Chronological Summary, 476–1494

Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. France and Spain.
475–491 Emperor Zeno.
   
   
    481–511 Clovis, King of the Franks.
    486 Battle of Soissons.
491–518 Emperor Anastasius.
518–527 Emperor Justin I.
527–565 Emperor Justinian.
565–578 Emperor Justin II.
   
   
   
    585 Visigothic Conquest of Spain complete.
   
   
610–641 Emperor Heraclius.
622 The ‘Hijrah’.
626 Siege of Constantinople by Chosroes.
627 Battle of Nineveh.
634 Battle of Yermuk.
    628–638 Dagobert I.
637 Jerusalem taken by the Moslems.
642–668 Emperor Constans II.
668–685 Emperor Constantine IV (Pogonatus).
   
685–695 }Justinian II.
705–711
    712 Battle of Guadalete.
715–717 Theodosius III. 714–741 Charles Martel, ‘Mayor of the Palace’.
717–740 Leo ‘the Isaurian’.
    732 Battle of Poitiers.
   
   
    751 Dethronement of the Merovingians.
   
786–809 Haroun al-Raschid, Caliph of Bagdad. 768–814 Charlemagne, King of the Franks.
780–797 Emperor Constantine VI.
797–802 Empress Irene.
    814–840 Louis I ‘the Pious’.
    842 Oath of Strasbourg.
    843 Treaty of Verdun.
   
Italy. Central and Northern Europe.
476 Romulus Augustulus deposed, Odoacer becomes ‘Patrician’.
489 Invasion of Italy by the Ostrogoths. 480 Landing of the Angles in Britain.
493–526 Theoderic, King of Italy.
556 Conquest of Italy by Justinian.
568 Conquest of North Italy by the Lombards. 563 St. Columba’s Mission to Scotland.
    577 Victory of West Saxons at Dyrham.
   
   
590–604 Pope Gregory ‘the Great’. 597 Mission of St. Augustine to England.
   
   
   
   
   
   
741–752 Pope Zacharias. 743 Boniface becomes Archbishop of Mainz.
753 End of Exarchate of Ravenna.
752–757 Pope Stephen II.
772–795 Pope Adrian I.
795–816 Pope Leo III.
800 Charlemagne crowned in Rome.
   
    837–878 Struggle between West Saxons and Danes.
    843–876 Louis ‘the German’.
858–867 Pope Nicholas I.
   
Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. France and Spain.
873–867 Rupture between Churches of East and West. 880–888 Charles ‘the Fat’, Emperor of the West.
867–886 Emperor Basil I. 885 Siege of Paris by the Northmen.
    909 Foundation of Cluni.
    898–929 Charles ‘the Simple’.
    987–996 Hugh Capet, King of France.
   
   
   
   
    1031 Break up of Caliphate of Cordova.
1039 ‘Seljuk’ Turks conquer Caliphate of Bagdad.
   
   
1081–1118 Emperor Alexius Commenus I.
1096–1099 The First Crusade.
1099 Capture of Jerusalem by Crusaders.
1118 Order of Templars founded.
    1138 St. Bernard attacks Abelard.
1146–1149 Second Crusade. 1153 Death of St. Bernard.
1187 Saladin takes Jerusalem. 1180–1223 Philip II ‘Augustus’ of France.
1189–1192 Third Crusade.
   
   
1202 Fourth Crusade.
1204–1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople. 1204 Philip II conquers Normandy.
1204–1260 Empire of Nicea. 1209 Albigensian Crusade.
    1212 The Children’s Crusade.
    1312 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.
    1214 Battle of Bouvines.
   
   
   
   
1228–1229 Crusade of Frederick II. 1226–1270 Louis IX of France (St. Louis).
    1230 Union of Leon and Castile.
1248–1256 Seventh Crusade. St. Louis invades Egypt and Palestine.
   
Italy. Central and Northern Europe.
    871–901 Alfred ‘the Great’, King of Wessex.
    878 Peace of Wedmore.
    911–918 Emperor Conrad I.
    919–936 Emperor Henry I ‘the Fowler’.
    936–973 Emperor Otto I.
962 Otto I crowned Emperor of Rome. 955 Battle of Augsburg.
    973–983 Emperor Otto II.
    979–1016 Ethelred II ‘the Rede-less’.
    983–1002 Emperor Otto III.
    1003–1024 Emperor Henry II.
1046 Synod of Sutri. 1017–1035 Cnut—King of England.
1060–1091 Norman Conquest of Sicily. 1024–1039 Emperor Conrad II.
1073–1085 Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand). 1039–1056 Emperor Henry III.
    1056–1106 Emperor Henry IV.
1077 Humiliation of Henry IV at Canossa. 1066 Norman Conquest of England.
1088–1099 Pope Urban II.
    1106–1125 Emperor Henry V.
   
   
    1122 Concordat of Worms.
    1137–1152 Emperor Conrad III.
   
1176 Battle of Legnano. 1153–1190 Emperor Frederick I—‘Barbarossa’.
1183 Peace of Constance.
    1170 Murder of Thomas Becket.
   
1198–1216 Pope Innocent III. 1190–1197 Emperor Henry VI.
   
   
   
   
1210 Innocent III; excommunication of Otto IV.
1216–1227 Pope Honorius III. 1215–1250 Emperor Frederick II.
    1215 Magna Charta.
1223 Foundation of the Franciscan Order.
1225 Treaty of San Germano.
1227–1241 Pope Gregory IX. 1226 Teutonic Order moves to Prussia.
   
1243–1254 Pope Innocent IV. 1256–1273 The ‘Great Interregnum’.
1282 The Sicilian Vespers.
   
Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. France and Spain.
1260–1282 Emperor Michael Paleologus.
1270 Eighth Crusade. St. Louis invades North Africa. 1285–1314 Philip IV ‘le Bel’ of France.
1291 Fall of Acre.
    1309–1376 The Babylonish Captivity.
    1312 Suppression of the Templars.
   
   
    1337 Outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War.
    1346 Battle of Creci.
    1347 English capture Calais.
    1347–1348 The Black Death.
   
    1356 Battle of Poitiers.
    1358 The Jacquerie.
    1360 Treaty of Bretigni.
    1367 Battle of Navarette.
1370–1382 King Louis ‘the Great’ of Hungary and Poland.
   
1386 Union of Poland and Lithuania.
1389 Battle of Kossovo.
   
   
   
   
    1415 Battle of Agincourt.
   
    1419 Murder of John ‘the Fearless’.
    1420 Treaty of Troyes.
   
    1430 Death of Jeanne d’Arc.
    1440 The Praguerie.
   
   
1448–1453 Emperor Constantine XI.
1453 Fall of Constantinople. 1453 End of the Hundred Years’ War.
   
    1461–1483 Louis XI of France.
    1483–1498 Charles VIII.
   
    1492 Columbus discovers America.
    1498 Vasco da Gama discovers Cape route to India.
   
Italy. Central and Northern Europe.
1294 Celestine V.
1294–1303 Boniface VIII. 1273–1291 Emperor Rudolf I.
    1298–1308 Emperor Albert I.
    1309 Independence of Swiss Forest Cantons recognized.
    1314 Battle of Bannockburn.
    1315 Battle of Morgarten.
    1340 Battle of Sluys.
   
   
1347–1354 Rienzi founds the Holy Roman Republic. 1347–1378 Emperor Charles IV.
   
    1356 The Golden Bull.
   
   
1377 Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome from Avignon. 1370 Treaty of Stralsund.
1378–1417 The Great Schism.
1380 Battle of Chioggia. 1380 Wycliffe translates the Bible.
1395 Gian Galeazzo Visconti becomes Duke of Milan. 1397 The Union of Kalmar.
    1410–1437 Emperor Sigismund.
    1410 Battle of Tannenburg.
    1414–1418 Council of Constance.
    1415 Death of John Huss.
1417 Election of Pope Martin V. End of the Schism.
   
   
   
   
    1431 Council of Basel.
    1436 John Gutenburg invents the Printing Press.
    1438–1439 Emperor Albert II.
    1440–1493 Emperor Frederick III.
   
    1455–1485 The Wars of the Roses.
   
1469–1492 Lorenzo de Medici rules Florence. 1476 Battles of Granson and Morat.
    1477 Battle of Nanci.
1494 Charles VIII invades Italy.