[381] See Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, in the Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1888, p. 549. These are not to be confounded with the Apiacas of the Rio Arinos, who are of Tupi stock. The word apiaca or apiaba in Tupi means simply “men.”

[382] A. S. Pinart, Aperçu sur d’ile d’Aruba, ses Habitants, ses Antiquités, ses Petroglyphes (folio, Paris, 1890).

[383] Report of the Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1848, p. 96.

[384] Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnolog. Society, Vol. I., p. 59.

[385] The identification of the Motilones as Caribs we owe to Dr. Ernst, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1887, s. 296.

[386] “La mas bella, la mas robusta y la mas intelligente,” etc. F. Michelena y Rojas, Exploracion Official de la America del Sur, p. 54 (Bruselas, 1867).

[387] See D. G. Brinton, “On a Petroglyph from the Island of St. Vincent,” in Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1889, p. 417.

[388] Also the Ouayéoué, of which a short vocabulary is given by M. Coudreau in the Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 1886.

[389] Martius, Ethnographie, Bd. I., s. 346, sq. The word may mean either maternal or paternal uncle, V. d. Steinen, s. 292.

[390] Luiz Vincencio Mamiani, Arte de la Lingua Kiriri, and his Catechismo na Lingua da naçao Kiriri. The former has been republished (1877), and also translated into German by Von der Gabelentz (1852).

[391] Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 303. This writer looks upon the Cariris as a remote off-shoot from the Carib stock.

[392] See Von den Steinen, Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 320; Paul Ehrenreich, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1886, s. 184.

[393] Reinhold Hensel, “Die Coroados der Provinz Rio Grande do Sul,” in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Bd. II., s. 195.

[394] F. de Castelnau, Expédition dans l’Amérique du Sud, Tom. I., p. 446.

[395] For instance:

Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, who has a mass of unpublished material about the Caraja language, says it is wholly unconnected with the Carib group. Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1888, p. 548.

[396] Vocabularies of these are collected by Von Martius in his Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. II., ss. 155, 156, 161, 212, etc.

[397] The list is given in his Personal Narrative of a Journey in the Equinoctial Regions of America, Vol. VI., pp. 354-358, of the English translation (London, 1826).

[398] F. S. Gilii, Saggio di Storia Americana, Tom. III., Lib. III., cap. 12 (Roma, 1782). In speaking of lengue matrici, he says positively, “In tutta l’estensione del grande Orinoco non ve ne sono che nove,” p. 204.

[399] Aug. Codazzi, Geografia de Venezuela, pp. 247, 248 (Paris, 1841).

[400] J. Chaffanjon, L’Orénoque et la Caura, p. 247 (Paris, 1889).

[401] Michelena y Rojas, Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 344 (Bruselas, 1867).

[402] A. Coudreau, Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 1885, p. 281.

[403] L’Orénoque et le Caura, p. 183.

[404] See the Vocabularies.

[405] Consult J. Cassani, Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, fol. 170, 227 (Madrid, 1741); and Joseph Gumilla, El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido, p. 65 (Madrid, 1745).

[406] Quoted by Aristides Rojas, Estudios Indigenas, p. 183 (Caracas, 1878). This work contains much useful information on the Venezuelan languages.

[407] Jorge S. Hartmann, “Indianerstämme von Venezuela,” in Orig. Mittheil. aus der Ethnol. Abtheil. der König. Museen zu Berlin, 1886, s. 162.

[408] Joseph Gumilla, El Orinoco, p. 66.

[409] Felipe Perez, Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 109.

[410] Historia de la Provincia de Granada, pp. 87, 93. He calls them a “nacion suave y racional.”

[411] Felipe Perez, Geografia del Estado de Boyuca, p. 136.

[412] G. D. Coleti, Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale, Tom. I. p. 164 (Venezia, 1772).

[413] J. Chaffanjon, L’Orénoque et le Caura, p. 121.

[414] “Los Gitanos de las Indias, todo parecido en costumbres y modo de vivir de nuestros Gitanos.” Cassani, Hist. de la Prov. de Granada, p. 111. Gumilla remarks: “De la Guajiva salen varias ramas entre la gran variedad de Chiricoas.” (El Orinoco Ilustrado, etc. Tom. II. p. 38.)

[415] Chaffanjon, L’Orénoque et le Caura, pp. 177, 183, 187, 197.

[416] The subject is fully discussed from long personal observation by Michelena y Rojas, Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 346.

[417] See the observations of Level in Michelena y Rojas, Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 148, sq. The Guaraunos are also well described by Crévaux, Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud, p. 600, sqq. (Paris, 1883), and J. Chaffanjon, Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 1887, p. 189. Im Thurn draws a very unfavorable picture of them in his Indians of British Guiana, p. 167.

[418] A. Von Humboldt, Personal Narrative, Vol. III., p. 216 (Eng. trans. London, 1826).

[419] Joseph Gumilla, L’Orinoco Ilustrado, Tom. II., p. 66. They spoke Carib to him, but that was the lengua general of the lower river.

[420] A description of the Correguages and a vocabulary of their dialect are given by the Presbyter Manuel M. Albis, in Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnol. Soc., Vol. I., p. 55.

[421] Arthur Simpson, Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador, p. 196 (London, 1886). In his appendix the author gives a vocabulary of the Pioje (and also one of the Zaparo).

[422] Printed in the Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine, by M. L. Adam, Tome VIII., p. 52.

[423] Manuel P. Albis, in Bull. of the Amer. Ethnol. Society, Vol. I., p. 55.

[424] See the account in the interesting work of Father Cassani, Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, pp. 231, 232, 257, etc. (Madrid, 1741). He describes the Jiraras as having the same rites, customs and language as the Airicos on the river Ele, p. 96. Gumilla makes the following doubtful statement: “De la lengua Betoya y Jirara, que aunque esta gasta pocas erres, y aquella demasiadas, ambas quieren ser matrices, se derivan las lenguas Situfa, Ayrica, Ele, Luculia, Jabue, Arauca, Quilifay, Anaboli, Lolaca, y Atabaca.” (El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido, Tom. II., p. 38, Madrid, 1745.)

[425] Felipe Perez, Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 113.

[426] In the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1876, s. 336, sq.

[427] Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 114 (Bogota, 1863).

[428] Ibid., Geografia del Estado de Cauca, p. 313.

[429] Chaffanjon, ubi suprá, p. 203.

[430] He gives oueni, water, zenquerot, moon, as identical in the Puinavi and Baniva. The first may pass, but the second is incorrect. See his remarks in A. R. Wallace, Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, p. 528 (London, 1853). A vocabulary of 53 Puinavi words is furnished from Dr. Crévaux’s notes in Vol. VIII. of the Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine (Paris, 1882).

[431] Ed. André, in Le Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 406. But Osculati describes them as tall and fine-looking, with small mustaches. Esplorazione delle Regioni Equatoriali, p. 164, sq. (Milano, 1850).

[432] This opinion is supported by Hamy, Villavicencio, and other good authorities.

[433] Hervas, Catal. de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 262. The term Encabellados was applied to the tribe from their custom of allowing the hair to grow to their waist. (Lettres Edifiantes, Tom. II., p. 112). The Pater Noster in the Encabellada dialect is printed by E. Teza in his Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 53 (Pisa, 1868).

[434] In the closing chapters of his Esplorazione, above quoted.

[435] An excellent article on the ethnography of this tribe is the “Osservazioni Ethnografiche sui Givari,” by G. A. Colini in Real. Accad. dei Lincei, Roma, 1883. See also Alfred Simpson, Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador, p. 91, sq. (London, 1886).

[436] Ed. André, in Le Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 406.

[437] Prof. Raimondi, in the Anthropological Review, Vol. I., p. 33, sq.

[438] “La comunauté d’origine entre les Jivaros et les tribus du grand groupe guaranien se trouvera etablie avec assurance.” Dr. Hamy, “Nouveaux Renseignements sur les Indiens Jivaros,” in the Revue d’Anthropologie, 1873, p. 390.

[439] The Mithridates (Bd. III., Ab. II., s. 592) gives from Hervas the Pater Noster in the Maina dialect. Professor Teza (Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 54-57) has published the Pater Noster, Ave, Credo and Salve in the Cahuapana dialect. They differ but little.

[440] See E. Pöppig, “Die Indiervölker des obern Huallaga,” in his Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., ss. 320, 321, 400, etc.

[441] Literature of American Aboriginal Languages, p. 12.

[442] Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in the Revue d’Ethnologie, 1887, p. 320.

[443] For example:

The Yahua has more Kechua elements than the Peba.

[444] Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., p. 112.

[445] Von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 445.

[446] Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., s. 415.

[447] Jose Amich, Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion, etc., pp. 77, 78.

[448] E. Pöppig, Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., s. 328 (Leipzig, 1836).

[449] Cf. Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in Revue d’Ethnologie, 1887, pp. 316, 317.

[450] Von Martius, Ethnog. und Sprach. Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 435.

[451] Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 438.

[452] See Dr. L. F. Galt, “The Indians of Peru,” in Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1877, p. 308, sq.

[453] Professor Antonio Raimondi, Apuntes sobre la Provincia de Loreto (Lima, 1862), trans. by Bollaert, in Jour. Anthrop. Institute. He states that they speak a dialect of Pano.

[454] D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 262.

[455] W. Chandless, in Jour. of the Royal Geog. Soc., Vol. XXXIX., p. 302; Vol. XXXVI., p. 118.

[456] Ibid., Vol. XXXVI., p. 123, note.

[457] The Callisecas are now no longer known by that name; but J. Amich has given sufficient reasons to identify them as the ancestors of the tribe later known as the Setibos. See his Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion en las Montañas de los Andes, p. 29 (Paris, 1854). Lieutenant Herndon, however, who describes them as wearing beards, believed they were the ancient Cashibos (Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, p. 209. Washington, 1853).

[458] According to Veigl. See Mithridates, III., II. 580, 581, 583.

[459] Called also Mananaguas, “mountaineers,” and believed by Waitz to have been the Manoas among whom an old missionary found an elder of the tribe rehearsing the annals of the nation from a hieroglyphic scroll (Anthropologie der Naturvölker, Bd. III., s. 541). The real Manoas or Manaos belong to the Arawak stock.

[460] W. Chandless, in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XXXVI., p. 118; Vol. XXXIX., p. 311.

[461] Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 414.

[462] Von Martius, Ibid., p. 422.

[463] Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1890, p. 242.

[464] Proceedings of the Royal Geog. Society, 1889, p. 501.

[465] Muratori, Il Cristianesimo Felice, p. 27 (Venezia, 1743). Father Fernandez gives the names of 69 bands of the Manacicas (Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tom. II., p. 174).

[466] A grammar of it has been edited by MM. Adam and Henry, Arte de la lengua Chiquita, Paris, 1880. (Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine, Tom. VI.) The sub-divisions of the Chiquitos are so numerous that I refrain from encumbering my pages with them. See D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 154, and authorities there quoted.

[467] Hervas, Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 159.

[468] Alcide D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Vol. I., p. 356, sq. Among the D’Orbigny MSS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, I found an inedited grammar and dictionary of the Yurucari language. It would be very desirable to have this published, as our present knowledge of the tongue rests on a few imperfect vocabularies. The work is doubtless that by P. la Cueva, mentioned in H. Ludewig, Lit. of Amer. Aborig. Languages, p. 206; but the author and editor of that work were in error in classing the Tacana and Maropa as members of the Yurucari stock. They belong to a different family.

[469] L’Homme Américain, Tom. I., p. 374.

[470] Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1890.

[471] E. Heath, Kansas City Review, April, 1883. He gives vocabularies of Tacana and Maropa. A devotional work has been printed in Tacana.

[472] Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 1889, p. 498.

[473] De Laet, quoted in Mithridates, Th. III., Ab. II., s. 577.

[474] “En Aten se habla la Leca por ser este pueblo de Indios Lecos.” Descripcion de las Misiones de Apolobamba (Lima, 1771).

[475] Weddell, Voyage dans la Bolivie, p. 453 (quoted by Waitz).

[476] Most of the Samucus were gathered at the mission of St. Ignatius. Father Chomé remarks, “Les Zamucos, Cuculados, Tapios et Ugaronos parlent à peu prés la même langue.” Lettres Edifiantes, Tome II., p. 191. See also D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 142.

[477] D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 247.

[478] Professor E. Teza gives some texts in his Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 40, 41; and Mr. E. Heath has supplied a careful vocabulary of recent date (Kansas City Review, April, 1883).

[479] Texts of the Pater, Ave and Credo are given by E. Teza, Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 51.

[480] D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 257.

[481] Descripcion de las Misiones del Alto Peru, 12mo, Lima, 1771. The only copy of this work which I have seen, and that an imperfect one, is in the Collection Angrand, in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Among the MSS. of this great library is a Confessionario in Itonama, which should be published as perhaps the only text of the language extant. Some remarks on its phonetics may be found in D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 239.

[482] According to Father Fernandez there were, in 1726, 30,000 converts under the care of the Moxos Mission, and fifteen different languages were spoken, “qui ne se ressemblent nullement.” Lettres Edifiantes, Tom. II., p. 161.

[483] See von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 412. Professor Teza gives the Pater, Ave and Credo in the Mura dialect of Bolivia (Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 43).

[484] Pater, an Ave and a Credo. Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 48, 49. The author of the Descripcion, however, distinguishes between the Ocoronos and the Rotoroños, both at the Moxos Mission.

[485] See Mithridates, Th. II., s. 577.

[486] The Capesacos and Menepes were others. Nicolas del Techo, Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ, Lib. XII., cap. 33.

[487] The word chaco, properly chacu, in Kechua is applied to game driven into pens. Lozano says it was used metaphorically in reference to the numerous tribes driven from their homes into the forests (Descrip. Chronograph. del Gran Chaco, p. 1).

[488] Del Techo, ubi suprá, Lib. I., cap. 41.

[489] Historia de Abiponibus, Vienna, 1784. An English translation, London, 1822.

[490] Pedro Lozano, Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 62-65.

[491] “C’est à peine s’il en reste aujourd’hui trois ou quatre individus.” D’Orbigny MS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale. This was written about 1834.

[492] A. J. Carranza, Expedicion al Chaco Austral, p. 422 (Buenos Aires, 1884). This author gives a useful vocabulary of the Toba, together with a number of familiar phrases.

[493] A comparison of their tongue is instituted by Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. II., s. 131. See also Ibid., Bd. I., s. 244.

[494] Lozano, Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco, p. 83.

[495] Richard Rohde, in Orig. Mitt. Eth. Abth. König. Mus., 1885, s. 13. Von Martius identified the Cadioéos with the Cadigues of the Payaguas, which is open to doubt (Ethnographie, Bd. I., 226).

[496] Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 73, 76, 77.

[497] Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 510, quoted by M. Lucien Adam.

[498] Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Lule y Tonicote (Madrid, 1732).

[499] Printed in Gilii, Saggio di Storia Americana, Tom. III., p. 363.

[500] Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., pp. 165-173.

[501] Pedro Lozano, Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco, pp. 94-97 (Cordoba, 1733).

[502] As shown by Adelung, Mithridates, Bd. II., s. 508.

[503] S. A. L. Quevede has undertaken to show that the real Lule were the hill tribes of the Anconquija range and their tongue the Cacana (American Anthropologist, 1890, p. 64).

[504] Del Techo, Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ, Lib. II., cap. 20.

[505] Otto Mesi nel Gran Ciacco (Firenze, 1881).

[506] “Nacion la mas vil del Chaco.” Hervas, Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 164.

[507] Lozano, Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 75, 76.

[508] Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 225-6.

[509] Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., pp. 96, 97.

[510] Viage del P. F. Pedro Parras desde Aragon á Indias en 1748, MS.

[511] Printed in the Revista de la Sociedad Geografica Argentina, 1887, p. 352. I have compared this with the Payagua text given in the Mithridates, Bd. III., 490, but the latter is so obscure that I derived no data for a decision as to the identity of the dialects.

[512] L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 116.