. We may expect to derive as much knowledge as to the relations between Tyrrhenian, Ligurian, Basque, and other obscure non-Aryan peoples from the study of languages, as we have already obtained of the Aryans by the same means. It is very probable that, like the Sanscrit, the Basque roots will be found widely spread both in Asia, Asia Minor, Europe, and N. Africa.

152 “Anthrop. Mem.” Vols. i. and iii. (Crania Britannica.)

153 See Huxley’s “Critiques and Addresses,” p. 167 et seq.

154 “Rutilæ Caledoniam habitantium comæ, magni artus Germanicam originem asseverant.” Agricola, c. xi.

155 “Reliquiæ Diluvianæ,” p. 82 et seq.

156 Schmerling, “Recherches sur les Ossements Fossiles découverts dans les Cavernes de la province de Liége.” 4to. 1833–4, p. 29 et seq.

157 Dupont, “L’Homme pendant les âges de la Pierre, dans les environs de Dinant-sur-Meuse,” p. ix. The implements are palæolithic (see p. 22), but there is no evidence that they are of the same antiquity as the human remains. They may be, and probably are, much older.

158 “Man’s Place in Nature,” chap. iii. Lyell’s “Antiquity of Man,” 1st edition, p. 63.

159 Dupont, op. cit. p. 56.

160 Prehistoric Congress, Brussels, 1872, p. 549 et seq.

161 Huxley and Laing, “Prehistoric Remains of Caithness.”

162 Intern. Congress, Brussels Volume, p. 549.

163 Dupont, op. cit. p. 140.

164 Buckland, “Reliquiæ Diluvianæ,” p. 135. These specimens are in the Oxford Museum, and are identified by Lord Enniskillen as having been derived from Gailenreuth.

165 Schaaffhausen, translated by Busk, “Nat. Hist. Review,” April 1861. Huxley, “Man’s Place in Nature,” iii. p. 156–171. Lyell’s “Antiquity of Man,” 1st edition, p. 75.

166 Huxley and Laing, “Prehistoric Remains of Caithness,” p. 115.

167 Compare Lyell, 1st edition, p. 182 et seq., with 4th edition, p. 122 et seq.

168 Phil. Trans. 159, p. 517.

169 Vogt, “Lectures on Man,” pp. 329–380. Thurnam, “Anthrop. Mem.” i. 501.

170 It has been dug out in its natural position, and is now to be seen in the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris, where I studied it in the summer of 1873.

171 Pengelly, “The Cave Man of Mentone,” Trans. Devon Ass. 1873. Moggridge, Brit. Ass. Edinburgh, 1873.

172 Prehistoric Congress, Bologna Volume, p. 391, 1873.

173 See on this point a valuable essay by Mr. Hyde Clark, “Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement,” N.S. April 1871, p. 97 et seq.

174 The authorities for these facts will be found in my “Preliminary Treatise,” Palæont. Soc. 1874. The prehistoric age of the forest is to be fixed by the presence of the goat and Bos longifrons, both of which were unknown in Europe in the pleistocene age.

175 “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xx. p. 188 et seq.

176 See Prestwich, “Phil. Trans.” 1860, p. 277, and 1864, p. 247, and “Quart. Geol. Journ.” passim 1859–70.

177 “Reliquiæ Diluvianæ.” 4to. 1824, p. 133.

178 I am indebted to Lord Enniskillen, who explored Gailenreuth along with Sir Philip Egerton, for several corrections in Buckland’s section.

179 Op. cit. p. 137.

180 Op. cit. p. 1. et seq.

181 Op. cit. p. 38.

182 Buckland, op. cit. p. 61.

183 “Edinburgh New Phil. Soc.” No. 27, p. 40. Falconer, “Palæont. Mem.” ii. p. 541. I have examined nearly all the contents of these caves.

184 Anthrop. Institute Meeting, 9 Dec. 1873.

185 Buckland, op. cit. 80.

186 Op. cit. p. 80.

187 Falconer “Palæont. Mem.” ii. 498.

188 “On the Tenby Bone Caves,” by a Pembrokeshire Rector. London: Kent and Co.

189 See “Brit. Assoc. Rep.” 1871. “Geol. Mag.” viii. 433.

190 Buckland, op. cit. p. 60.

191 Buckland, op. cit. Rutter, “Delineations of Somerset,” p. 100.

192 See Buckland, op. cit. Rutter, op. cit.

193 See “Catalogue of Mammalia, in Taunton Museum,” by W. A. Sanford, Esq. Som. Archæol. Soc.

194 Rutter gives a very good section of this cave (op. cit. p. 78).

195 “Quart. Geol. Journ.” 1862: On a Hyæna-den at Wookey Hole. Also “Quart. Geol. Journ.” 1863.

196 An incident connected with our work illustrates remarkably the attachment which a dog will suddenly show towards a stranger. In our lodging at Wells there was a beautiful Scotch deerhound, named “Luna,” whose master was away at the time. Luna persisted in being with us day and night. In the morning she walked with us to the cave, and lay watching at the entrance till we came out, for she was afraid to venture into the darkness. In the evening she returned home with us. She continued to do this the whole time of that year’s excavations. It was only natural to suppose that when we left she would, like other dogs, pick up new friends. But she did nothing of the kind. When we inquired the next year upon our return, we were told that poor Luna refused food the day we left, and gradually pined away and died.

197 Possibly it may have belonged to Elephas, but its more compact texture seems to me to indicate rhinoceros.

198 Bone needles were found in Kent’s Hole and in many foreign caves of this age.

199 These woodblocks were used in my essay on Hyænas in the “Natural History Review,” and have been lent by the kindness of Messrs. Williams and Norgate.

200 Pengelly, “Literature of the Oreston Caverns,” Trans. Dev. Ass. 1872. Buckland, op. cit.

201 “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xxvi. 457, et seq.

202 “The Literature of the Caverns near Yealmpton, South Devon,” by W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.S.A. Trans. Devon Ass., 1870.

203 Falconer, “Palæont. Mem.” ii. 486, 591.

204 Proceed. Royal Soc. xx. p. 514. “Report on the Exploration of Brixham Cave,” by W. Pengelly, F.R.S., G. Bush, F.R.S., John Evans, F.R.S., and Joseph Prestwich, F.R.S. This report was delayed by the death of Dr. Falconer.

205 “Ancient Stone Implements,” p. 46–8.

206 “Proceed. Royal Soc.” 1872, vol. xxii. p. 523–4.

207 “Trans. Devon Ass.” On the Introduction of Cavern Accumulations.

208 “Trans. Devon Ass.” 1870.

209 Pengelly, “Literature of Kent’s Hole:” Trans. Ass. Devon. 1868 9–70. Godwin Austen, “Proceed. Geol. Soc.” iii. 286–7. “Trans. Geol. Soc.” vi. p. 433, et seq. Vivian, “Brit. Ass. Rep.” 1847, p. 73.

210 The committee consisted of Sir C. Lyell, Prof. Phillips, Sir John Lubbock, Mr. John Evans, Mr. Edward Vivian, Mr. William Pengelly, to which subsequently Mr. George Busk, Mr. Boyd Dawkins, and Mr. Ayshford Sanford were added.

211 For Figs. 96 to 100 I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Evans.

212 See Evans’ “Ancient Stone Implements,” Fig. 388. It is unnecessary to describe the implements.

213 For an account of Machairodus, see “Brit. Pleistocene Mammalia,” Palæont. Soc., Felidæ, cxxii. p. 184.

214 Gervais, “Zool. et Paléont. Françaises,” 1859, p. 251. “Animaux Vertébrés, Vivants et Fossiles,” 1867–9, p. 78, pl. xviii. Lartet, Prehistoric Congress, Paris Volume, 1868, p. 269.

215 These figures have been kindly lent by the Palæontographical Society.

216 “Journ. Royal Dublin Soc.” ii. p. 344.

217 “Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin,” x. p. 147. “Journ. Royal Dublin Soc.” ii. p. 352.

218 Scott, “Geol. Soc. Dublin,” Feb. 10, 1864.

219 An account of the numerous caves of France will be found in the works of M. de Serres, “Revue Archéologique” and in the “Matériaux pour l’Histoire de l’Homme.”

220 Boyd Dawkins, “Brit. Pleist. Mam. Palæont. Soc.” 1872, p. 189.

221 Gervais, “Animaux Vertébrés,” p. 78, pl. xviii.

222 Lartet, International Congress, Paris Volume, p. 269.

223 “Cavernes du Périgord,” “Revue Archéologique,” 8vo. 1864. “Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ,” 4to. 1865–74. This magnificent history of the researches, in the prosecution of which Mr. Christy lost his life, was published at his expense under the editorship of Prof. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., to whom I am indebted for the liberty to use the letterpress and engravings quoted in this book.

224 The same bones of the ox and horse are now imported into Britain from South America for the manufacture of buttons.

225 Boyd Dawkins, “Range of the Mammoth,” Pop. Sc. Rev. July, 1868.

226 “Recherches sur les oss. foss. découverts dans les Cavernes de Liége.” 4to.

227 Dupont, “L’Homme pendant les Ages de la Pierre dans les Environs de Dinant-sur-Meuse.” 2nd edit. p. 187.

228 Dupont, op. cit. “Bull. Acad. Roy. de Belgique,” xxii. p. 20. Hamy, “Paléontologie Humaine,” p. 231.

229 The discovery will shortly be published by Prof. Heine, of Zurich.

230 “Matériaux pour l’Histoire de l’Homme,” May 1869, p. 272.

231 “Ancient Stone Implements.”

232 “Ann. des Sc. Nat.” 4th sér. t. 15, p. 231.

233 Hamy, op. cit. Lubbock, “Prehistoric Man.”

234 “Quart. Geol. Journ.” June 5, 1872.

235 Prehistoric Congress, Brussels Volume, 1872, p. 432. “Mém. Anthrop. Soc. de Paris,” 2nd sér. t. 6, p. 170.

236 “Eskimos in the South of Gaul.” Saturday Review, December 8th, 1866. Edinburgh Review, “Prehistoric Times.” October 1870.

237 The authorities for the foreign lists of animals will be found in the “Quart. Geol. Journ.” 1872, p. 424. The British animals have been determined principally by myself and Dr. Falconer.

238 “Classification of the Pleistocene Strata,” Quart. Geol. Journ. Nov. 1872, p. 410.

239 Godwin Austen, “Quart. Geol. Journ.” vol. i. p. 69. De la Bêche, “Theoretical Researches,” p. 190. Lyell, “Antiquity of Man,” 4th edit. p. 328.

240 The accumulation of the remains of reindeer in the limited area of the excavation was enormous.

241 “Les Oss. Foss. de Pikermi,” 4to.

242 Some parts of the rest of this chapter have been published in the “Popular Science Review,” March 1873.

243 “Palæontographical Memoirs,” vol. ii. p. 554. Busk, Prehistoric Congress, Norwich volume, 1869.

244 “Comptes Rendus,” xlvi. 1858.

245 Prehistoric Congress, Paris volume, p. 96.

246 “Brit. Ass. Reports,” Edinburgh, 1871.

247 “Brit. Assoc. Rep.” 1871.

248 Découverte d’une Squelette Humaine de l’époque Paléolithique dans les Cavernes de Baoussé-Roussé, dites Grottes de Menton, 1873; also Prehistoric Congress, Brussels volume. M. Rivière adds the Wapiti, or large variety, and the Cervus Corsicanus, or small variety of the stag, the chamois, and the woolly rhinoceros (the two last of which may be perhaps identical with the ibex and R. hemitœchus, determined by Prof. Busk, as neither is mentioned by M. Rivière), and the Capra primigenia of Gervais, a large goat commonly found in neolithic caves.

249 The depth at which the skeleton was found is a matter of dispute, the estimates varying from seven feet (Pengelly) to (6·55 m.) 21·49 feet (Rivière). Pengelly, Cave man of Mentone, “Trans. Devon Ass.” 1873, pp. 10 and 13.

250 “Palæont. Mem.” ii. p. 543.

251 It is of the same species as the bear from Grays Thurrock.

252 Falconer, “Palæont. Mem.” vol. ii. p. 552. Spratt, “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xxiii. p. 293.

253 “Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr.” 2^e sér. t. xi. p. 340.

254 Gervais, “Animaux Vertébrés Vivants et Fossiles,” 4to. p. 88.

255 Hooker, “Nat. Hist. Review,” II. p. 12, 1861.

256 Nature, vol. v. p. 444; vol. vi. 536.

257 “A Journey to Morocco, and the Ascent of the Great Atlas,” 8vo. Slater, Troubridge, Salop.

258 “Geological Notes on a Journey from Algiers to Morocco.” Geol. Soc. Feb. 25, 1874.

259 See “British Pleistocene Mammalia,” Palæont. Soc. Felis spelæa, c. xviii.

260 “Ovibos moschatus,” Palæont. Soc. 1872, p. 27, et seq.

261 This is treated at greater length in my “Essay on Classification,” Quart. Geol. Journ. Nov. 1872, and in the “Introduction to British Pleistocene Mammalia,” Palæont. Soc.

262 Mr. James Geikie’s view (“The Great Ice-Age,” 8vo. 1874) that the mixture of the northern and southern forms is due to the destruction of ossiferous strata by streams, which subsequently deposited remains of widely different ages together, is rendered untenable by the fact that they are generally preserved in the same mineral state. It would have been impossible for this to have taken place without leaving decided traces behind in the rolled and water-worn condition of the older series, such as may be seen in the case of the eocene and meiocene fossils in the Red Crag of Suffolk.

263 “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xxii. 391.

264 See Falconer, “Palæont. Mem.”

265 I have to acknowledge the kind assistance of Professors Hull and Harkness, Mr. Kinahan, and the Rev. H. M. Close, in correlating the Irish with the English glacial deposits. The reader will find the glacial period most ably treated in Lyell’s “Antiquity of Man.”

266 “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xxi. 161.

267 “Quart. Geol. Journ.” 1872, p. 410.

268 “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xx. p. 457.

269 “Palæont. Mem.” vol. ii. p. 49.

270 “Palæont. Mem.” vol. ii. pp. 189, 190.

271 “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xxiv. p. 484. “International Congress,” Norwich volume. See also “Evans’ Ancient Stone Implements,” p. 570.

272 “Palæont. Mem.” ii. 642, et passim.

273 This implement was exhibited before the Meeting of the British Association at Edinburgh, in 1871.

274 Brit. Ass. Reports, 1865, p. 18.