44 Officially called Romania, and frequently spelt Roumania: in French it is Roumanie.

45

46 Mean temperature at Bucharest, 46° F.; maximum, 113° F.; minimum, −22° F.; difference, 135° F.

47 Mean volume of the Danube (according to C. Hartley), 2,000,000 gallons per second; maximum volume, 6,160,000 gallons; mean volume of Kilia mouth, 1,276,000 gallons; mean of St. George’s mouth, 572,000 gallons; mean of Sulina mouth, 176,000 gallons per second. Mean alluvial deposits of Danube, 2,119 cubic feet per annum.

48 Approximate population of Rumania in 1875, 5,232,500 souls, of whom 3,260,000 were in Wallachia, and 1,972,500 in Moldavia. There were 4,460,000 Rumanians, 90,000 Bulgarians, 40,000 Russians and other Slavs, 50,000 Magyars, 130,000 Tsigani, 400,000 Jews, 10,000 Armenians, and 52,500 foreigners (30,000 Austrians, 10,000 Greeks, 5,000 Germans, 1,500 French).

49 Of the total area of Rumania 6,000,000 acres are corn-lands, 600,000 acres produce wine, tobacco, &c., 5,000,000 consist of forests, 9,000,000 of pastures and meadows, and 8,000,000 are uncultivated. In 1874 there were 600,000 horses, 2,900,000 head of cattle, 100,000 buffaloes, 5,000,000 sheep, 1,200,000 pigs, and 500,000 goats.

50 Exports, average of 1865–75, £6,700,000; imports, £4,300,000.

51 Railroads, 1,800 miles; high-roads, 2,650 miles; telegraphs, 2,500 miles; steamers on the Danube, 29, of 7,620 tons burden.

52 Number of inhabitants of the principal towns of Rumania (official spelling; vulgar or phonetic spelling in parenthesis):—

Wallachia.—Bucuresci (Bucharest), 221,800; Ploiesti (Ploeshti), 33,000; Braila, 28,270; Craiova, 22,764; Giurgiu (Jurjevo, or Giurgevo), 20,866; Buzeu (Busau), 11,100; Alecsandria, 11,000; Campulung, 9,900; Pitesci (Piteshti), 8,500; Caracalu, 8,600.

Moldavia.—Jasi (Yassy), 90,000; Galati (Galatz), 80,000; Botosani, 39,900; Barladu (Byrlat), 26,600; Smeilu (Ismail), 21,000; Focsani, 20,300; Peatra, 20,000; Husi, 18,500; Roman, 16,900; Falticeni, 15,000; Bacau, 13,000; Dorohoi, 10,000; Bolgradu, 9,600; Chilie (Kilia), 8,900; Reni, 7,600.

53 Average annual expenditure, 1871–76, £3,650,000; public debt, £19,500,000, including £13,000,000 expended upon railways; estimated value of the domains, £20,000,000.

54 Authorities:—Kanitz, “Serbien;” Ubicini, “Les Serbes de Turquie;” Cyprien Robert, “Les Slaves de Turquie;” Louis Léger, “Le Monde Slave;” Lejean, “Visite au Montenegro.”

55 Mean temperature at Belgrad, 48° F.; extremes, 106° and 3°; range, 103° F.

56 The population of Servia in 1875 was 1,377,068, of whom about 1,110,000 were Servians, 160,000 Wallachians, 20,000 Zinzares, 50,000 Bulgarians, 30,000 gipsies, &c.

57 The exports in 1874 were valued at £1,400,000, and included 34,104 head of cattle, 271,219 pigs 1,172,571 sheep and goat skins, wheat, raki, &c.

58 There are a university, a military academy, a seminary, an agricultural school, 11 superior schools, and 377 elementary schools, with 567 teachers, and about 20,000 pupils.

59 Authorities:—Zuccagni Orlandini, “Corografia fisica, storica e statistica dell’ Italia e delle sue Isole;” Marmocchi, “Descrizione d’Italia;” Amato Amati, “L’Italia sotto l’aspetto fisico, storico, artistico e statistico;” Taine, “Voyage en Italie;” Gregorovius, “Wanderjahre in Italien,” “Geschichte der Stadt Rom;” Ann. di Saluzzo, “Le Alpi che cingono l’Italia;” Cattaneo e Lombardini, “Notizie naturali e civili su la Lombardia;” Lombardini, “Pianura subapennina,” “Condizione idraulica del Po;” Martins, Gastaldi, “Terrains superficiels de la vallée du Pô;” De Mortillet, “Anciens glaciers du versant méridional des Alpes,” “Mémoires divers;” Bertolotti, “Liguria maritima;” Targioni Tozzetti, “Voyage en Toscane;” Salvagnoli Marchetti, “Maremme Toscane;” Noël des Vergers, “L’Étrurie et les Étrusques;” Beulé, “Fouilles et découvertes;” Giordano, “Roma e suo territorio;” Ponzi, “Histoire naturelle du Latium;” De Prony, “Marais Pontins;” Works of D’Ampère and Stendhal, &c.; Davies, “Pilgrimage of the Tiber;” Francis Wey, “Rome;” Spallanzani, “Voyage dans les Deux-Siciles;” Smyth, “Sicily and its Islands;” Dolomieu, “Voyage aux îles de Lipari;” De Quatrefages, “Souvenirs d’un naturaliste;” La Marmora, “Voyage en Sardaigne, Description statistique, physique et politique de l’île;” Mantegazza, “Profili e paesaggi della Sardegna;” Von Maltzan, “Reise auf der Insel Sardinien;” Spano, “Itinerario della Sardegna;” Correnti e Maestri, “Statistica dell’ Italia.”

60 Area of the kingdom of Italy, 114,413 square miles; population in 1875, 27,482,174.

61 Pié di Monte, Piedmont, or Piemonte, i.e. mountain-foot.

62 Principal Alpine summits of Italy:—Monte Viso, 12,585 feet; Grand Paradis, 13,271 feet; Monte della Disgrazia, 11,840 feet; Adamello, 11,677 feet; Antelao, 10,680 feet; Brunone (Orobia range), 10,370 feet; Generoso, 5,670 feet; Monte Baldo, 7,310 feet; Monte Bolca, 3,143 feet.

63 Altitudes:—Source of the Po, 6,400 feet; Saluzzo, 1,200 feet; Turin, 755 feet; Pavia (mouth of Ticino), 330 feet; Piacenza, 217 feet; Cremona, 150 feet; Mantua, 89 feet; Ferrara, 20 feet.

64 Italian Alpine lakes having an area of more than five square miles:—

65 Volume of Adda and Ticino at their point of egress from the Alpine lakes, according to Lombardini:—

Adda.—Average 6,600, minimum 567, maximum 29,000 cubic feet per second. Ticino.—Average 11,400, minimum 1,770, maximum 77,400 cubic feet per second.

66 Principal rivers of Northern Italy:—

67 Average volume of the canals of the valley of the Po (cubic feet per second):—Muzza, 2,153; Naviglio Grande, 1,800; Canal Cavour, 1,482; Martesana, 918 cubic feet.

68 Humidity of the air at Milan, 74·5 per cent.; annual rainfall at Milan, 38·8 in.; at Turin, 31·8 in.; at Tolmezza, on the Upper Tagliamento, 82·3 in.

69 Mean annual temperature of Turin, 53·10° F.; hottest month (April), 73·13°; coldest month (January), 33·10°. Milan: mean, 14·04°; July, 74·84°; January, 23·26°. Venice: mean, 55·52° F.; July, 25·06°; January, 35·28°.

70

71 Population of the principal towns of Piemont (1871):—Turin, 192,442; Alessandria, 29,102; Novarra, 24,185; Vercelli, 20,626; Casale Monferrato, 20,436; Asti, 19,466; Novi Ligure, 12,162; Mondovi, 11,958; Cuneo, 11,859; Pinerolo, 11,832; Biella, 11,814; Saluzzo, 9,796; Savigliano, 9,544; Bra, 9,196; Alba, 9,147; Chieri, 8,986; Tortona, 8,620; Acqui, 8,332; Fossano, 7,272; Carmagnola, 3,830.

72 Population of the towns of Lombardy (1871):—Milan (Milano), 261,985; Brescia, 38,906; Bergamo, 34,555; Cremona, 30,919; Pavia, 29,618; Mantua (Mantova), 26,687; Como, 24,350; Lodi, 19,088; Monza, 17,431; Vigevano, 14,096; Busto Arsizio, 12,909; Varese, 12,605; Voghera, 11,903; Treviglio, 11,883.

73 Population of the principal towns of Emilia (1871):—Bologna, 89,104; Parma, 41,915; Piacenza, 34,908; Ferrara, 33,327; Modena, 30,854; Faenza, 23,752; Ravenna, 21,774; Reggio, 19,131; Imola, 18,189; Cesena, 17,594; Forli, 15,324; Rimini, 9,747; Lugo, 8,664; Comacchio, 7,007.

74 Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared (including the coasting trade):—588,095 tons in 1865; 1,070,600 tons in 1875. Value of imports by sea (1874):—£5,960,200; of exports, £2,848,040.

75 Population of the principal towns of Venetia (1871):—Venice (Venezia), 128,901; Verona, 65,876; Padua (Padova), 52,011; Vicenza, 26,994; Udine, 22,692; Chioggia, 19,841; Treviso 18,547; Cavarzere, 12,336; Vittoria (formerly called Ceneda), 10,533; Adria, 9,834; Rovigo, 7,974; Feltre, 6,570; Belluno, 5,770; Este, 5,743.

76 Area, 2,153 square miles; population (1871), 843,250; density, 391.

77 Principal altitudes in Liguria:—Clapier de Pagarin, 10,073 feet; Col di Tenda, 6,146 feet; Monte Carsino, 8,794 feet; Col d’Altare, 1,600 feet; Col di Giovi, 1,538 feet; Monte Penna, 5,709 feet.

78 Average temperature of Genoa, 60·8° F.; days with rain, 121; rainfall, 45 inches. Average temperature of San Remo, 62·6; days with rain, 45; rainfall, 3·15 in.

79 Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared (including coasting vessels):—1861, 1,936,764; 1867, 2,330,000; 1875, 3,109,796 tons. In the last-named year 3,144 sailing vessels and 970 steamers entered in the coast trade, 1,462 sailing vessels and 860 steamers from abroad.

80 Annual produce of olive oil in the province of Porto Maurizio, which includes San Remo, 778,500 gallons.

81 Population of the principal towns of Liguria (1871):—Genoa (Genova), 132,521; Savona, 24,851; Spezia, 15,636; San Pier d’Arena, 15,568; Sestri Ponente, 9,605; San Remo, 9,017; Chiavari, 8,414; Oneglia, 7,944.

82 Area of Tuscany, 9,287 square miles; population (1871), 1,983,810; density, 214.

83 Altitudes (in English feet):—

Apennines.—Alps of Succiso, 6,625; Alps of Camporaghena (Garfagnana), 6,565; Monte Cimone, 7,111; Monte Falterone, or Falterona, 5,407.

Passes.—Pass of Pontremoli, or La Cisa (Sarzana to Parma), 3,410; Pass of Fiumalbo (Lucca to Modena), 3,940; Pass of Futa, or Pietramala (Florence to Bologna), 3,002; Pass of Camaldoli, 3,290.

Anti-Apennines.—Pisanino (Alpe Apuana), 6,608; Pietra Marina (Monte Albano), 1,886; Prato Magno, 5,183; Alpe di Catenaja, 4,595 feet.

84 134,000 tons of marble were quarried in 1873, valued at nearly £500,000 sterling.

85 In 1873 5,466 vessels of 920,626 tons entered: 5,314 vessels of 901,533 tons cleared, inclusive of coasting vessels.

86 Area, 85 square miles; population, 21,722 souls.

87 Population of the principal towns of Tuscany (in 1871):—Florence (Firenze), 167,093; Leghorn (Livorno), 89,462; Pisa, 41,796; Siena, 22,965; Lucca, 21,286; Prato, 15,924; Carrara, 10,848; Pistoja, 12,966; Arezzo, 11,151; Viareggio, 9,983; Pontedera, 7,991; San Casciano, 6,862; Fojano della Chiana, 6,127; Empoli, 5,949; Volterra, 5,796; Massa Maritima, 5,766; Porto Ferrajo, 5,779; Fucecchio, 5,755; Figline Valdarno, 5,673; Montalcino, 5,186; Pontassieve, 5,141; Pontelungo, 5,039; Buti, 5,029; Massa, 4,786; Orbetello, 4,674; Pontremoli, 4,473.

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89 VOLCANIC LAKES:—Bolsena: area, 42 sq. m.; height, 995 ft.; depth, 460 ft. Bracciano: area, 22 sq. m.; height, 495 ft.; depth, 820 ft. Albano: area, 2·3 sq. m.; height, 1,000 ft.; depth, 466 ft. Nemi: area, 0·8 sq. m.; height, 1,108 ft.; depth, 164 ft. SHALLOW LAKES:—Trasimeno: area, 46 sq. m.; height, 843 ft.; depth, 21 ft. Fucino (in 1860): area, 61 sq. m.; height, 2,300 ft.; depth, 92 ft.

90 Basin, 6,475 square miles; length, 260 miles, of which 60 are navigable.

91 Annual rainfall at Rome, 30·7 inches; at the foot of the Apennines, 43·3 in.; on the summits, 94·5 in. Volume of the Tiber: average 10,180 cubic ft.; maximum, 60,400 cubic ft.; minimum, 4,650 cubic ft., a second.

92 Water supply of some leading cities (in gallons):—

93 Value of exports and imports, 1863, £1,348,000; 1868, £999,660.

94 Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared at the ports of Latium in 1873:—Cività Vecchia, 520,000 (1875, 600,351); Fiumicino, 63,000; Porto d’Anzio, 30,900; Terracina, 335,000 tons.

95 Towns of Latium (1871):—Rome, 229,356 (1876, 264,280); Viterbo, 16,326; Velletri, 14,798; Cività Vecchia, 10,484; Ferentino, 8,360; Tivoli, 7,730; Frosinone, 7,714; Subiaco, 6,990; Sezze, 6,659; Alatri, 6,393 inhabitants.

96 Population of the principal towns of Umbria (1871):—Perugia, 16,708; Rieti, 12,905; Terni, 12,419; Foligno, 8,471; Spoleto, 7,490; Orvieto, 7,423; Città di Castello, 6,588; Assisi, 6,225; Gubbio, 5,343.

97 Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared from Ancona in the coast and foreign trade; 258,292 tons in 1858, 372,877 tons in 1867, 751,689 tons in 1875.

98 Towns of the Marches having over 10,000 inhabitants:—Ancona, 35,111; Jesi, 13,472; Sinigaglia, 11,173; Ascoli-Piceno, 11,373; Fermo, 15,862; Macerata, 11,194; Pesaro, 12,375; Urbino, 10,194.

Abruzzos:—Lanciano, 15,432; Chieti, 14,321; Aquila, 13,513; Campobusso, 13,345; Solmona, 12,583; Vasto, 10,093.

99 Area of San Marino, 24 square miles; population (1874), 7,816.

100 Area, exclusive of the Abruzzos, 28,002 square miles; population, 6,251,750.

101 Mean annual temperature of Naples, 62° F.; extremes, 23° and 104°; rainfall, 37 inches.

102 In 1868 69 per cent. of the men and 88 per cent. of the women married in the Campania, the most educated province of Naples, were not able to sign their names. In the Basilicata the proportions were 85 and 96 per cent. !

103 In 1873 there were 363 fishing-boats, and 90,000 lbs. of coral, valued at £92,000, were obtained.

104 In 1864 10,694 vessels, of 1,496,500 tons burden, entered and cleared the port of Naples; in 1875 11,288 vessels, of 2,923,922 tons.

105 In 1862 1,100 vessels, of 75,000 tons, entered and cleared at Brindisi; in 1875, 1,342 vessels, inclusive of 396 steamers, of 771,096 tons, in the foreign trade.

106 Towns of Naples having over 10,000 inhabitants (in 1870):—Naples (Napoli), 421,803; Bari, 49,423; Foggia, 34,181; Andria, 32,678; Reggio, 29,854; Barletta, 27,444; Molfetta, 26,516; Corato, 26,018; Trani, 24,026; Bitonto, 23,087; Taranto, 22,858; Castellamare di Stabia, 22,037; Cerignola, 21,739; Lecce, 21,081; Salerno, 20,611; Aversa, 19,734; Bisceglia, 19,007; Torre del Greco, 18,950; Catanzaro, 18,781; Potenza, 18,513; Gaeta, 18,385; Avellino, 18,260; Gerlizzi, 18,175; Maddaloni, 17,578; Afragola, 17,541; Francavilla Fontana, 17,457; Benevento, 17,370; Altamura, 17,004; Santa Maria di Capua Vetere, 16,785; San Severo, 16,545; Torre dell’ Annunziata, 15,321; Ruvo di Puglia, 15,055; Monte Sant’ Angelo, 14,902; Rossano, 14,818; San Marco in Lamis, 14,540; Cosenza, 14,522; Caserta, 14,578; Canosa di Puglia, 14,458; Ostuni, 14,422; Ariano di Puglia, 14,347; Matera, 14,262; Monopoli, 13,800; Minervino Murge, 13,630; Martina Franca, 13,440; Campobasso, 13,345; Brindisi, 13,194; Lucera, 13,064; Acerra, 12,858; Ceglia Messacapio, 12,582; Gioja del Colla, 12,442; Pagani, 12,208; Fasano, 12,190; Capua, 12,174; Cittanova, 12,137; Palo di Colla, 11,887; Mola di Bari, 11,775; Pozzuoli, 11,751; Rionera in Voltara, 11,520; Amalfi, 11,225; Resina, 11,132; Sarno, 10,933; San Giovanni del Teduccio, 10,898; Nola, 10,771; Giugliano in Campania, 10,751; Lauria, 10,609; Frattamaggiore, 10,486; Corigliano Calabro, 10,481; Nicastro, 10,418; Cairano, 10,081; Montecorvo, 10,020; Conversano, 10,012.

107 Minimum width of the Strait of Messina, 10,330 feet; maximum depth, 1,090 feet; average depth, 246 feet.

108 Area of Sicily, 11,290 square miles; population in 1870, 2,565,300 souls; density, 227.

109 Mean annual temperature at Palermo and Messina, 64° F.; at Catania and Girgenti, 68° F.; rainfall at Palermo, 26 inches.

110 The salt marshes of the province of Trapani cover an area of 2,100 acres, and yielded, in 1865, 55,000 tons of salt, valued at £24,200.

111 In 1862 27,596 vessels, of 1,825,232 tons burden, entered and cleared from Sicilian ports; in 1869 34,989 vessels, of 2,869,327 tons; in 1873 70,974 vessels, of 5,942,700 tons. In 1875 the number of vessels and tonnage which entered and cleared was—at Messina, 9,213 vessels, of 2,335,144 tons; at Palermo, 11,692 vessels, of 1,812,195 tons; at Catania, 5,137 vessels, of 529,539 tons; and at Trapani, 5,407 vessels, of 288,475 tons.

112 Towns of Sicily having more than 10,000 inhabitants (in 1871):—Palermo, 186,406; Messina, 71,921; Catania, 84,397; Marsala, 34,202; Modica, 33,169; Trapani, 28,052; Acireale, 26,692; Caltagirone, 25,978; Ragusa Superiore, 21,494; Caltanissetta, 21,464; Canicatti, 20,908; Alcamo, 20,890; Castelvetrano, 20,420; Partinico, 20,098; Syracuse (Siracusa), 20,035; Termini Imerese, 19,646; Girgenti, 19,603; Sciacca, 18,896; Piazza Armerina, 18,252; Vittoria, 17,528; Giarre, 17,414; Comiso, 16,694; Corleone, 16,150; Licata, 15,966; Favara, 15,233; Vizzini, 14,942; Terranova di Sicilia, 14,911; Paterno, 14,790; Noto, 14,767; Aderno, 14,673; Bronte, 14,589; Nicosia, 14,544; Castrogiovanni, 14,511; Barcellona or Pozzo di Gotto, 14,471; Salemi, 14,096; Palma di Montechiaro, 13,497; Monreale, 13,496; Gangi, 13,057; San Cataldo, 12,899; Biancavilla, 12,631; Partana, 12,467; Mazzara del Valle, 12,155; Leonforte, 12,010; Mazzarino, 11,951; Avola, 11,912; Agira, 11,876; Bagheria, 11,651; Riesi, 11,548; Agosta, 11,382; Castellamare del Golfo, 11,280; Mistretta, 11,218; Racalmuto, 11,012; Niscemi, 10,750; Sciecli, 10,724; Lentini, 10,578; Cefalù, 10,194; Froina, 10,193; Grammicheli, 10,192; Pietraperzia, 10,149; Palazzolo Acreide, 10,132.

113 Area and population of the Liparic Islands:—Lipari, 12·4 square miles, 14,000 inhabitants; Vulcano, 9·7 square miles, 100 inhabitants; Panaria and neighbouring islets, 7·7 square miles, 200 inhabitants; Stromboli, 7·7 square miles, 500 inhabitants; Salina, 10·8 square miles, 4,500 inhabitants; Felicudi, 5·9 square miles, 800 inhabitants; Alicudi, 3 square miles, 300 inhabitants. Total, 57·2 square miles, 18,400 inhabitants.

114 Pantellaria, 39·7 square miles, 6,000 inhabitants; Linosa, 4·6 square miles, 900 inhabitants; Lampedusa, 3 square miles, 600 inhabitants.

115 The tonnage of vessels which enter and clear annually from foreign ports amounts to 4,300,000 tons; the value of dutiable articles imported is nearly £9,000,000 sterling, and the value of the exports about the same.

116 Area of Malta, Gozzo, and Comino, 146 square miles; population 149,084, inclusive of 7,309 military and their families.

117 Area, 9,440 square miles; population (1871), 636,500.

118 In 1873 11,256 vessels, of 1,080,000 tons, entered and cleared the five ports of the island. In 1875 2,516 vessels, of 504,756 tons, entered and cleared at Cagliari alone, the increase since 1861 having been nearly 100 per cent.

119 Population of the principal towns of Sardinia (1871):—Cagliari, 31,9 5; Sassari, 30,542; Alghero, 8,769; Ozieri, 7,965; Iglesias, 7,191; Oristano, 6,963; Terranova, 1,976.

120 Agricultural statistics of Italy, 1869 (according to Maestri):—Distribution of Area:—Fields, vineyards, and orchards, 27,267,360 acres; olive plantations, 1,371,400 acres; chestnut plantations, 1,445,000 acres; forests, 10,240,400 acres; meadows, 2,900,000 acres; pastures, 13,337,000 acres. Annual Produce:—Cereals, 206,300,000 bushels (value £84,000,000); potatoes, 27,500,000 bushels (£2,000,000); wines, 880,000,000 gallons (£44,000,000); raw silk, 6,889,437 lbs. in 1873, 6,305,214 lbs. in 1874; tobacco, 7,235,000 lbs.; oil, 3,747,850 lbs. (£8,800,000); chestnuts, 14,860,000 bushels. Domesticated Animals (1868):—1,196,128 horses, 3,489,125 heads of cattle, 8,674,527 sheep and goats, 1,553,582 pigs.

121 Annual mineral produce of Italy (in tons):—Iron, 85,000; copper, 13,000; lead, 32,250; zinc, 30,000; coal, 110,750; sulphur, 285,611; salt, 388,000; besides small quantities of silver, nickel, mercury, &c.

122 Occupations:—Amongst every 1,000 inhabitants there are 342 agriculturists; 163 miners and artisans; 29 commercial men; 23 artists and scientific men; 7 priests; 6 officials; 1 soldier; 31 “proprietors;” 21 domestic servants; 13 paupers; and 382 without occupation.

123 In 1874 there were 10,929 vessels (including 138 steamers), of a burden of 1,031,889 tons; 37,560 vessels, of 7,580,317 tons, entered from or cleared for foreign ports; 197,896 vessels, of 16,500,000 tons, entered and cleared in the home trade. Of every 1,000 tons engaged in the foreign commerce, 368 sailed under the Italian, 266 under the English, and 173 under the French flag. The commerce with France engaged 1,779,672 tons; that with England 1,388,300 tons; and that with Austria 998,740 tons.

124 In 1876 4,791 miles of railway had been opened for traffic, and 460 miles were building. There were also 1,858 miles of canals and navigable rivers, and 77,140 miles of public roads.

125 Public Schools (1872):—58,322 elementary and evening schools, 2,274,999 pupils; 1,082 superior schools, 64,044 pupils; 21 universities, 10,000 students; 651 professional, technical, and art schools, 33,311 students. Total, 60,076 schools, &c., with 2,382,354 pupils and students.

126