127 Authorities:—Marmocchi, “Géographie de la Corse;” Gregorovius, “Corsica;” Pr. Mérimée, “Voyage en Corse.”

128 Area of Corsica, 3,378 square miles; length from north to south, 114 miles; width, 52 miles; development of coast-line, 300 miles.

129 From north to south:—Monte Padro, 7,846 feet; Monte Cinto, 8,878 feet; Paglia Orba, 8,283 feet; Rotondo, 8,607 feet; Monte d’Oro, 7,890 feet; Incudine, 6,746 feet.

130 Mean annual temperature at Bastia, 66·7° F.; rainfall, 23 inches.

131 Area, 3,378 square miles; population in 1740, 120,380; in 1872, 259,861.

132 Average annual produce:—Cereals, 2,613,000 bushels; oil, 3,300,000 gallons; wine, 6,600,000 gallons.

133 Towns of Corsica (1872):—Bastia, 17,950; Ajaccio, 16,550; Corte, 5,450; Sartène, 4,150; Bonifacio, 3,600; Bastelica, 2,950; Calenzana, 2,600; Calvi, 2,175 inhabitants.

134 Authorities:—Coello, F. de Luxan y A. Pascual, “Reseñas Geográfica, Geológica y Agrícola de España;” Baron Davillier et Gust. Doré, “Voyage en Espagne;” De Laborde, “Itinéraire Descriptif de l’Espagne;” Bory de Saint-Vincent, “Résumé Géographique de la Péninsule Ibérique;” De Verneuil et Collomb, “Mémoires Géologiques sur l’Espagne;” Ford, “Handbook for Travellers in Spain;” Fern. Garrido, “L’Espagne Contemporaine;” Cherbuliez, “L’Espagne Politique;” Ed. Quinet, “Mes Vacances en Espagne;” Th. Gautier, “Tras los Montes,” “Voyage en Espagne;” M. Willkomm, “Die Pyrenäische Halbinsel,” “Strand- und Steppengebiete der iberischen Halbinsel;” George Sand, “Un Hiver à Majorque;” Ludw. Salvator, “Balearen in Wort und Bild;” Bladé, “Études Géographiques sur la Vallée d’Andorre;” W. von Humboldt, “Urbewohner Spaniens;” Eug. Cordier, “Organisation de la Famille chez les Basques;” Paul Broca, “Mémoires d’Anthropologie.”

135 Area of the Iberian peninsula, exclusive of the Balearic Islands, 225,605 square miles; area of Spain, 191,104 square miles; of Portugal (without the Azores), 34,501 square miles. Average height, according to Leipoldt, 2,300 feet.

136 Contour of peninsula, 2,015 miles, of which 1,301 are on the Atlantic, and 714 on the Me­di­ter­ra­nean. Width of the isthmus of the Pyrenees, 260 miles.

137

138 Average rainfall at Madrid, 10·7 inches; evaporation, 72·6 inches.

139 Mean annual temperature, 57·9°; extremes, 104° and 14° F.

140 Population of the principal towns of the Castiles (1870):—Old Castile: Valladolid, 60,000; Burgos, 14,000; Salamanca, 13,500; Palencia, 13,000; Zamora, 9,000; Segovia, 7,000; Leon, 7,000; Ávila, 6,000. New Castile: Madrid, 332,000; Toledo, 17,500; Almagro, 14,000; Daimiel, 13,000; Ciudad Real, 12,000; Val de Peñas, 11,000; Almaden, 9,000; Manzanares, 9,000; Cuenca, 7,000; Talavera de la Reyna, 7,500; Guadalajara, 6,000. Estremadura: Badajoz, 22,000; Don Benito, 15,000; Cáceres, 12,000; Villanueva de la Serena, 8,000; Plasencia, 6,000; Mérida, 6,000.

141 Area of the basin of the Guadalquivir, 21,000 square miles; area of Andalusia, 28,370 square miles; population (1870), 2,749,629; density, 91.

142

143 Export of wine from Cádiz and Santa María:—1858, 3,597,000 gallons; 1862, 5,115,000 gallons; 1873, 10,446,480 gallons, valued at £2,937,000.

144 In 1873 600,000 tons of pyrites were exported from the district of Huelva, of which 340,000 tons came from the mine of Tharsis.

145 In 1874 3,639 vessels, of 616,060 tons burden, entered; the imports had a value of £633,700, the exports (consisting for the most part of wine) of £3,116,000.

146 Approximate population of the principal towns of Andalusia:—

Cádiz, 62,000; Jerez, 35,000; Chiclana, 22,000; Puerto de Santa María, 18,000; San Fernando, 18,000; Sanlúcar de Barrameda, 17,000; Puerto Real, 14,000; Arcos de la Frontera, 12,000; Algeciras, 18,000; Medina Sidonia, 10,500.

Huelva, 10,000.

Seville (Sevilla), 80,000; Ecija, 24,000; Carmona, 18,000; Osuna, 16,000; Utrera, 14,000; Lebrija, 12,000; Marchena, 12,000.

Córdova, 45,000; Lucena, 16,000; Montilla, 15,500; Montoro, 12,000; Aguilar, 12,000; Baena, 14,500; Cabra, 11,500.

Jaen, 18,000; Linares, 40,000; Ubeda, 15,000; Baeza, 15,000; Alcalá la Real, 11,500; Andújar, 9,500.

Granada, 65,000; Loja, 15,000; Motril, 13,500; Baza, 13,500.

Málaga, 92,000; Antequera, 30,000; Velez Málaga, 15,000; Ronda, 14,000.

Almería, 27,000; Velez Rúbio, 13,000.

147 Gibraltar in 1871 had 16,454 inhabitants, exclusive of the military: its annual revenue exceeds £40,000, and the burden of the vessels which enter and clear annually amounts to 3,500,000 tons.

148

149 82,000 tons of esparto grass are estimated to have been collected in 1873, of which 67,000 tons were exported to England.

150 Value of exports and imports in 1867, £2,707,000.

151 Population of the principal towns of the Me­di­ter­ra­nean slope between Cabo de Gata and the Ebro:—Valencia, 108,000; Murcia, 55,000; Lorca, 40,000; Alicante, 31,000; Cartagena, 25,000; Orihuela, 21,000; Castellon de la Plana, 20,000; Alcoy, 16,000; Albacete, 15,000; Játiva, 13,000; Alcira, 13,000; Almansa, 9,000.

152 Towns of Majorca:—Palma, 40,000; Manacor, 15,000; Felanitx, 10,500; Lluchmayor, 8,800; Pollenza, 8,000; Inca, 8,000; Soller, 8,000; Santañia, 8,000.

153 Catalonia, 12,483 square miles, 1,778,408 inhabitants; Aragon, 17,676 square miles, 928,718 inhabitants.

154 Area of the basin of the Ebro, 25,100 square miles; discharge during floods, 175,000 cubic feet, average, 7,100 cubic feet; during summer, 1,750 cubic feet; annual rainfall, 18 inches; surface drainage, 1·4 inches; proportion between the two, 13 : 1.

155 Zaragoza:—Mean temperature, 61°; extremes, 106° and 21°; difference, 85°; rainfall, 13·6 inches. Barcelona:—Mean temperature, 63°; extremes, 88° and 32°; difference, 56°; rainfall, 15·7 inches.

156 In 1873 there were 700 cotton-mills, with 104,000 hands and 1,400,000 spindles, consuming 67,200,000 lbs. of cotton.

157 Value of exports and imports in 1867, £10,691,000.

158 Population of the principal towns:—Aragon: Zaragoza, 56,000; Calatayud, 12,000; Huesca, 10,000; Teruel, 7,000. Catalonia (Cataluña): Barcelona, 180,000; Reus, 25,000; Tortosa, 22,000; Mataró, 17,000; Sabadell, 15,000; Manresa, 14,000; Tarragona, 13,000; Lérida, 12,000; Vich, 12,000; Badalona, 11,000; Igualada, 10,500; Olot, 10,000; Tarrasa, 9,000; Gerona, 8,000; Figueras, 8,000.

159 Navarra and Basque provinces, 6,828 square miles, 790,676 inhabitants; Logroño, 1,945 square miles, 182,941 inhabitants.

160 In 1875 Basque was spoken by 556,000 individuals, viz. by 116,000 in France, by 340,000 in the three Basque provinces of Spain, and by 100,000 in Navarra.

161 Population of principal towns (approximately):—Biscay (Vizcaya): Bilbao, 30,000. Guipúzcoa St. Sebastian, 15,000; Tolosa, 8,000. Alava: Vitoria, 12,500. Navarra: Pamplona, 22,000; Estella, 6,000. Logroño: Logroño, 12,000; Calahorra, 7,000.

162

163 Climate in 1858:—Oviedo: 750 feet above the sea-level, mean temperature, 49·46° F.; extremes, 23·9° and 82°; rainfall, 81·3 inches. Santiago: 720 feet above sea-level, mean temperature, 59·07°; extremes, 28° and 95°; rainfall, 42·7 inches.

164

165 Imports (1873), £2,348,720; exports, £2,341,360.

166 Imports (1873), £310,227; exports, £210,532.

167 Imports (1873), £873,286; exports, £381,636.

168 Population of towns:—Santander, 21,000; Oviedo, 9,000; Gijon, 6,000; Santiago de Compostela, 29,000; La Coruña, 20,000; Ferrol, 17,000; Lugo, 8,000; Vigo, 6,000; Orense, 5,000; Pontevedra, 4,200.

169 Of the total area 26·1 per cent. consists of arable land, 2·8 of vineyards, 1·7 of olive plantation, 13·7 of meadows and pasture, 16·3 per cent. of woods: 39·4 per cent. are uncultivated. The total value of agricultural produce is estimated at £80,000,000.

The produce of the mines in 1871 represented a value of £6,271,000.

In 1865 there were enumerated 680,373 horses, 1,020,512 mules, 1,298,334 asses, 2,967,303 heads of horned cattle, 22,468,969 sheep, 4,531,736 goats, 4,531,228 pigs, and 3,104 camels.

The products of manufactures are estimated by Garrido at £63,480,000. Imports (1871), £22,780,000, (1874) £15,280,000; exports (1871), £17,688,000, (1874) £16,120,000.

Commercial marine (1874), 2,836 sea-going vessels (inclusive of 212 steamers), of 625,184 tons, besides 6,498 lighters (26,000 tons) and 12,000 fishing-boats.

Railways, 3,602 miles in 1876.

170 Educational statistics (1870):—

171 Revenue (1876–7), £26,300,069; estimated expenditure, £26,251,518, of which more than half is for army and navy; national debt, £420,322,000.

172 Link und Hoffmannsegg, “Voyage en Portugal;” Minutoli, “Portugal und seine Kolonien;” Vogel, “Le Portugal et ses Colonies;” Lady Jackson, “Fair Lusitania;” Latouche, “Travels in Portugal.”

173 Temperature of Coimbra (according to Coello):—Year, 61·1°; winter, 52·2; spring, 63; summer, 68·9, autumn, 62·3; coldest month (January), 50·2; hottest month (July), 69·4; difference, 19·2 F. Temperature of Oporto (according to De Luiz, mean of eight years):—Year, 60·2; winter, 51·1; spring, 58·6; summer, 69·8; autumn, 61·2; coldest month (January), 50·2; hottest month (August), 70·3; difference, 20·1 F.

174 Production of wine in Portugal before the appearance of oidium, in 1853, 105,600,000 gallons. Average annual produce of the vineyards of Alto-Douro (Oporto) in 1848, 11,726,000; in 1870, 11,374,000 gallons. Exports to England, 3,718,000 gallons; Brazil, 994,000 gallons. In 1874 Oporto alone exported 6,623,000 gallons, or more than ever before.

175 Imports and exports about £4,000,000.

176 Towns of over 5,000 inhabitants in Northern Portugal (1864):—Entre Douro e Minho: Oporto, 86,257; Braga, 19,512; Pavoa de Varzim, 10,110; Guimarães, 7,865; Villanova de Gaia, 7,517; Vianna do Castello, 6,049; Mattozinhos, 5,089. Traz os Montes: Chaves, 6,382; Bragança, 5,111; Villa Real, 5,097. Beira: Coimbra, 18,147; Ovar, 10,374; Covilhã, 9,022; Lamego, 8,638; Ilhavo, 8,215; Murtoza, 7,666; Vizeu, 6,815; Castello Branco, 6,583; Avéiro, 6,557; Mira, 6,014; Soure, 5,855; Lavos, 5,837; Miranda do Corvo, 5,261; Paião, 5,097.

177 In 1874 Lisbon exported 5,900 tons of potatoes, 447,450 gallons of olive oil, 4,400,000 gallons of wine, 157,200 bushels of salt, 200,000 tons of copper ore, figs, almonds, oranges, &c.: 4,092 vessels entered the harbour.

178 Mean temperature of July, 90·6° F.; extremes of temperature, 27·5° and 102° F.; cloudless days, 150.

179 In 1870 Portugal produced 320,000 tons of salt, of which 184,000 tons were from Setúbal.

180 Towns of Estremadura having over 5,000 inhabitants (1864):—Lisbon, 224,063; Setúbal, 13,134; Santarem, 7,820; Torres Novas, 6,878; Caparica, 6,311; Palmella, 6,260; Cezimbra, 5,797; Abrantes, 5,590; Cartaxo, 5,218; Louriçal, 5,182.

181 Towns of Southern Portugal having over 5,000 inhabitants (1864):—Alemtejo: Evora, 11,965; Elvas, 11,086; Estremoz, 7,274; Beja, 7,060; Portalegre, 6,731; Serpa, 5,595; Móura, 5,489; Castello de Vido, 5,285; Campo Maior, 5,277. Algarve: Loulé, 12,156; Tavira, 10,903; Faro, 8,361; Lagos, 7,771; Olhão, 7,025; Alportel, 6,043; Villanova de Portimão, 5,531; São Bartholomeu de Messires, 5,318; Monchique, 5,251; Silves, 5,103.

182 For a list of Portuguese colonies see p. 500.

183 In 1874 there were 2,649 elementary and middle-class schools, attended by 122,004 pupils, besides a university and nine special schools, with 4,300 students.

184 In 1875, 2,237 miles of royal high-roads, 600 miles of railroads.

185 Value of exports and imports in 1840, £4,016,320; in 1856, £8,127,400; 1875, £12,916,020. The commercial marine consisted in 1875 of 433 vessels (inclusive of 23 steamers), measuring 111,260 tons.