123 Loan Association v. Topeka, 20 Wallace, 655 (1874); Kingman v. City of Brockton, 153 Mass., 255 (1891); an admirable note citing decisions as to a good tax may be found in L. B. Evans, Leading Cases on American Constitutional Law (Ed. 1916), p. 211.

124 Art. i., 2: 3; 8: 1.

125 Art. i., 8: 1. Kentucky Railroad Tax Cases, 115 U. S., 321 (1885); Kelly v. Pittsburgh, 104 U. S., 78 (1881); French v. Barber Asphalt Paving Co., 181 U. S., 324 (1901); Veazie Bank v. Fenne, 8 Wallace, 533 (1869); Corporation Tax Cases, 220 U. S., 611 (1911).

126 South Carolina v. United States, 199 U. S., 437 (1905). The State conducted dispensatories and derived profit from them. It was held liable for internal revenue. The exercise by the State, as a dispenser, was held not to exempt it from the operation of the law.

127 Art. i., viii., 3.

128 Brig Wilson v. U. S., 1 Brockenbrough, 437 (1820).

129 See decision of the Supreme Court sustaining the “Webb-Kenyon” Law decommercializing (interstate) intoxicating liquors, Clark Distilling Company v. W. Md. R. R. Co.; Id. v. Am. Ex. Co. and State of W. Va. (January 8, 1917).

The power of Congress to deal with the hours of work and wages of employees engaged in interstate commerce is examined in Wilson v. New and Ferris, Receivers, Mo. Ok., & G. Railway Co., March 19, 1917. (Constitutionality of the “Adamson” law.)

130 Art. vi., 2.

131 Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch, 177 (1803).

132 McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheaton, 430 (1819).

133 Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheaton, 419 (1827).

134 Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheaton, 1 (1824).

135 Pensacola Telegraph Co. v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 96 U. S., 1 (1877).

136 So in Gibbon v. Ogden, supra.

137 Henderson v. Mayor of New York, 92 U. S., 259 (1875); L. S. & M. S. Railway Co. v. Ohio, 173 U. S. (1899); Railroad Co. v. Husen, 95 U. S., 465 (1877); Brimmer v. Rebman, 138 U. S., 78 (1891); Morgan’s S. S. Co. v. Louisiana Board of Health, 118 U. S., 455 (1886); Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S., 100 (1890); Schellenberger v. Pennsylvania, 171 U. S., 1 (1898).

138 The trend of these respective lines is disclosed by the decisions in the cases cited in this Chapter.

139 Pensacola Telegraph Co. v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 96 U. S., 1 (1877). The important word here is “jurisdiction.” “To bring the transportation within the control of the State, as part of its domestic commerce, the subject transported must be within the entire voyage under the exclusive jurisdiction of the State.” Hanley v. Kansas City Southern Railroad Co., 187 U. S., 617 (1903). The Immigration Law (February 20, 1897, amended March 26, 1910), contains the protective features the State would demand through exercise of its police power. So too the Federal Meat Inspection Act (March 4, 1907).

140 The Daniel Ball, 10 Wallace, 557 (1870).

141 Act of Congress, March 2, 1893.

142 “The insurance business does not constitute interstate commerce.” Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wallace, 168 (1868). But the power to regulate commerce doubtless includes legislation placing common carriers engaged in interstate commerce under such federal control as to constitute federal ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone lines, steamships, sailing vessels, etc., etc. Such ownership is illustrated in France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and in other countries.

143 The Sherman Anti-Trust Law of July 2, 1890, and decisions of the Supreme Court concerning it, are illustrations.

144 See the Hours of Service Act (March 4, 1907); the Adamson Act (1916), and other acts indicative of the trend in the congressional exercise of the power.

145 United States v. E. C. Knight Co., 156 U. S., 1 (1895).

146 Art. i., 8: 3.

147 Coe v. Errol, 116 U. S., 525.

148 Kidd v. Pearson, 128 U. S., 1.

149 Cooley v. Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia, 12 Howard, 299 (1851).

150 Escanaba Company v. Chicago, 107 U. S., 678 (1882).

151 Harman v. Chicago, 147 U. S., 396 (1893).

152 Sands v. Manistee River Improvement Company, 123 U. S., 238.

153 Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheaton, 419 (1827).

154 Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheaton, 419 (1827).

155 Walton v. Missouri, 91 U. S., 275 (1875).

156 The evil effect of discriminating State legislation, and the like, during the Articles of Confederation, are dwelt on by the Court in Walton v. Missouri, supra.

157 Walton v. Missouri, supra.

158 Robbins v. Shelby County Taxing District, 120 U. S., 489 (1887).

159 Idem.

160 Crutcher v. Kentucky, 141 U. S., 47 (1891).

161 As by the act forbidding the transportation of lottery tickets through the mails.

162 Crutcher v. Kentucky, 141 U. S., 47 (1891).

163 Idem. Cases decisive of the police powers of a State are numerous. The principle involved may be deduced from Railroad Company v. Huson, 95 U. S., 465 (1877); Brimmer v. Rebman, 138 U. S., 78 (1891); Morgan’s S. S. Company v. Louisiana Board of Health, 118 U. S., 455 (1886); Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S., 100 (1890); L. S. and M. S. R. R. v. Ohio, 173 U. S., 285 (1899).

164 Crutcher v. Kentucky, supra.

165 Brown v. Houston, 114 U. S., 622 (1885), in which the cases are cited.

166 Telegraph Company v. Texas, 105 U. S., 460 (1881).

167 Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S., 100 (1890). An act of the Legislature, or a constitutional provision prohibiting the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors within a State, is an example of exercise of the police power by a State. See also Rhodes v. Iowa, 170 U. S., 412 (1898). Schellenberger v. Pennsylvania, 171 U. S., 1 (1898); and cases cited supra touching State police power.

168 The Passenger Cases, 7 Howard, 283.

169 R. R. Co. v. Huson, 95 U. S., 465 (1877).

170 Turner v. Maryland, 107 U. S., 38 (1882).

171 Inman S. S. Co. v. Tinker, 94 U. S., 238 (1876).

172 Packet Co. v. Keokuk, 95 U. S., 80 (1877).

173 Transportation Co. v. Wheeling, 99 U. S., 273 (1878).

174 Lottery Cases, 188 U. S., 321 (1903).

175 Id.

176 26 Statutes at Large, 209.

177 Northern Securities Company v. United States, 193 U. S., 197 (1904).

178 Beef-Trust case, Swift and Co. v. U. S., 196 U. S., 375.

179 Danbury Hatters’ Case, Loewe v. Lawler, 208 U. S., 274; see also Pullman Car Company, 64 Fed. Reporter, 724.

180 In re Neagle, 135 U. S., 1 (1889).

181 In re Debs, 158 U. S., 564 (1895).

182 The Addystone Pipe & Steel Company v. United States, 175 U. S., 211 (1899).

183 The Shreveport Case, (Houston, East and West Texas Railway Co. v. United States; Texas and Pacific Railway Co. v. United States) 234 U. S., 342 (1914).

Note.—Cases further illustrating prohibition of a business or activity by operation of laws passed under the commerce clause: United States v. Holliday, 3 Wallace, 407 (1866); Buttfield v. Stranahan, 192 U. S., 470 (1904); U. S. v. Del. & Hudson Ry., 213 U. S., 366 (1909); Hope v. U. S., 227 U. S., 308 (1913).

Cases illustrating exercise of the power over commerce given by the clause and exercising jurisdiction over commerce claimed to be intrastate but forming as it were a link in the chain of interstate commerce: Lord v. S. S. Co., 102 U. S., 541 (1880); Wilmington Transportation Co. v. California Railroad Commission, 236 U. S., 151 (1915); Hanley v. Kansas City Southern Ry., 187 U. S., 617 (1903).

It will be well to read the dissenting opinions in any of these cases as these usually emphasize the power of the State over commerce.

184 Art. i., 10: 1.

185 McCrackin v. Hayward, 2 Howard, 608 (1844).

186 Woodruff v. Trapnall, 10 Howard, 190 (1850).

187 Woodruff v. Trapnall, 10 Howard, 190 (1850).

188 Murray v. Charleston, 96 U. S., 432 (1877).

189 Idem.

190 Salt Company v. East Saginaw, 13 Wallace, 373 (1871).

191 Fisk v. Jefferson Police Jury, 116, U. S., 131 (1885).

192 Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheaton, 518 (1819).

193 Case of the conjunction of Washington and Jefferson Colleges, Pennsylvania College Cases, 13 Wallace, 190 (1871).

194 Boyd v. Alabama, 94 U. S., 645.

195 Beer Company v. Massachusetts, 97 U. S., 25 (1877).

196 Douglas v. Kentucky, 168 U. S., 488 (1897).

197 Douglas v. Kentucky, supra; New Orleans Gas Co. v. Louisiana Light Co., 115 U. S., 650 (1885).

198 See the cases cited in New Orleans Gas Co. v. Louisiana, supra.

199 Georgia R. R. and Banking Co. v. Smith, 128 U. S., 174 (1888); East Hartford v. Hartford Bridge Co., 10 Howard, 511 (1850). But a judgment (judicial decision) is not a contract in the meaning of the Constitution. Morley v. L. S. & M. S. R. R., 146 U. S., 162 (1892).

200 McCrackin v. Hayward, 2 Howard, 608 (1844). All legal remedies for the enforcement of a contract belonging to it at the time and place when and where it is made are a part of its obligation. Any provision of a State law or constitution impairing such remedies are void. Gunn v. Barry, 15 Wallace, 610 (1872); Mitchell v. Clark, 110 U. S. (1884). But the prohibition, in the Constitution, of any State to make any law impairing the obligation of contracts “did not give to Congress power to provide laws for the general enforcement of contracts; nor power to invest the courts of the United States with jurisdiction over contracts, so as to enable parties to sue upon them in those courts. It did, however, give the power to provide remedies by which the impairment of contracts by State legislation might be counteracted and corrected: and this power was exercised.” Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S., 3 (1883).

201 Juilliard v. Greenman, 110 U. S., 421 (1884), and see note supra, p. 92.

202 Consult Mitchell v. Clark, 110 U. S., 633 (1884) from which the quotation is taken.

203 This raises the whole question of national sovereignty.

204 Amendment V.; XIV.

205 Missouri Pacific Ry. v. Nebraska, 164 U. S., 403 (1896).

206 Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S., 714 (1877); Arndt v. Griggs, 134 U. S., 316 (1890).

207 Cunnius v. Reading School District, 198 U. S., 458 (1905), sustaining a Pennsylvania statute that provided for administration upon estates of persons presumed to be dead by reason of long absence from the State. Mattingly v. District of Columbia, 97 U. S., 687 (1878); that which a State Legislature may have dispensed with by a prior statute it may dispense with by a subsequent one; an irregularity or defect which might be made immaterial by prior law, the Legislature has power to make immaterial by a subsequent law. Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, 371.

208 License Cases, 5 Howard, 588.

209 Bartemeyer v. Iowa, 18 Wallace, 129.

210 Foster v. Kansas, 112 U. S., 201.

211 Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S., 623 (1887).

212 Idem.

213 Amendment V.

214 Pumpelly v. Green Bay Co., 13 Wallace, 166 (1871).

215 Idem.

216 Preceding case and Central Bridge Corporation v. City of Lowell, Gray (Mass.), 474 (1855).

217 Pierce v. Drew, 136 Mass., 75 (1883). The case grew out of plaintiff’s claim for damages because the town had granted a telegraph company the right to erect its poles, wires, etc., along the highway abutting plaintiff’s land. The highway being land in public use, plaintiff claimed indirect or consequential damages because of the erection of the poles, wires, etc., of the duly franchised telegraph company. Plaintiff’s complaint was (inter alia) that said poles, wires, etc., disfigured and depreciated his property. See also Bedford v. U. S., 192 U. S., 217 (1904); the principle therein further examined.

218 Kohl v. United States, 91 U. S., 367 (1875).

219 Kohl v. United States, 91 U. S., 367 (1875).

220 Art. i., 2: 5; 3: 6.

221 Compare Art. i., 6: 1, 2; 9: 8; Art. ii., 1: 1; Art., 5, 8; “officer” in Art. ii., 2: 1,2; Art. ii., 4: 1; “offices” in Art. iii., 1: 1; vi., 3. There is every reason that the framers of the Constitution used words with profound discernment and discriminating care.

222 Art. ii., 2: 1.

223 Id. i., 8: 11.

224 Id. i., 7: 2.

225 Constitution of Pennsylvania, 1873, iv., 16.

226 Art. ii., 2: 2.

227 Id. The Federalist, No. lxxv.

228 Art. ii., 2: 2.

229 Id., 2: 1.

230 July (14?), 1864. Lincoln’s Works (Century Ed.) i., 548.

231 In re Neagle, 135 U. S., 1 (1889).

232 Spaulding v. Vilas, 161 U. S., 483; U. S. v. Windom, 137 U. S., 636; U. S. v. Blaine, 139 U. S., 306. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch, 137; Kendall v. U. S., 12 Peters, 524; U. S. v. Black, 128 U. S., 40; Mississippi v. Johnson, 4 Wallace, 475; Georgia v. Stanton, 6 Wallace, 57.

233 Ex parte Garland, 4 Wallace, 333 (1886).

234 Art. i., 3: 6.

235 Id., 3: 4, 5.

236 Notes of conversation, etc., C. E., Stevens, Sources of the Constitution of the United States, 169.

237 Id., 168.

238 Mississippi v. Johnson, 4 Wallace, 475 (1866).

239 Idem.

240 Mississippi v. Johnson, 4 Wallace, 475 (1866).

241 Many cases; see State ex rel. v. Stone, 120 Missouri, 428 (1894), in which most of the cases are cited. But mandamus will issue to an appointee of the executive, a ministerial officer, to perform a ministerial act. U. S. ex rel. Daly, 28 App. D. C., 552; 35 Wash. Law Rep., 81; Garfield v. U. S. ex rel. Frost, 30 App. D. C., 165; 35 Wash. Law Rep., 771; Griffin v. U. S., ex rel. Le Cuyer, 30 App. D. C., 291; 36 Wash. Law Rep., 103; Drake v. U. S., ex rel. Bates, 30 App. D. C., 312; 36 Wash. Law Rep., 140; U. S. ex rel. Newcomb Motor Co., 30 App. D. C., 464; 36 Wash. Law Rep., 150; also 36 Wash. Law Rep., 681. Also U. S. ex rel. v. Black, 128 U. S., 40 (1888).

242 United States ex rel. v. Black, 128 U. S., 40; and see the cases cited in preceding note.

243 Art. iii., 1: 1.

244 For the history of this amendment see the author’s Constitutional History of the United States, ii., 264–290.

245 See Iredell’s dissenting opinion in Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dallas 419 (1793).

246 The Federalist, No. xvi.

247 Art. iii., 2: 1; Amendment XI.

248 No. lxxx.

249 In re Neagle, 135 U.S., 1 (1889).

250 The Federalist, No. lxxx.

251 Id. For example, were the Vice-President to preside over the Senate sitting as a Court of Impeachment.

252 The Federalist, id.

253 The Federalist, id.

254 Robertson v. Cease, 97 U. S., 646.

255 Art. iii., 2: 2.

256 Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch, 174.

257 Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wheaton, 414 (1821).

258 Idem.

259 So Congress has denied such jurisdiction to State courts,—Revised Statutes, U. S., Sec. 687.

260 Davis v. Packard, 7 Peters, 276; Börs v. Preston, in U. S., 252 (1884).

261 Cohens v. Virginia, supra.

262 This power has been discussed in the preceding Chapters on Sovereignty, Legislation, Commerce, Taxation, Contracts, etc. See index.