The relevant articles in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11 ed., are often valuable, being written by specialists. Of other encyclopedic works the following are most useful: Hastings: Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, I-VIII, A-Mulla, 1908-. W. Roscher: Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie, A-Tan, 1884-. Pauly-Wissowa: Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, A-Imperator, Ra-Ryton, 1894-. Daremberg et Saglio: Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, A-Via, 1887-.

Greek Religion.—L. R. Farnell: The Cults of the Greek States, 5 vols., 1896-1907. A comprehensive study of the greater divinities. Id.: The Higher Aspects of Greek Religion, 1912. L. Campbell: Religion in Greek Literature, 1898. J. Adam: The Religious Teachers of Greece, 2 ed., 1909. An interesting and valuable book for the period from Homer to Plato. A. Fairbanks: A Handbook of Greek Religion, 1910. An admirable treatment of the subject in moderate compass with excellent bibliographies. G. F. Moore: History of Religions, I, pp. 406-602, on Greek and Roman Religions, 1913. The work of a master in the entire field. Ed. Meyer: Geschichte des Altertums, II-V, 1893-1902. The religion of the Greeks is nowhere else so well treated from the historical point of view. G. F. v. Schoemann: Griechische Altertümer, 4 ed., by Lipsius, II, pp. 133-607, 1902. P. Stengel: Die griechischen Kultusaltertümer, 2 ed., 1898. The best treatment of the religious antiquities of the Greeks. O. Gruppe: Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte, 2 vols., 1897, 1906. This is the most comprehensive work dealing with the subject; its value is somewhat impaired by the author’s peculiar views. S. Wide: Griechische und Römische Religion, in Gercke und Norden: Einleitung in die Altertumswissenschaft, 2 ed., II, pp. 169-271, 1912.

Mythology.—The Mythology of all Races, I, Greek and Roman, by W. S. Fox, 1916. A modern presentation of the myths connected with the chief gods; the book is well illustrated and is provided with an ample bibliography. Preller: Griechische Mythologie, I, 4 ed., by Robert, 1894; II, 3 ed., by Plew, 1872.

Ethics.—L. Schmidt: Die Ethik der alten Griechen, 2 vols., 1882. The standard treatment of the subject. J. Denis: Histoire des théories et des idées morales dans l’antiquité, 2 ed., 2 vols., 1879. An historical account of Greek morals to the end of the fifth century of our era. M. Wundt: Geschichte der griechischen Ethik, 2 vols., 1908, 1911. This book covers the periods from Homer to Marcus Aurelius. W. E. H. Lecky: History of European Morals, I, pp. 169-356. The period from Augustus to Neoplatonism, 1869. C. Martha: Études morales sur l’antiquité, Paris, 1896. W. H. S. Jones: Greek Morality in Relation to Institutions, 1906.

Philosophy.—Ed. Zeller: Die Philosophie der Griechen: I, 1 and 2, 5 ed., 1892; II, 1, 4 ed., 1889; II, 2, 3 ed., 1879; III, 1, 4 ed., 1909; III, 2, 4 ed., 1903. English translations from the fourth or third German editions: Pre-Socratic Philosophy, 2 vols., 1881; Socrates and the Socratic Schools, 1885; Plato and the Older Academy, 1888; Aristotle and the Early Peripatetics, 2 vols., 1897; The Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, 1892. The best history of ancient philosophy, containing full references to the sources. Th. Gomperz: Griechische Denker, 3 vols., 2 ed., 1903-09. English translation: Greek Thinkers, 4 vols., 1901-12. A stimulating book, but less useful than Zeller’s. J. Burnet: Early Greek Philosophy, 2 ed., 1908; id.: Greek Philosophy, I, Thales to Plato, 1914. A. W. Benn: The Greek Philosophers, 2 ed., 1914. Three valuable books. M. Louis: Doctrines religieuses des philosophes Grecs, 1909.

I

T. D. Seymour: Life in the Homeric Age, chaps. xiv-xvi, 1907. Gives the facts with regard to religion in the Iliad and Odyssey. J. Adam: Religious Teachers, pp. 21-83. E. Rohde: Psyche I³, pp. 1 ff., 1903. Nägelsbach: Homerische Theologie, 3 ed., 1884. O. Gruppe: Griechische Mythologie, pp. 987-1015. Campbell: Religion in Greek Literature, pp. 53-113. J. Girard: Le sentiment religieux en Grèce d’Homère à Eschyle, 3 ed., pp. 1-133, 1887.

P. Waltz: Hésiode et son poème moral, 1906. The most valuable treatment of Hesiod’s Works and Days. Ed. Meyer: Hesiods Erga und das Gedicht von den fünf Menschengeschlectern, in Genethliakon, 1910. O. Gruppe: Die griechischen Culte und Mythen, I, pp. 567-612, 1887. P. Decharme: La critique des traditions religieuses chez les Grecs, pp. 1-26, 1904.

II

The Orphic fragments are quoted from the edition by Abel, 1885; the tablets found in graves from Diels: Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 3 ed., II, pp. 163 ff., 1912.

Lobeck: Aglaophamus sive de theologiae mysticae Graecorum causis, 1829. The classic work. Rohde: Psyche, I³, pp. 278 ff., on the Mysteries; II³, pp. 1 ff., on Dionysiac religion and Orphism. Adam: Religious Teachers, chap. v. Campbell: Religion in Greek Literature, pp. 238-266. Fairbanks: Handbook of Greek Religion, pp. 128-137; 230-248. J. E. Harrison: Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, 2 ed., chaps, viii-xii, 1908. This book must be used with caution. B. I. Wheeler: Dionysus and Immortality, 1899. The Ingersoll Lecture for 1898-99. Girard: Le sentiment religieux, pp. 171-297. Gruppe: Griechische Culte und Mythen, I, pp. 612-675; Griechische Mythologie, 1016-1041. E. Maass: Orpheus. Untersuchungen zur griechischen, römischen, altchristlichen Jenseitsdichtung und Religion, 1895. A. Dieterich: Nekyia. Beiträge zur Erklärung der neuentdeckten Petrusapokalypse, 2 ed., 1913. Although the two preceding books deal primarily with early Christianity, they contain much matter bearing on early Orphism and the Mysteries. Farnell: Cults of the Greek States, III, pp. 126-213; 343-367; V, 85-181. A. Mommsen: Feste der Stadt Athen, pp. 204-277; 405-421, 1898. P. Foucart, Les mystères d’Eleusis, 1914. The author’s hypothesis of the Egyptian origin of the Eleusinian mysteries is untenable. K. H. E. De Jong: Das antike Mysterienwesen, 1909. A discussion of the phenomena connected with the several mysteries.

III

The fragments of Archilochus, Solon, Theognis, and Simonides are quoted from Bergk: Poetae Lyrici Graeci, 3 ed., II and III; those of Aeschylus and Sophocles from Nauck: Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, 2 ed., 1889.

Adam: Religious Teachers, pp. 83-183. Campbell: Religion in Greek Literature, pp. 114-121; 169-180; 195-208; 267-290. Girard: Le sentiment religieux, pp. 135-170; 247-448. Decharme: Critique des traditions religieuses, pp. 91-112. Gruppe: Griechische Mythologie, pp. 1041-1058. E. Buchholz: Die sittlichen Weltanschauung des Pindaros und Aeschylos, 1869. F. F. C. Fischer: De deo Aeschyleo, 1912. Dronke: Die religiösen und sittlichen Vorstellungen des Aeschylos und Sophocles, Jahrbb. für klass. Phil., Suppl. IV, pp. 1-116. F. Lübker: Die sophokleische Theologie und Ethik, 1851, 1855.

IV

The fragments of the pre-Socratic philosophers are quoted from Diels: Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 2 vols., 3 ed., 1912; those of Euripides from Nauck: Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, 2 ed., 1889.

Adam: Religious Teachers, pp. 184-355. Campbell: Religion in Greek Literature, pp. 291-337. Zeller: Philosophie der Griechen, I, 1⁵, pp. 521-552; I, 2⁵, pp. 623-837; 968-1164; English translation, Pre-Socratic Philosophy, II, pp. 1-206; 321-516. Socrates and the Socratic Schools, pp. 39-236. Gomperz: Griechische Denker, I², pp. 127-134; 168-204; 331-396; II², pp. 3-95; English translation, I, 155-164; 208-254; 412-496; II, pp. 3-118. G. Grote: History of Greece, chaps. 67-68. Burnet: Early Greek Philosophy, pp. 143-191; 227-318; Greek Philosophy, pp. 57-81; 105-192. Benn: Greek Philosophers, pp. 65-143. Louis: Doctrines religieuses, pp. 1-95.

Decharme: Critique des traditions religieuses, pp. 43-63; 113-140; Euripide et l’esprit de son theâtre, 1893; English translation by James Loeb: Euripides and the Spirit of his Dramas, 1906. A. Verrall: Euripides the Rationalist, 1895. W. Nestle: Euripides der Dichter der griechischen Aufklärung, 1902.

V

Adam: Religious Teachers, pp. 356-460. On Plato by one of the best of recent English Platonists. Zeller: Philosophie der Griechen, II, 1⁴, pp. 389-982; II, 2³, pp. 1-806; English translation, Plato and the Older Academy, pp. 1-552; Aristotle and the Early Peripatetics, I-II, pp. 1-347. Gomperz: Griechische Denker, II², pp. 203-533; III², entire; English translation, II, pp. 249-397, III and IV, entire. Burnet: Greek Philosophy: I, pp. 205-350. Benn: Greek Philosophers, pp. 144-326. E. Caird: The Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers, I, pp. 58-382; II, pp. 1-30. 1904. Louis: Doctrines religieuses, pp. 99-164. Decharme: Critique des traditions religieuses, pp. 181-219; 233-242. Campbell, Religion in Greek Literature, pp. 342-367.

VI

The fragments of the early Stoics are quoted from von Arnim: Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, I-III, 1903-05 (S V F).

Benn: Greek Philosophers, pp. 326-364; 452-473; 523-588. Caird: Theology in Greek Philosophers: II, pp. 31-316. Louis: Doctrines religieuses, pp. 199-343. Decharme: Critique des traditions religieuses, pp. 259-501. Zeller: Philosophie der Griechen: III, 1⁴, pp. I-373; III, 2⁴, pp. 82-218; 254-735. The English volume: Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, includes no more than its title indicates. E. V. Arnold: Roman Stoicism, 1911. A useful book. E. Bevan: Stoics and Sceptics, 1913. Renan: Marc-Aurèle, 1882. E. Bréhier: Les idées philosophiques et religieuses de Philo, 1908. J. Martin, Philon, 1908. Whittaker: The Neo-Platonists, 1901. B. A. G. Fuller: The Problem of Evil in Plotinus, 1912.

VII

For the political relations of Italy to Greece and the East reference should be had to the standard histories of Rome; the following books deal primarily with religion.

G. Wissowa: Religion und Kultus der Römer, 2 ed., 1912. The Standard book on the subject; a comprehensive work of sound learning. Marquardt: Römische Staatsverwaltung, III, 2 ed., 1885. W. Warde Fowler: The Religious Experience of the Roman People from the Earliest Times to the Age of Augustus, 1911. The best book for the period. Id.: Roman Ideas of Deity in the last Century before the Christian Era, 1914; The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic, 1899. J. B. Carter: The Religion of Numa, 1906; The Religious Life of Ancient Rome, chaps, i-iii, 1911. G. Boissier: La religion romaine d’Auguste aux Antonines, 6 ed., 1906. A valuable book written by a master. Dill: Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, 2 ed., pp. 289-546, 1911. E. Beurlier: Le culte impérial, 1891.

VIII

Dill: Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, pp. 547-626. Glover: The Conflict of Religions in the Early Empire, 3 ed., 1909. Benn: Greek Philosophers, pp. 487-522. J. Reville: La religion à Rome sous les Sévères, 1886. F. Cumont: Textes et monuments relatifs aux mystères de Mithra, 2 vols., 1894-1900. The only treatment of any of the oriental religions which takes fully into account the monumental, epigraphical, and literary evidence. Id.: Les mystères de Mithra, 2 ed., 1902; English translation, 1910; Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romaine, 1907; English translation, 1911; Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans, 1912. J. Toutain: Les cultes païens dans l’empire romain, II, 1 Les cultes orientaux, 1911. A valuable treatment of the oriental religions in the Latin provinces. The geographical distribution of these religions in Britain, the Gauls and Germanies, and in Spain has been discussed by C. H. Moore in the following places: Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, XI, pp. 47 ff.; Transactions of the American Philological Association, XXXVIII, pp. 109 ff.; and in Studies in the History of Religions presented to C. H. Toy, 1912. G. Showerman: The Great Mother of the Gods, 1901. Hepding: Attis, 1903. G. Lafaye: Histoire der culte des divinités d’Alexandrie hors de l’Egypte, 1884. R. Reitzenstein: Die hellenistischen Mysterienreligionen, 1910.

IX-X

Many of the pertinent articles in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible and Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11 ed., and in similar works are written by specialists and are valuable.

A. Harnack: Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte, I, 4 ed., 1909; English translation from the third German edition, I and II, 1901. The most valuable book on the subject. F. Loofs: Leitfaden zum Studium der Dogmengeschichte, 4 ed., Halle, 1906. The opening chapters cover the early period. G. B. Stevens: The Theology of the New Testament, 1903. H. Holtzmann: Lehrbuch der neutestamentlichen Theologie, 2 vols., 2 ed., 1911.

A. C. McGiffert: History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age, 1897. J. H. Ropes: The Apostolic Age, 1906.

S. J. Case: The Evolution of Early Christianity, 1914. K. Lake: The Earlier Epistles of St. Paul, 1911; The Stewardship of Faith, 1915. T. R. Glover: The Conflict of Religions in the Roman Empire, 1909.

J. Geffcken: Zwei griechischen Apologeten, 1907. An important commentary to Aristides and Athenagoras, preceded by an introduction dealing with the history and characteristics of the Greek Apologists, and followed by a sketch of the development of the apologetic literature after Athenagoras to Augustine. A. Puech: Les apologistes grecs du II^e siècle de notre ère, 1912.

H. S. Mansel: The Gnostic Heresies, 1875. E. de Faye: Gnostiques et gnosticisme, 1913.

C. Bigg: The Christian Platonists of Alexandria, 1886. E. de Faye: Clément d’Alexandrie, 2 ed., 1906.

P. Wendland: Die hellenistisch-römische Kultur in ihren Beziehungen zu Judentum und Christentum, 2 ed., 1912. A book of prime importance on the conditions of the ancient world during the beginnings of Christianity. E. Hatch: The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church, 8 ed., 1901. G. Anrich, Das antike Mysterienwesen in seinem Einfluss auf das Christentum, 1894. G. Wobbermin: Religionsgeschichtliche Studien zur Frage der Beeinflussung des Urchristentums durch das antike Mysterienwesen, 1896. C. Clemen: Religionsgeschichtliche Erklärung des Neuen Testaments, 1909; English translation: Primitive Christianity and its Non-Jewish Sources, 1912; Der Einfluss der Mysterienreligionen auf das älteste Christentum, 1913. C. H. Moore: Greek and Roman Ascetic Tendencies in Harvard Essays on Classical Subjects, pp. 97-140, 1912. H. Streithman: Geschichte der frühchristlichen Askese in der Umgebung des werdenden Christentums, 1914. This book I have been unable to see. A. Deissman: Licht vom Osten, 3 ed., 1909; English translation, Light from the Ancient East, chap. iv, 1910. R. Reitzenstein: Die hellenistischen Mysterienreligionen, 1910. E. Maass: Orpheus. Untersuchungen zur grieschischen, römischen, altchristlichen Jenseitsdichtung und Religion, 1895. A. Dieterich: Nekyia, 2 ed., 1913.

A. Harnack: Mission und Ausbreitung des Christentums in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten, 2 vols., 3 ed., 1915; English translation: The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries, 2 ed., 2 vols., 1908.