[1] See postea, p. 40.

[2] Butler, “Prehist. Wisconsin.”

[3] “Preh. Copper Impl.,” Boston, 1879.

[4] “Anc. Mon. of the Mississ. Valley,” p. 202.

[5] “Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain,” Paris, 1613, pp. 246-7, cited by Slafter, op. cit., p. 13.

[6] For notices of American copper instruments see, in addition to the works already quoted, Wilson, “Prehist. Man,” vol. i. p. 205, &c.; Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 258, &c. See also an interesting article by Dr. Emil Schmidt, in Archiv. für Anth., vol. xi. p. 65.

[7] A Peruvian chisel analyzed by Vauquelin gave ·94 of copper and ·06 of tin (Moore’s “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 42).

[8] Ezra, ch. viii. v. 27.

[9] Exod., ch. xxvi. v. 37.

[10] Numbers, ch. xxxi. v. 22.

[11] Ch. xxviii. v. 1, 2.

[12] Genesis, ch. iv. v. 22.

[13] Smith’s “Dict. of the Bible,” s. v.

[14] “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. p.

[15] “Phönicier,” ii. 3.

[16] “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. pp. 246, 247. See also “The Egyptians in the Time of the Pharaohs,” p. 99.

[17] “Etudes sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources Egyptiennes,” &c., 1872, p. 69.

[18] “Catalogue de Boulaq,” pp. 247, 248; Chabas, p. 54. See also Emil Soldi, “L’Art Egyptien,” 1879, p. 41.

[19] Catal., No. 5410.

[20] Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” page 14.

[21] Day, op. cit., p. 32.

[22] Wilkinson, op. cit., vol. iii. p. 247.

[23] “Les Métaux dans les Inscrip. Egypt.,” 1877, p. 57.

[24] “Zeitsch. f. Ægypt. Sprache,” &c., 1870, p. 114.

[25] Op. cit., p. 67. Dr. Birch translates ba en pe “heavenly wood” or “stone” (Arch., vol. xxxviii. p. 377; Hierog. Dict.). See also a paper by the Rev. Basil Cooper in Trans. Devon. Assoc., vol. ii. p. 386, and Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” p. 41.

[26] Chabas, op. cit., p. 47. Lepsius, op. cit., p. 57.

[27] “Photii Bibliotheca,” ed. 1653, col. 1343.

[28] “Herod.,” lib. ii. c. 152.

[29] Trans. Ethnol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 5.

[30] Soldi, “L’Art Egypt.,” p. 25.

[31] Χαλκεύειν δὲ καὶ τὸ σιδηρεύειν έλεγον, καὶ χαλκεάς, τοὺς τὸν σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους (Julius Pollux, “Onomasticon,” lib. vii. cap. 24).

[32] “Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., 1864, p. 229; Tylor’s “Anahuac,” 1861, p. 140.

[33] “Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., p. 231.

[34] “Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,” vol. iii. pp. 498, 499.

[35] The reference is to Millin, “Minéralogie Homérique,” pp. 126, 132.

[36] “Metallurgy—Fuel, Fireclays, Copper,” &c., p. 6.

[37] Moore, “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 57.

[38] Rev. Arch., N.S., vol. iv. p. 97; Æsch. Agamem., v. 612. Professor Rolleston is inclined to refer the expression to the “tempering” of bronze (Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc., 1878).

[39] Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 238.

[40] “Æn.,” viii. 450.

[41] “Iliad,” xviii. 474.

[42] xi. 24.

[43] xi. 34.

[44] xviii. 574.

[45] “Il.,” xviii. 612.

[46] xxiii. 561. For these and other instances see Prof. Phillips in the Arch. Journ., vol. xvi. p. 10.

[47] Desor et Favre, “Bel Age du Bronze,” p. 16.

[48] Holtzapffel, “Turning and Mechanical Manipulation,” vol. i. p. 271.

[49] “Æneid,” vii. 743.

[50] “Iliad,” iii. 363.

[51] “Il.,” iii. 348, vii. 259.

[52] M. Ch. Houssel in Rev. Arch., N.S., vol. iv. p. 98.

[53] “Il.,” xi. 24.

[54] Arch. für Anthrop., vol. viii. p. 295; Müller, “Fragm. Hist. Græc.,” vol. i. p. 549.

[55] “Il.,” xiii. 612.

[56] “Odyss.,” i. v. 184.

[57] Plin. “Hist. Nat.,” lib. vii. c. lvi. 6.

[58] Lib. viii. c. 14, § 5.

[59] Op. cit., lib. iii. c. 12, § 8.

[60] Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 64.

[61] Strabo, “Geog.,” lib. xiv. p. 935, ed. 1807.

[62] Callimachus, “Hymn. in Del.,” l. 31.

[63] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 5.

[64] Archiv für Anthrop., 1880, vol. xii. p. 293.

[65] “Iliad,” lib. xxiii. v. 826.

[66] “Troad.,” 143.

[67] “Æn.,” lib. vii. 743.

[68] “Op. et D.,” i. 150. Τοῖς δ̓ ἧν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα χάλκεοι δέ τέ οἶκοι

Χαλκῷ δ̓  ἐιργάζοντο, μέλας δ̓  ὀυκ ἔσχε σίδηρος.

[69] Lib. v. 1282, et seqq.

[70] “Juv. Mundi,” 1869, p. 26.

[71] “Scut. Hercul.,” v. 122-138.

[72] “Theogon.,” v. 161.

[73] “Op. et D.,” v. 741.

[74] “Olymp.,” od. i. 123; “Nem.,” od. x. 113, &c.

[75] Lib. i. c. 215.

[76] Lib. iii. c. 23.

[77] Lib. iv. c. 71.

[78] Lib. vii. c. 85.

[79] Lib. iii. p. 208, ed. 1707.

[80] Bochart’s “Phaleg.,” p. 208, cited in Arch. Æliana, vol. i. p. 52.

[81] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 4.

[82] “Lacon.,” lib. iii. cap. iii.

[83] Herod., lib. i. c. 67.

[84] Plutarch, “Thes.,” p. 17, c. Ed. 1624.

[85] “Nat. Hist.,” lib. xxxiv. cap. 14.

[86] See “Zeitsch. für Eth.,” vol. ii, 1870, p. 131.

[87] “Vit. Caii Marii,” 420, b.

[88] “Bell. Gall.,” iii. 13; vii. 22.

[89] Lib. v. 12.

[90] Trans. Ethnol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 190. See also Anthrop. Rev., vol. iv. p. 76.

[91] Trans. Eth. Soc., vol. v. p. 105; “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 18.

[92] Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxii. p. 73.

[93] See Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 205.

[94] Cochet, “Le Tombeau de Childéric,” i. p. 17.

[95] “Sammlung zu Sigmaringen,” p. 153.

[96] Archiv. für Anthropol., vol. viii. p. 161.

[97] Archiv., vol. ix. p. 127.

[98] Op. cit., p. 141.

[99] Op. cit., p. 185.

[100] Arch. für Anthrop., vol. ix. p. 181.

[101] A. f. A., vol. x. p. 27.

[102] Arch. f. Anthrop., vol. x. pp. 41, 63.

[103] Mortillet, “Fonderie de Larnaud,” 32, 33.

[104] Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc., 1878.

[105] Cap. xix. v. 24.

[106] P. 329, l. 23. NEQVE HIC ATRAMENTVM, VEL PAPYRVS, AVT MEMBRANA VLLA ADHVC, SED MALLEOLO ET CELTE LITERATVS SILEX. This inscription is said to have been found at Pola, in Istria.

[107] Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 396.

[108] Rev. John Dow in Archæol. Scot., vol. ii. p. 199. See also Pegge in the Arch., vol. ix. p. 88, and Whitaker’s “Hist. of Manchester,” vol. i. p. 24.

[109] Epig. xxxiii. l. 1.

[110] Vol. iii. p. 418.

[111] P. 354.

[112] P. 265.

[113] “Itin.,” vol. iii. p. 7.

[114] “Britannia,” ed. 1637, p. 188.

[115] “Thoresby’s Correspondence,” vol. ii. p. 211.

[116] “Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” 1686, p. 403.

[117] “Mus. Lud. Moscard.”, Padua, 1656, fol. 305, lib. iii. c. 174.

[118] “Nat. Hist. of Staff.,” p. 403.

[119] P. 86.

[120] Arch., vol. v. p. 110.

[121] “Ants. of Cornwall,” p. 263.

[122] Count de Caylus has, however, engraved two which are said to have been found at Herculaneum. He thought that they were chisels (Rec. d’Ant., vol. ii. pl. xciii. fig. 2; xciv. fig. 1).

[123] Arch., vol. v. p. 106.

[124] Vol. ix. p. 84.

[125] “Nænia Britannica” (1793), p. 153.

[126] Arch., vol. xiv. p. 98.

[127] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. 1812, p. 203.

[128] Arch., vol. xix. p. 102.

[129] Archæol. Scot., vol. ii. p. 199.

[130] Archæol. Æliana, vol. i. p. 17.

[131] Arch., vol. xxviii. p. 418.

[132] Arch. Journ., vol. iv. pp. 1 and 327.

[133] Arch. Assoc. Journ., 1853, vol. ix. p. 63.

[134] Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxii. p. 64.

[135] Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 148, et seq.

[136] Jour. Roy. Un. Service Inst., vol. xiii., 1869.

[137] P. 43, et seqq. 188.

[138] See Revue de la Numis. Belge, 5th Ser., vol. vi. p. 290.

[139] Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. v. p. 392.

[140] “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” pp. 367, 395 (Etruscan Coll., Berlin, No. 3244).

[141] “Horæ Ferales,” p. 136; Arch. Journ., vol. xi. p. 169.

[142] “Catal. M. R.I.A.,” p. 366.

[143] “Troy and its Remains,” p. 330, &c.

[144] “Cong. préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 346. Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, May, 1870.

[145] Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 437.

[146] Kenner, “Arch. Funde,” 1867, p. 29.

[147] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 178.

[148] “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.

[149] “Cong. préh.,” Buda Pest vol. i. p. 227.

[150] Bull. Soc. de Borda, Dax, 1878, p. 57.

[151] “Cong. préh.,” Copenhagen vol. p. 484.

[152] Morlot, Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord, 1866-71, p. 25.

[153] “British Barrows,” p. 188. The cut is Fig. 38.

[154] Figs. 369 and 370, p. 407.

[155] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 34. “Catalogue,” p. 75. Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. vii. p. 217.

[156] Vol. vii. p. 217, pl. xix.

[157] Vol. xliii. p. 445.

[158] “Vest. of the Ants. of Derb.,” p. 48.

[159] P. 74, No. 11.

[160] See “Catal.,” p. 32, No. 29.

[161] Arch., vol. ix. p. 85.

[162] Vol. xxii. p. 277.

[163] “Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” tab. xxiii. p. 403.

[164] Allies, p. 151, pl. iv. 11.

[165] Arch. Journ., vol. vii. p. 179.

[166] Op. cit., vol. xviii. p. 158.

[167] Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. p. 44.

[168] P. S. A., 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251.

[169] Vol. v. pl. vii. i. p. 106.

[170] Arch., vol. ix. p. 378.

[171] Pl. ii. 1, 2, 3.

[172] “La Seine Inf.,” p. 552.

[173] “Matériaux,” vol. iv. p. 525.

[174] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 2, 3.

[175] “Die ehernen Streitkeile” (1842), Taf. i. 1.

[176] “First Rep. Arch. Comm. I. of Man,” pl. iv. 2.

[177] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi.

[178] Arch., vol. xliii. p. 444.

[179] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 68. “Catal.,” p. 75, No. 18.

[180] “Grave-mounds,” fig. 187.

[181] Pl. iv. No. 4.

[182] Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. pp. 235, 250.

[183] Arch. Journ., vol. xix. p. 363.

[184] Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 159.

[185] Arch., vol. v. p. 135, pl. viii. 14.

[186] Trans. Devon Assoc., vol. v. p. 82.

[187] 3rd edit., 4to, 1818, pl. ii.

[188] Proc. Soc. Ant., 1st S., vol. i. p. 83; Arch., vol. xxxi. p. 496; Proc. Bury and West Suff. Arch. Inst., vol. i. p. 26.

[189] Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. i. p. 369.

[190] Vol. xxxvi. p. 329.

[191] Arch., vol. v. p. 113.

[192] For the loan of these cuts I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.

[193] Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 346. The scale of the cuts is there erroneously stated to be ½.

[194] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi; Arch., vol. xliii. p. 444.

[195] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209, pl. xxix.

[196] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90; Cran. Brit., xi. 7, where these objects are figured.

[197] Suss. Arch. Coll., vol. ii. p. 268.

[198] Chantre, “Album,” pl. iv. 2, 3. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 352.

[199] Dict. Arch. de la Gaule. Rev. Arch., N.S., vol. xiii. Pl. i. fig. H.

[200] Arch. Journ., vol. xxi. 100. Lubbock’s “Preh. Times,” p. 28, fig. 17.

[201] Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” tab. xiii. 7.

[202] Die ehernen Streitkeile, Taf. i. 5.

[203] “Oldsag. fra Broholm,” pl. xxiii. 6.

[204] “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 6.

[205] Montelius, “La Suède préh.,” fig. 42. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.

[206] Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. v. p. 428, pl. i. fig. 1.

[207] Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 167. Chichester vol. of Arch. Inst., p. 62, whence this cut is taken.

[208] Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. viii. p. 207.

[209] “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 2.

[210] Arch. Journ., vol. xii. p. 278, xviii. p. 167.

[211] Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.

[212] 4th S., vol. vi. p. 70. Cat. p. 1.

[213] “Album,” pl. iii. 1.

[214] Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xvii. p. 20.

[215] Ibid.

[216] Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. iii. p. 245.

[217] P. S. A. S., vol. iv. p. 187, and ix. p. 431.

[218] P. S. A. S., vol. iv. p. 380.

[219] P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 182.

[220] P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 430.

[221] Arch. Scot., vol. iii. App. II. p. 32; P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 431.

[222] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.

[223] Vol. ii. p. 6.

[224] Op. cit., p. 7.

[225] P. S. A. S., vol. ix. p. 428.

[226] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 6, 7.

[227] Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 105.

[228] P. S. A. S., vol. iii. p. 245.

[229] “Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.

[230] Engraved in Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xvii. pl. vi. 4, p. 21.

[231] P. S. A. S., vol. vi. p. 41.

[232] “Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. 1. No. 1.

[233] Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 601. I am indebted to the Council for the use of this cut.

[234] Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 5.

[235] Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 7. See also “Ant. Tidsk.,” 1861-3, p. 24.

[236] Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 602.

[237] Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xiii. p. 120. I am indebted to the Council for the loan of this cut.

[238] Wilde, p. 361.

[239] Vol. xxvii. p. 308.

[240] Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 410. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.

[241] See Wilde, Fig. 249, 266.

[242] Arch. Journ., vol. xi. p. 295.

[243] See Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 389 et seq.; “Vallancey,” vol. iv. pl. x. 9.

[244] Chantre, “Album,” pl. 1. 9, 10.

[245] Nord. Oldsager, No. 176.

[246] Carapanos, “Dodone,” pl. liv. 7.

[247] Vol. vii. p. 74.

[248] London, 1849, p. 25.

[249] P. 59.

[250] See Nilsson, “Skandinaviska Nordens Ur-Invånare,” p. 92.

[251] “Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 382.

[252] Baker’s “Hist. of North.,” p. 558.

[253] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 258.

[254] Arch. Journ., vol. v. p. 324.

[255] Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.

[256] Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. ii. p. 21.

[257] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iv. 25.

[258] Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. viii. p. 209.

[259] Arch. Camb., 4th S., vol. v. p. 13.

[260] Meyrick’s “Cardigansh.” and “Ancient Arm.,” by Skelton, pl. xlvii. 1.

[261] Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxxiii. p. 118.

[262] Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.

[263] “La Seine Inf.,” p. 272.

[264] Lindenschmit, “Alt. uns. heidn. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft. i. Taf. iv. 43.

[265] Vol. ii. p. 268, No. 11.

[266] Arch., vol. x. pl. x. 2, p. 132.