[9] Nobiliario genealogico de los Titulos de España, por Alonzo Lopez de Haro, Madrid, 1626.

[10] Alcedo.

[11] Creacion y Privilegios de los Titulos de Castilla, por Don José Berni. The Counts of Chinchon were hereditary Alcaides of the Alcazar of Segovia. In 1623 the Count of Chinchon here received Charles I. of England, and gave him a supper of "certaine trouts of extraordinary greatnesse." In 1764 the then Count of Chinchon ceded the Alcazar to the crown.

[12] A large supply of seeds of this kind has been sent to India and Ceylon.

[13] Howard's Nueva Quinologia de Pavon, No. 1.

[14] Sebastian Badus asserts that bark was brought to Alcala de Henares as early as 1632.—Humboldt's Aspects, ii. p. 268.

[15] I translated and edited Acuña's Voyage for the Hakluyt Society in 1859.

[16] Disertacion por Dr. Don Hipolito Unanue.

[17] Torti's work, De Febribus, was published at Venice in 1732.

[18] Traité Thérapeutique du Quinquina, par P. Briquet. Paris, 1856.

[19] Voyage de Condamine, p. 31.

[20] 1738, p. 226.

[21] Noticias Secretas, p. 572.

[22] Semanario de la Nueva Granada, p. 283.

[23] Endlicher separated the species whose capsules begin to open from the top, and formed them into a sub-genus, which he called Cascarilla. Klotzsch, combining these with other species characterised by a six-parted corolla, raised them to an independent genus called Ladenbergia.

[24] Histoire naturelle des Quinquinas, p. 72.

[25] Dr. Weddell's list is as follows:—

[26] M. Delondre decided that the fruit and flowers, though having a bitter principle, did not contain the alkaloids, while the roots contained them, though in smaller proportion than the bark of the trunk and branches.

[27] Weddell.

[28] Briquet, p. 22.

[29] Nueva Quinologia de Pavon, No. 10.

[30] Aricine, as a sulphate, does not crystallize, but forms a peculiar trembling jelly. It was so named from the port of Arica, whence the bark of C. pubescens is exported.

[31] Pereira says that, if a substance suspected to contain quina be powdered, then shaken with ether, and afterwards successively treated with chlorine and ammonia, the liquid will assume a green colour if the slightest trace of quina be present.—Mat. Med. ii. part ii. p. 119. One or two pounds of bark suffice well for an analysis.

[32] Traité Thérapeutique du Quinquina et de ses préparations, par P. Briquet, Paris, 1855. Also Pereira's Materia Medica.

[33] The word quinquina is generally adopted for the medical preparations which are taken from Peruvian bark. Quina signifies bark in Quichua, and quinquina is a bark possessing some medicinal property. Quinine is, of course, derived from quina, chinchonine from chinchona. The Spaniards corrupted the word quina into china; and in homœopathy the word china is still retained. In 1735, when M. de la Condamine visited Peru, the native name of quina-quina was almost entirely replaced by the Spanish term cascarilla, which also means bark.

[34] Autobiography of Sir James MacGrigor, chap. xii. p. 241.

[35] Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales, quoted by Delondre, p. 7.

[36] Aspects, ii. p. 267.

[37] Semanario de la Nueva Granada.

[38] From Martius: a note in No. 1 of Howard's Nueva Quinologia de Pavon.

[39] Some of these MSS. are, I believe, in possession of Don Pedro Carbo, of Guayaquil.

[40] Spanish edition of General Miller's Memoirs, i. p. 42.

[41] It is the form of C. Condaminea, represented in the unshaded branch with capsules, Plate x. of the Plantes Equinoctiales.

[42] It comes in very small quills, as if taken from a mere shrub.

[43] Besides quinine several other febrifugal alkaloids are found in the chinchona barks, one of the most important of which is chinchonidine, discovered by Pasteur in 1852.

[44] I found some very beautiful dried specimens of this species in the botanical gardens at Madrid last year. The lanceolate leaves and panicles of flowers still retained their colour. They were marked "Cascarilla fina de Uritusinga de Loxa, Quin. de Pavon."

[45] Howard's Nueva Quinologia de Pavon.

[46] Howard, from MS. of Ruiz.

[47] Mr. Cross's Report, Nov. 1861.

[48] Pereira, Materia Medica, ii. p. 106.

[49] Afterwards published in a pamphlet of 57 pages, with plates.

[50] In 1856 Mr. Howard shared Dr. Weddell's belief that the "red bark" belonged to a variety of C. ovata.—Pharmaceutical Journal, Oct. 1856.

[51] Howard.

[52] With "red bark" another kind, known as "West coast Carthagena," is exported from Guayaquil. The name is absurd. Mr. Howard believes it to be derived from the C. Palton of Pavon, which is found in the woods of Cuenca, and in the province of Loxa. Samples of this bark yield 2.05 of alkaloids, 1.34 of chinchonidine, and 0.7 of quinine.

[53] Alcedo.

[54] Mutis was born at Cadiz in 1732. He resided in South America for forty years, and corresponded with Linnæus. Dying in 1808, the greater portion of his papers was destroyed in the revolution at Bogota; but a part of his collection of dried plants is now in the botanical gardens at Madrid, in a disgraceful state of disorder.

[55] In 1776 Don Sebastian José Lopez Ruiz, a physician at Bogota, persuaded the Spanish government that he was the first discoverer of chinchona-trees in New Granada, and obtained a yearly pension of 2000 dollars as a reward; but he was afterwards considered to be an impostor, and the viceroy deprived him of it.

[56] The pupil and fellow-workman of Mutis, from whose notes he wrote.

[57] Anales de la Historia Natural de Madrid, 1800.

[58] Floræ Columbiæ specimina selecta, i. p. 21: Berlin, 1858. A superbly illustrated work by Dr. Karsten.

[59] Die medicinischen Chinarinden Neu-Granadas, von H. Karsten: Berlin, 1858. I have had this pamphlet translated for the use of those intrusted with, or interested in, the chinchona cultivation in India and Ceylon. It contains a great deal of valuable information respecting the most favourable situations for the production of alkaloids in chinchona barks, and other particulars respecting the growth of the bark, and the methods of collecting it. Dr. Karsten is a careful observer and a scientific botanist and chemist, and his observations form a very important addition to our knowledge of this subject.

[60] Report of the Administrador Don Ignacio Cavero, Semanario, p. 183.

[61] 300 dried specimens, and 242 coloured drawings, sent in the ship 'Buen Consejo.'

[62] Namely:—

[63] I have examined Pavon's dried specimens from Huanuco, now in the botanical gardens at Madrid.

There are leaves of C. lanceolata, from the forests of Muña; leaves and capsules of C. ovata, some of the former very slightly cordate, from Panao and Pillao; leaves, flowers, and capsules of C. purpurea; and leaves and capsules of C. nitida, from Cuchero.

[64] Ruiz published his Quinologia in 1792.

[65] At first, in the best years, as many as 25,000 arrobas of bark were exported from the province of Huanuco, and some large fortunes were made.—Poeppig. An arroba = 25 lbs.

[66] Mercurio Peruano.

[67] A Peruvian who was for many years Director of the Cabinet of Natural History in Madrid, during the reign of Charles III.

[68] Reise in Peru, während der Jahre 1827-32, von Eduard Poeppig, Professor an der Universität zu Leipzig, ii. pp. 217-23, 257-64.

[69] Stevenson, however, says that large quantities of bark were brought from the woods east of Huamalies in 1825.—Travels, ii. p. 66.

[70] Poeppig. Van Tschudi, p. 399.

[71] Poeppig.

[72] Howard.

[73] I have caused the part of Poeppig's work which relates to chinchona-trees and their barks to be translated for circulation in India and Ceylon.

[74] As early as 1790 the calisaya bark was highly prized in Madrid.

[75] The valuable species found in Bolivia and Southern Peru. Dr. Weddell derives the name from the Quichua words colli (red) and saya (form); Poeppig from colla (a remedy) and salla (rocky ground); Van Tschudi from collisara (reddish maize). Dr. Laefdael, the Judge of Caravaya, told me it came from ccali (strong) and sayay (become, or be thou). Calisaya is the name of a family of Indian Caciques in Caravaya, one of whom acted an important part in the revolt of 1780-1. The plant may have been called after him.

[76] The bark of C. Calisaya, known as "yellow bark" in commerce, was at first erroneously believed to come from C. cordifolia, because Mutis had called the bark from that species cascarilla amarilla, or "yellow bark." See p. 28.

[77] This account of the Bolivian bark trade is from Dr. Weddell's Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, et dans les partes voisines de Pérou. Paris, 1853. Chap. xiii. p. 235.

[78] Gibbon's Valley of the Amazon, p. 147.

[79] Mercurio del Vapor, Dec. 15, 1859.

[80] Yuncu is a tropical valley in Quichua, hence yungus, a Spanish corruption of the same word.

[81] Quinologie, par M. A. Delondre. Paris, 1854.

[82] Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, et dans les partes voisines de Pérou, par H. A. Weddell. Paris, 1853. Dr. Weddell is now engaged in the publication of a work on the plants of the more elevated parts of the Andes, entitled Chloris Andina.

[83] An account of it was published in the Journal of the Horticultural Society, vol. vii. p. 272.

[84] Pereira, Mat. Med. ii. part ii. p. 118.

[85] Weddell, Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas.

[86] Weddell, Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie.

[87] Mém. de l' Acad. Roy. des Sciences, 1738, p. 226.

[88] Noticias Secretas, p. 572.

[89] MS. quoted by Howard.

[90] Poeppig.

[91] Karsten.

[92] I. p. 245. Probably the idea was first conceived much earlier by Dr. Ainslie, who, half a century ago, remarked that it was matter of regret that "it had never been attempted to rear those articles of the Materia Medica in India, for which the world is now solely indebted to America."—Ainslie's Materia Medica, p. 66 (note).

[93] Cours d'Hist. Nat. Pharm. ii. p. 252.

[94] Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas, p. 13.

[95] Quinologie, par M. A. Delondre, p. 15.

[96] So convinced is Dr. Weddell that there is imminent danger of the supplies of bark eventually being exhausted, that he says, "Avant que la malheur que je prévois n'arrive (et ce ne sera pas de notre temps) la science aura peut-être fait la conquête de quelque nouveau médicament qui rendra moins regrettable la perte de l'écorce de Pérou."—Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, p. 245.

[97] Howard.

[98] Howard.

[99] Ychu is grass in Quichua, and corpa a lodging.

[100] Information from Gironda, then Governor of Sina.

[101] Kew Miscellany, Oct. and Nov. 1856.

[102] Dr. Macpherson's Report, Dec. 19, 1860, No. 50, para. 8.

[103] Bonplandia, March, 1859, p. 72. The pay of an Assistant-Resident in Java is 500l. a-year.—Money's Java.

[104] A lofty tree, 150 to 200 feet high, with a very close-grained wood. It yields a fragrant resin called storax.

[105] Report of Mr. Fraser, H. M. Consul at Batavia.

[106] Dr. Junghuhn called some of the plants C. lanceolata, and others C. succirubra; but he has himself allowed that the former are a mere variety of the worthless species, seeds of which were sent by M. Hasskarl from Uchubamba; and the latter certainly cannot be C. succirubra, as that valuable kind is not found in the Peruvian districts visited by M. Hasskarl.

[107] Dr. Macpherson's Report, Dec. 19, 1860. No. 50.

[108] Dr. Anderson's Report, Dec. 14, 1861, No. 326; and Dr. Macpherson's Report, Dec. 19, 1860, No. 50, para. 12.

[109] Report of Mr. Fraser, late H. M. Consul at Batavia.

[110] Howard's Nueva Quinologia de Pavon. No. 7.

[111] He left Java in September, 1861, after a residence of six years.

[112] Howard. No. 7 (note).

[113] Report of Mr. Fraser.

[114] Dr. Junghuhn has published two very interesting reports on the cultivation of the chinchona-plants in Java, in the Bonplandia, a German botanical journal: the first in Nos. 4 and 5 of 1858, and the second in the numbers for July and August, 1860. I have caused these reports to be translated and circulated for the information of those who are intrusted with, or interested in, the chinchona cultivation in India or Ceylon.

[115] Mr. Spruce's remark on the eventual necessity of cultivating the chinchona tree is important. He says, "I have seen enough of collecting the products of the forests to convince me that whatever vegetable substance is needful to man, he must ultimately cultivate the plant producing it."—Report, p. 83.

[116] It appears, by a government return, that 2051 lbs. of quinine were sent to India in 1856, and 1180 lbs. in 1857.

The Friend of India of December 10th, 1860, however, quoting from the Lancet, states that the consumption of quinine and bark in the government hospitals in India in 1857-8 was 6815 lbs., and that in 1858-9 it amounted to 5087 lbs. The writer of the article adds that the government druggists in India sell quinine at 1l. an ounce; but, taking the cost of an ounce of quinine at 10s., the expenditure on this medicine, according to the above figures, would amount to 54,520l. in 1857-8, and to 40,696l. in 1858-9!

[117] Nevertheless we now have plants of C. lancifolia, the species which should have been procured from New Granada, thriving in India. They have been received from Java, in exchange for other species, and were originally raised from seeds sent by Dr. Karsten.

[118] When it was founded by General La Fuente, then Prefect of Arequipa.—Castelnau, iii. p. 443.

[119] There is anchorage for 20 or 25 vessels in 10 or 12 fathoms; but there is always a rather heavy swell, so that a hawser is necessary to keep a vessels bow to it, even in fine weather.

[120] In the following proportions:—

[121] The analysis of this soil, by Dr. Forbes Watson, gave the following result:—

[122] "Tambo" is a Spanish corruption of the Quichua word Tampu, an inn or post-house.

[123] Almost all the woollen clothing of the Peruvian Indians is now imported from Yorkshire, and their shirtings from Lowell. Formerly it was all of home manufacture.

[124] Probably from the Quichua word Chiri—cold.

[125] El Peru en 1860, por Alfredo Leubel.

[126] The republic of Peru has had 37 years and 7 months of existence, of which 28 years and 8 months have been passed in peace, 2 years in foreign war, and 6 years and 11 months in civil dissensions.

These are the plain facts of the case, which are preferable to vague and ignorant statements that Peru has been in a constant state of civil war ever since the War of Independence.