52 Socr. vi. c. 3.
53 Ibid. vi. 3.
54 In Facund. Hermiana, Pro Def. trium capit., lib. iv. c. 2, in Gall. and bibl. patr. xi. p. 706.
55 Chrysost. Hom. in Diodor., vol. iii. p. 761.
56 Socr. vi. 3.
57 Niceph. σειρά, vol. i. pp. 524 and 436.
58 Ibid. vol. i. p. 80.
59 Leont. Byzant. contra Nestor., et Eutych. lib. iii., in Basnage, Thesaur. monum. i. 592.
60 C. 2-5.
61 I. c. 8, 9.
62 C. 9.
63 C. 10.
64 Theod. i. c. 11, in initio.
65 C. 11.
66 C. 13.
67 C. 14.
68 C. 17.
69 C. 16 and 19.
70 C. 19.
71 C. 3.
72 C. 5.
73 Tillemont maintains that the Theodore to whom the first letter is addressed must have been a different person from the fellow-student of Chrysostom and eventual Bishop of Mopsuestia, but he stands alone in this opinion, and his reasons for it seem inadequate.—Till. xi. note vi. p. 550.
74 Possid. Vit. August. c. iv.
75 Sulp. Sever. Vit. St. Martin. lib. i. p. 224. The affectation of reluctance to be consecrated became a fashion in the Coptic Church. The patriarch-designate of Alexandria is at this day brought to Cairo, loaded with chains, as if to prevent his escape.—Stanley, Eastern Church, lect. vii. p. 226.
76 C. 5. This word may refer to the bishops or the people. Ambrose calls the people his “parentes,” because they had elected him bishop.—Comment. in Luc. l. viii. c. 17.
77 μειράκια; vide note at end of Chapter.
78 I. c. 5.
79 C. 7.
80 C. 6.
81 C. 8.
82 C. 9.
83 The words priest and bishop are employed, in the following translations and paraphrases, to correspond with ἱερεὺς and ἐπίσκοπος, which are used in the original without much apparent distinction. Chrysostom is speaking of the priesthood generally, and it is not easy to say which Order he has in his mind at any given moment.
84 II. c. 2.
85 III. c. 1, 2, 5.
86 III. c. 4.
87 III. 5.
88 III. 9, 10.
89 Lamprid. Vita Alex. Sev. c. 45. Paris edit.
90 Cyprian, Epis. 52.
91 Ammian. Marcell. lib. xxvii. c. 3. Socrat. lib. iv. c. 29. See a multitude of evidence carefully collected on this subject in Bingham, vol. i. b. iv. ch. 2.
92 III. 15.
93 Comp. in Act. Apost. Hom. iii. 5. “Men now aim at a bishopric like any secular office. To win glory and honour among men we peril our salvation.... Consuls and prefects do not enjoy such honour as he who presides over the Church. Go to court, or to the houses of lords and ladies, and whom do you find foremost there? no one is put before the bishop.”
94 III. c. 14.
95 III. 16.
96 III. 17.
97 IV. c. 3-5 and c. 9.
98 V. c. 1-4.
99 V. c. 5.
100 V. c. 6, 7.
101 V. c. 8.
102 VI. c. 1.
103 VI. c. 4.
104 VI. c. 6-8.
105 VI. c. 12.
106 VI. c. 13.
107 Which is the date assigned by Socrates, vi. 3.
108 As stated by Palladius, at least in the Latin translation by Ambrose Camaldulensis.
109 Zosimus, lib. iv. 13-15. Ammian. Marcell. xxix. c. i.
110 In Act. Apost. Hom. 38, in fine.
111 Cyril. Catech. x. n. 19. Athanas. Synopsis.
112 Euseb. lib. vi. c. 11. Clemens Alex., Hom., Quis Dives salvetur?
113 Vide Epiphan. 69. Hæres. n. i., whence it appears that Laura, or Labra, was the name of an ecclesiastical district in Alexandria.
114 Theod. Lector. II. l. c. col. 102-104.
115 Jerome, Ep. 77, 5; Ambrose, de Virgin. i. 10, 11.
116 Baron. 398, 49-52; Giesel. I. 251.
117 Sozom. iii. 14; Sulp. Severus.
118 At Stridon, on the frontiers of Pannonia and Dalmatia.
119 Sozom. iii. 14. Palladius, Hist. Lausiaca, 38.
120 In Matt. Hom. 8, p. 87.
121 The custom of one monk reading the Scriptures aloud during dinner was first adopted, according to Cassian, in the Cappadocian monasteries.—Cass. lib. iv. c. 17; Sozom. iii. 14; Jerome’s translation of the rule.
122 But sometimes later.
123 Hom. in Matt. 55, vol. vii. p. 545.
124 Sozom. iii. 14, 15; Cassian., de Cœnob. Instit. iv. x. 22.
125 Cod. Theod. ix. 40. 16.
126 Vide Müller de Antiq. Antioch. c. 3.
127 Chrysost. in Matt. Hom. 69, vol. vii. p. 652.
128 In Matt. Hom. 68, c. 3. When they received the Eucharist, which they did twice a week, on Sundays and Saturdays, they threw off their coats of skin, and loosened their girdles.—Sozom. iii. 14.
129 In Matt. Hom. 68, c. 3; 69, c. 3; in 1 Tim. Hom. 14, c. 4, 5.
130 In Matt. Hom. 72, vol. vii. p. 671.
131 In 1 Tim. Hom. 14, c. 5.
132 In Joh. Hom. 44, c. 1.
133 De Compunct. i. c. 6.
134 De Compunct. i. c. 1.
135 C. 2.
136 C. 3.
137 C. 4, 5.
138 C. 7.
139 C. 8.
140 C. 9.
141 De Compunct. ii. 1-3.
142 C. 5.
143 ἔχθρα ἀκήρυκτος, lib. i. c. 5.
144 Lib. i. c. 4.
145 The word in the decree is “militare,” but this term appears to be applied to civil duties as well as military. Vide Suicer, sub v. στρατεύειν. The Egyptian monks, however, do seem to have been specially forced into the army. De Broglie, v. 303; Gibbon, iv.; Milman, History of Christianity, iii. 47.
146 Adv. Oppug. Vitæ Mon., lib. i. c. 1-3.
147 C. 4.
148 C. 5-7.
149 C. 8.
150 Lib. ii. c. 1, 2.
151 C. 2-5.
152 C. 6-10.
153 Lib. iii. c. 6.
154 Compare similar remarks by Thucydides, book iii., in his account of the Corcyræan sedition, on the misapplication of names to vices.
155 Lib. iii. c. 6, 7.
156 C. 8, 9.
157 Lib. iii. c. 14, 15.
158 C. 18, 19.
159 Pallad. Dial. c. v.
160 Ad Stag. a Dæm. vex., vol. i. lib. i. c. 1.
161 Ibid. lib. ii. c. 1.
162 Ad Stag., vol. i. lib. ii. c. 1.
163 Ibid. c. 5-9.
164 See ante, Chapter II.
165 See preface to his Orat. xliii.
166 The bishops of Egypt and the West generally adhered to Paulinus, Sozom. vii. 11, till by the united efforts of Chrysostom and Theophilus the universal acknowledgment of Flavian was obtained in A.D. 398.
167 So Jerome, Ep. xxvii.
168 Conc. Nic., can. 18. (Hefele, p. 426.)
169 Tertull. de Bapt. cxvii. Jerome Dial. contr. Lucif.
170 Chrysost. Hom. ii. in 2 Cor.
171 Constit. Apost. lib. viii. c. 10.
172 Constit. Apost. lib. ii. c. 57. Chrysost. Hom. xxiv. in Act.
173 Constit. Apost. lib. ii. c. 31, 32. Cyprian, Ep. xlix.
174 Conc. Nic., can. 18. (Hefele, p. 426.)
175 Jerome, Epist. lxxxv. ad Evang.
176 Chrysost. vol. ii. p. 591.
177 Ibid. vol. vii. p. 762.
178 Ibid. p. 629.
179 Euseb. Vita Const. iii. 50. Chrysost. vol. iii. p. 160 and vol. xi. p. 78. Vide also Müller de Antiq. Antioch., p. 103.
180 This description of Antioch is mainly collected from Müller’s admirable and exhaustive work on the Antiquities of Antioch, or from the authorities referred to therein.
181 See Socrates vi. 1, and Montfaucon’s preface to “De Sacerdotio.”
182 Ad vid. jun. c. 5.
183 C. 4.
184 Ad vid. jun., c. 3.
185 C. 4. Executed in 371 in the reign of Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian; Ammian. Marcell. xxix. 1, who calls him a Gaul, not, as Chrysostom, a Sicilian.
186 Constans by Magnentius.
187 Constantine the younger.
188 Jovian.
189 Gallus Cæsar by Constantius. The two who died natural deaths were Constantine the Great and his son Constantius.
190 The widow of Jovian, whose son Varronian was deprived of an eye. See Gibbon, vol. iv. p. 222.
191 Doubtful; possibly first wife of Valentinian I., divorced from him and sent into exile.
192 Constantia, wife of Gratian.
193 Flacilla, wife of Theodosius. Compare this mournful list of tragic deaths of sovereigns with the splendid passage in Shakespeare’s Richard II.:—
194 De Virginitate, c. 15.
195 C. 14-22.
196 De Virginitate, c. 57.
197 τὴν μάλιστα πάντων ἀγαπωμένην, c. 52.
198 De Virginitate, c. 52.
199 C. 62, 63.
200 C. 66, 67.
201 De Virginitate, c. 83.
202 Gibbon, iv. p. 111.
203 Strabo, p. 750.
204 As Verus, Pescennius Niger, Macrinus, and Severus Alexander.—Herodian, ii. 7, 8, v. 2, vi. 7.
205 De S. Babyla, c. 14-16.
206 Hom. in Matt. vol. vii. p. 762.
207 To the establishment of parochial divisions with separate pastors in Alexandria we have the direct testimony of Epiphanius, Hæres. 69; Arian. c. 1. In Rome, however, and Constantinople, though the churches were numerous, the clergy seem to have been more or less connected with the mother Church.—Vide Bingham, chap. viii. 5, book ix.
208 μειρακίσκος εὐτελὴς καὶ ἀπεῤῥιμμένος—applied by rather a strong rhetorical licence to a man forty years old.
209 μηδέπω πρότερον. This seems to prove that he had not preached during his diaconate.
210 Ecclus. xv. 9.
211 Hom. xi. in Act. Apost. in fine.
212 Vol. ii. p. 515.
213 C. 3.