[1209] H. Hermelink, “Der Toleranzgedanke im Reformationszeitalter” (“Schriften des Vereins f. RG.,” Hft., 98, pp. 37-70), 1908, p. 49.
[1210] Ib., p. 66, n.
[1211] Above, vol. v., p. 565.
[1212] See Paulsen, above, vol. v., p. 57.
[1213] Janssen, “Hist. of the German People” (Engl. Trans.), vol. vi., p. 148.
[1214] Köstlin refers to the same thing when he says: “The fact that there was originally in Christianity a well defined office of overseers was either not recognised by him at all, or at least not adequately.” Art. “Kirche,” “R.E. f. prot. Th.,” 10³.
[1215] Scholia to Romans, p. 248 f. Cp. above, vol. i., p. 323.
[1216] Above, p. 297.
[1217] Memo. of Aug. 22(?), 1536, “Briefwechsel,” 11, p. 40 ff.
[1218] “An die Christen zu Erfurt,” Jan.-Feb., 1527, Erl. ed., 53, p. 411 (“Briefwechsel,” 6, p. 15).
[1219] Above, vol. ii., p. 360.
[1220] Sep. 30, 1533, Erl. ed., 55, p. 25 (“Briefwechsel,” 9, p. 341).
[1221] Cp. above, vol. ii., p. 336 ff.
[1222] In the Notes to the memorandum of 1533, “Briefwechsel,” 9, p. 342.
[1223] To Daniel Cresser, Oct. 22, 1543, “Briefe,” 5, p. 596. See the text, above, vol. v., p. 182.
[1224] Erl. ed., 26², p. 124.
[1225] Cp. above, p. 320 n. 1.
[1226] Weim. ed., 30, 2, p. 130 f.; Erl. ed., 31, p. 58 f.
[1227] Erl. ed., 65, p. 177.
[1228] See above, vol. ii., p. 297 ff.
[1229] To the Elector Johann, Aug. 26, 1530, Erl. ed., 54, p. 188 (“Briefwechsel,” 8, 215).
[1230] To Spalatin, Nov. 11, 1525, “Briefwechsel,” 5, p. 272.
[1231] Köstlin, “Luthers Theol.,” 2¹, pp. 554, 563. In the 2nd ed. the chapter has been altered and not always for the better.
[1232] Ib., p. 563.
[1233] Weim. ed., 30, 2, p. 339 f.; Erl. ed., 24², p. 396 ff.
[1234] Ib., p. 338-396.
[1235] Joh. Mensing, “Gründtliche Unterrichte, was eyn frommer Christen von der heyligen Kirche … halten sol,” 1528, in Paulus, “Die deutschen Dominikaner,” 1903, p. 25.
[1236] Erl. ed., 26², p. 66.
[1237] Köstlin, “Luthers Theol.,” 2¹, p. 546.
[1238] Erl. ed., 26², p. 66.
[1239] “Digamy” as a canonical hindrance to ordination is founded on the prescription of St. Paul, 1 Tim. iii. 2, 12. For the history of this impediment see Phillips, “Kirchenrecht,” 1, p. 519 ff.
[1240] Erl. ed., 25², p. 427.
[1241] Ib., p. 428.
[1242] Erl. ed., 26², p. 45 f.
[1243] Ib., p. 46.
[1244] Ib., p. 43. This, some years later, was to form the frontispiece of his book “Wider das Bapstum vom Teuffel gestifft.”
[1245] Cp. what he says elsewhere: “The Church is an assembly of the people which is founded on the invisible. It is the ungodly who see in the Church nothing but misery, weakness, scandal and sin. The wise of this world take offence at her look because she is subject to scandals and divisions; they dream of a holy, pure and undefiled Church, the Divine Dove. It is true that, in God’s sight, the Church does so appear, but to the eyes of men she resembles her bridegroom Christ Who according to Isaias liii., seemed torn, bruised, spit upon, crucified, mocked at” (“Colloq.,” ed. Bindseil, 1, p. 14).—Luther was perfectly aware of the works of holiness by which the Catholic Church is distinguished, her penitential practices and life of prayer. Speaking of this he is fond of depreciating it as something external and declaring: “Hence we must speak differently of the matter and learn to know that the Christian Church is holy, not in herself nor in this life, but in Christ; a holiness by grace is indeed received here, but it is completed in the next world.” Weim. ed., 30, 3, p. 408 f.; Erl. ed., 63, p. 304 f. Preface to Crossner’s “Sermon von der Kirche,” 1531.
[1246] Erl. ed., 26², p. 55.
[1247] P. 66.
[1248] P. 55.
[1249] These errors constituted, according to Luther, a “flood of all kinds of human doctrine, lies, errors, idolatry and abominations,” “countless devilish dens of murderers in which the welfare of souls suffers gruesomely” (Erl. ed., 31, p. 336 f.).
[1250] Ib., 26², p. 53. Cp. ib., 31, p. 337: “The Church, or Christendom, has remained and will stand, this is undoubtedly true.”
[1251] Above, p. 330 n. 3. Paulus, ib., p. 24.
[1252] Köstlin’s summary, “Luther’s Theol.,” 2¹, p. 552.
[1253] Erl. ed., 31, p. 333.
[1254] Ib., p. 332.
[1255] Ib., p. 334.
[1256] Ib., p. 332.
[1257] Cp. Köstlin-Kawerau, 2, p. 552: “While he … repeatedly declared, that, in spite of the Divine promises, Christendom had fallen into error on certain points, he could never be induced to admit this of the article of the Presence of the Body [of Christ in the Sacrament].”
[1258] Erl. ed., 31, p. 339. Elsewhere he likewise admits, that, in the olden Church and particularly in the convents “there lived many great saints”; it was true that they, “the elect of God,” had been led astray, “yet they were at last delivered and made their escape through faith in Jesus Christ.” Weim. ed., 26, p. 504; Erl. ed., 30, p. 366 (1528).
[1259] Erl. ed., 26², p. 46 f.
[1260] Ib., p. 43.
[1261] “Augustinus voluit scribere iudicanda non credenda, sicut alius locus eiusdem scriptoris testatur: Nolo meis scriptis plus credi,” etc. (“Colloq.,” ed. Bindseil, 1, p. 17). Cp. vol. iv., p. 400.
[1262] “Ecclesia verbo Dei generatur, alitur, nutritur, roboratur” (Erl. ed., 25², p. 420).
[1263] Mensing, in Paulus, ib., p. 25.
[1264] “Colloq.,” ed. Bindseil, 1, pp. 13-25: “Ecclesia, quæ regnum Christi dicitur.”
[1265] Erl. ed., 26², p. 172 ff., “Wider das Bapstum zu Rom vom Teuffel gestifft,” 1545.
[1266] As early as the Leipzig Disputation Luther had been obliged to have recourse to the explanation, that by the rock was meant either the faith Peter had confessed, or else Christ Himself. Köstlin-Kawerau, 1, 245, remarks on this: “We cannot honestly deny its weakness.”
[1267] “Das Matthäusevangelium und seine Parallelen,” Halle, 1876, p. 393.
[1268] “Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Theol.,” ed. Hilgenfeld, 1878, p. 115.—H. A. Meyer, “Kritisch-exegetisches Handb. über das Evangelium des Matthäus,”⁶ Göttingen, 1876, says of Matt. xvi. 18 f.: “There is no doubt that the primacy among the Apostles is here bestowed on Peter.”—Schelling wrote (“Philosophie der Offenbarung,” 2, Stuttgart. 1858, p. 301): “These words of Christ (Matt. xvi. 18 f.) are conclusive to all eternity as to the primacy of St. Peter among the Apostles; it requires all the blindness of party spirit to fail to see this or to give them any other meaning.”
[1269] P. 185.
[1270] Above, p. 305.
[1271] P. 188.
[1272] “Briefe,” ed. De Wette, 5, p. 638.
[1273] See vol. iv., p. 329. Cp. vol. iii., p. 436 f.
[1274] Jan. 9, 1541, “Briefe,” 5, p. 327.
[1275] Dec. 2, 1544, “Briefe,” 5, p. 701.
[1276] To Wenceslaus Link, Jan. 17, 1545, “Briefe,” 5, p. 714.
[1277] May 7, 1545, “Briefe,” 5, p. 737.
[1278] Ib., p. 735.
[1279] P. 733.
[1280] P. 737.
[1281] P. 738.
[1282] P. 739.
[1283] See below, p. 355 ff.
[1284] “Briefe,” 5, p. 741.
[1285] Ib., p. 742.
[1286] P. 743.
[1287] Ib., 6, p. 379.
[1288] Ib., 5, p. 380.
[1289] P. 739.
[1290] P. 745.
[1291] P. 746.
[1292] P. 746.
[1293] P. 750.
[1294] Pp. 744, 750 f.
[1295] P. 751.
[1296] P. 754. To Ratzeberger, Court Physician to the Elector, Aug. 6, 1545: “credo, nos esse tubam illam novissimam, qua præparatur e præcurritur adventus Christi.” Cp. above, vol. v., p. 239.
[1297] P. 740.
[1298] See below, p. 352.
[1299] Köstlin-Kawerau, 2, p. 606.
[1300] To Amsdorf, June 15, 1545, “Briefe,” 5, p. 743.
[1301] “Corp. ref.,” 5, p. 513. Cp. also the passage quoted above, vol. v., p. 237.
[1302] For the breaking off of the sermons in 1530 see above, p. 168. We read in the “Historien” of Mathesius, that Luther “In [15]39 said wildly that he would never again get up in the pulpit.”
[1303] “Briefe,” 5, p. 752 f.
[1304] On Catherine’s position at Wittenberg the following words speak volumes: “After my death the four elements [Faculties] at Wittenberg will most likely not put up with you, hence it would be better that what there is to do were done during my lifetime.” Luther was right in his anticipations. After his decease “the sad fate of a poor parson’s widow was not spared her. In countless petitions to the King of Denmark, ‘Dr. Martin’s widow’ had year by year to beg for support now that ‘everyone looks at me askance and no one comes to my assistance.’” Hausrath, “Luthers Leben,” 2, p. 497 f.
[1305] Cp. Cruciger, “Corp. ref.,” 5, p. 313.
[1306] Ratzeberger, “Gesch.,” p. 125.
[1307] Köstlin-Kawerau, 2, p. 608. What Aurifaber relates in the German Table-Talk of a conversation of Luther’s on the bigamy of Philip of Hesse “at Leipzig in 1545 during a convivial gathering” (Erl. ed., 61, p. 302) rests on a false chronology and only repeats a conversation which took place much earlier. For the incorrectness of the date given, see Cristiani in the “Revue des questions historiques,” 91, 1912, p. 113.
[1308] “Briefwechsel,” ed. Burkhardt, p. 482 f.
[1309] In Latin in “Opp. lat. var.,” 4, p. 480 sqq. German according to the Wittenberg original ed. of 1545, in Erl. ed., 65, p. 170 ff.
[1310] See above, vol. iii., p. 268.
[1311] Theses 31 and 32, p. 173.
[1312] Cp. Köstlin-Kawerau, 2, p. 609.
[1313] Letter of Jan. 17, 1546, “Briefe,” 5, p. 778.
[1314] See vol. iii., p. 147.
[1315] “Briefe,” 5, p. 761
[1316] Above, vol. v., p. 394 f.
[1317] Cp. “Theol. Stud. und Krit.,” 1894, p. 771 f.
[1318] “Briefe,” 5, p. 764 f.
[1319] Aug. 19, 1545, ib., p. 757.
[1320] Ib., p. 768.
[1321] P. 769.
[1322] “Opp. lat. exeg.,” 11, p. 325.
[1323] To Amsdorf, Jan. 19, 1546, “Briefe,” 5, p. 780.
[1324] To Prince George, Administrator of Merseburg, Oct., 1545, ib., p. 759.
[1325] To Count Albert of Mansfeld, Dec. 6, 1545, “Briefe,” 5, p. 771.
[1326] Hausrath, “Leben Luthers,” 2, p. 483.
[1327] See above, vol. v., p. 261.
[1328] “Orthodoxa Tigurinæ ecclesiæ ministrorum confessio … cum responsione ad vanas et offendiculi plenas D. Martini calumnias, condemnationes et convicia, etc.,” 1545.
[1329] To Jakob Probst, Jan. 17, 1546, “Briefe,” 4, p. 778. Cp. Ps. 1, 1: “Beatus vir qui non abiit in consilio impiorum et in via peccatorum non stetit et in cathedra pestilentiæ non sedit.”
[1330] April 14, 1545, “Briefe,” 5, p. 728.
[1331] Hausrath, ib., 2, p. 469.
[1332] See Köstlin-Kawerau, 2, p. 570. He was referring to Luther’s attitude towards the lawyers. On Melanchthon’s earlier plan of leaving the town, see above, vol. iii., p. 370 f.
[1333] Cp. No. 16 of the Theses “Wider die Theologisten zu Löven,” Erl. ed., 65, p. 171, and the passage from Mathesius quoted in the following note.
[1334] Mathesius, “Tischreden,” p. 341 with Kroker’s remarks; the latter places this important utterance recorded by Besold (1544) in its right chronological setting, as against Lœsche and Köstlin. Here Luther says, in condemnation of processions: “Alia res est circumferri, alia elevari.” The Wittenberg Concord says evasively: “The Body of Christ is present when the bread is received, and is truly given.” Köstlin-Kawerau, 2, p. 346.
[1335] Hausrath, “Leben Luthers,” 2, p. 475. The latter says of the charges made by the Zwinglians: “It is not surprising that his opponents found that his (Luther’s) obstinacy and his hatred of everything Zwinglian was leading him into palpable self-contradiction.”
[1336] Hausrath, ib., p. 465.
[1337] Hausrath, ib., p. 477 f.
[1338] “Briefe,” 5, p. 715.
[1339] [The 4th Commandment, with the Lutherans as with the Catholics, is that known as the 5th by Anglicans and the English sects. Note to the English edition.]
[1340] Köstlin-Kawerau (above, vol. iv., p. 288).
[1341] Weim. ed., 30, 3, p. 207: Erl. ed., 23, p. 95 f.
[1342] Köstlin-Kawerau, 2, p. 469 f.
[1343] See vol. iv., p. 289 f.
[1344] “Colloq.,” ed. Bindseil, 1, p. 292.
[1345] To the Elector Johann Frederick, Jan. 22, 1544, “Briefe,” 5, p. 614.
[1346] Köstlin-Kawerau, 2, p. 570. The text is embodied in the German Table-Talk, Erl. ed., 62, p. 240. See in vol. iii., p. 39 ff. some further utterances of Luther’s on the marriages in question. The allusion above to “the paternal consent that follows” is probably to be understood as referring to the unlawfulness of any subsequent ratification by the parents. Such in any case was Luther’s view: “In his eyes the secret betrothals were sinful, even when the consent was obtained afterwards, nay actually invalid,” Kawerau, 2, p. 570. After Luther’s “victory” in 1545 it was, however, decided that such marriages should be null and void until the parents gave their consent, or until the Consistories had determined whether the parents’ refusal was based on valid, important or sufficient grounds.
[1347] Köstlin-Kawerau, 2, pp. 571, 687, n. “Fax domestica,” see above, vol. iii., p. 216.
[1348] To Spalatin, Jan. 30, 1544, “Briefe,” 5, p. 626.
[1349] To Caspar Beier, Jan. 27, 1545, “Briefe,” 5, p. 721: “Responde amori te amantis et anxie expectantis, nihil moratus Satanæ et Satanicorum verba, quorum mundus plenus.”
[1350] Mathesius, “Tischreden,” p. 340. Cp. “Aufzeichn.,” p. 355 f. and Erl. ed., 62, pp. 95 and 282.
[1351] Erl. ed., 62, p. 214 ff. and “Colloq.,” ed. Bindseil, 1, p. 287 sqq.
[1352] Erl. ed., 62, p. 245.
[1353] To Melanchthon, Feb. 6, 1546, “Briefe,” 5, p. 785.
[1354] Schlaginhaufen, “Aufzeichn.,” p. 3.
[1355] Ib., p. 14, and see above, vol. iv., p. 289 f.
[1356] Schlaginhaufen, ib., p. 81.
[1357] From the sermon of Feb. 23, 1539, “Colloq.,” ed. Bindseil, 2, p. 295.
[1358] Jan. 9, 1545, “Briefe,” 5, p. 712.
[1359] “Colloq.,” ed. Bindseil, 2, p. 284.
[1360] Lauterbach, “Tagebuch,” p. 193.
[1361] Mathesius, “Aufzeichn.,” p. 290.
[1362] To Wenceslaus Link, Sep. 8, 1541, “Briefe,” 5, p. 399.