285.  “Diese Priorität (der erste Versuch überhaupt, die Einflüsse des naturalen Milieus auf die Psyche darzustellen) gebührt, nach mancherlei Vorläufern minder geschlossenen Charakters (z. B. Quételet, Sur l’homme etc. 1835, Bd. 2, Kap. 3, Abschn. 2–3, Influence du climat et des saisons sur le penchant au crime) ohne Zweifel Lombroso, aus dessen 1878 erschienenem Buche ‘Pensiero e meteore’ Extracte auch in seine andern Publikationen, namentlich in ‘Genio e follia,’ übergegangen sind.”—Hellpach, Die Geopsychischen Erscheinungen (Leipzig, 1911), p. 336.

286.  Criminal Man, According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso Briefly Summarized by his Daughter Gina Lombroso Ferrero (“The Science Series”; N. Y. and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1911, 322 pp.), p. 145.—Lombroso’s L’Uomo di genio appeared in 1888, L’Uomo delinquente in 1889, and La Donna delinquente in 1893.

287.  Criminal Man, p. 145.

288.  Tr. by H. P. Horton, “The Modern Criminal Science Series,” Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1911, 471 pp.

289.  “It is brought out in Guerry’s statistics that the crime of rape occurs in England and France oftenest in the hot months; and Curcio has observed the same thing in Italy....

“In England, according to Guerry, and in Italy, according to Curcio, the maximum number of murders falls in the hottest months....

“Poisoning also, according to Guerry, occurs oftenest in May. The same phenomenon is to be observed in the case of Rebellions. In studying (as I have in my ‘Political Crime’) the 836 uprisings that took place in the whole world in the period between 1791 and 1880, one finds that in Asia and Africa the greatest number falls in July. In Europe and America the greater prevalence of rebellions in the hot months could not be more clearly marked. In Europe the maximum proved to be in July [in this connection one might also point to the beginning of the present European war which falls in the midsummer of 1914], and in South America in January, which are respectively the two hottest months. The minimum falls in Europe in December and January, and in South America in May and June, which again correspond in temperature.

“If now we pass from the whole of Europe to the particular countries, we still find the greatest number of uprisings in the hot months....

“Benoiston de Chateauneuf points out that duels in the army are more frequent in the summer.

“I have proved that the same influence manifests itself in the case of men of genius (‘Man of Genius,’ Part I.).

“Ferri, in his ‘Crime in its Relation to Temperature,’ has proved from a study of the French criminal statistics from 1825 to 1878 that one can deduce an almost complete parallelism between heat and criminality, not only for the different months, but also for years of different degrees of heat. The influence of the temperature on crime from 1825 to 1848 appears to be very pronounced and constant, and is often even greater than that exercised by agricultural production. Since 1848, notwithstanding the more serious agricultural and political disturbances, the coincidence between temperature and criminality becomes from time to time plainly apparent, especially in the case of homicide and murder....

“The connection comes out much more plainly, however, in the statistics of rape and offenses against chastity, which follow to an even greater degree the annual variations in temperature....

“As regards crimes against property there is a marked increase in the winter (theft and forgery being the most abundant in January), while the other seasons differ little from one another....”—Lombroso, Crime, Its Causes and Remedies, pp. 4–8. “Superintendents of prisons have generally observed that the inmates are more excited when storms are approaching and during the first quarter of the moon....”—Ibid., p. 12.

290.  Ibid., p. 13.—“In studying the distribution of simple and aggravated homicides in Europe, we find the highest figures in Italy and the other southern countries, and the lowest in the more northerly regions, England, Denmark, Germany. The same can be said of political uprisings in all Europe. We see, in fact, that the number of crimes increases as we go from north to south, and in the same measure as the heat increases.”—Ibid., p. 14.

291.  This follows Laing. See Robertson, Buckle and his Critics (London, 1895), p. 553.—Cf. also C. M. Gießler’s article, “Über den Einfluß von Wärme und Kälte auf das seelische Funktionieren des Menschen,” in Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie u. Soziologie, 1902, pp. 319–38. Gießler refers (p. 334) to Oppenheimer “Über den Einfluß des Klimas auf den Menschen” (Berlin, 1867). Vide also E. Huntington’s article on “Work and Weather,” Harper’s Magazine, vol. 130 (January, 1915), pp. 233–44.

292.  Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1908 (London, 1909), p. 844.

293.  On the use of alcohol in its relation to the northern climate, cf. also Auguste Matteuzzi, Les Facteurs de L’Évolution des Peuples (Paris, 1900), pp. 329 et seq.

294.  Some of these are to be discussed in a subsequent paper.