1. Professor Faraday.
2. Professor Helmholtz.
3. The address of the president, Sir William Armstrong, C.B., to the British Association at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 26th August, 1863.
4. J. Tyndall, Esq., on Force.
5. The Law of Exchange was independently proved by Messrs. Tyndall, Kirchhoff, Angström, and Balfour Stewart.
6. Tyndall on Heat.
7. Analogous to transparent media which receive their colour by stopping or absorbing some of the colours of white light and transmitting others.
8. ‘Connection of the Physical Sciences.’
9. ‘Connection of the Physical Sciences.’
10. They are called vacuum tubes, and are filled while open by putting one end in communication with the vessel in which the gas is generated, and the other end in communication with an air pump. As soon as the atmospheric air is pumped out, the gas rushes in and fills the tube, the communication with the vessel containing the gas is cut off by fusing up that end of the tube, and as soon as the gas is sufficiently rarefied the other end is fused up also. An electrical discharge that will not pass through one inch of air, will pass through thirty or forty inches in a vacuum tube.
11. ‘Connection of the Physical Sciences.’
12. Lectures of much interest by Dr. William Odling in the Chemical News of 1862.
13. M. H. Kopp.
14. Lectures by Dr. Crace Calvert on improvement and progress of calico printing and dyeing since 1851.
15. This prediction, made in his Treatise on Light published in 1826, has been completely fulfilled by the discovery of four new metals by spectrum analysis.
16. Phil. Mag. vol. iv. 1834, p. 114.
17. ‘On the Spectrum of the Electric Spark in Compound Gases,’ by Mr. J. M. Seguin. Comptes Rendus.
18. The light of the electric lamp is produced by an apparatus which successively makes and breaks an electric current, whereby the terminal charcoal points become red-hot.
19. ‘On the Means of Increasing the Intensity of Metallic Spectra.’ By Mr. W. Crookes.
20. The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science for July 4, 1863.
21. Dr. W. A. Miller has shown that these invisible highly refrangible rays exist in the vapours of all metals, and has obtained photographs of their spectra (see Phil. Trans. 1862, p. 876), which correspond to the spectra of fluorescence.
22. In γ Cassiopeiæ, Mr. Huggins has detected a second bright line in the red part of the spectrum. He has also found that these two bright lines agree in position with the two brightest lines of the spectrum of hydrogen, and may therefore be considered due to luminous hydrogen.
23. Sir John Herschel, who is of the highest authority with regard to the nebulæ in both hemispheres.
24. Since this observation, Mr. Huggins discovered that two small comets give an analogous spectrum.
25. From further observations Mr. Huggins is of opinion that the red colour of this planet is not due to its atmosphere, but is peculiar to certain parts of its surface.
26. ‘Quarterly Journal of Science,’ April 1864.
27. Jan. 7, 1865.
28. On the latest discoveries concerning the sun’s surface, by Balfour Stewart, Esq., in the ‘Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science’ of April 1865.
29. According to Payen. Like starch, it is stained blue by iodine.
30. ‘On the Functions of the Nitrogenous Matter of Plants.’ By M. L. Garreau, ‘Annales des Sciences naturelles,’ t. xiii. 1860.
31. ‘Remarks on the Vessels of the Latex, the Vasa Propria, and the Receptacles of the elaborated Juices of Plants.’ By M. Lestiboudois, ‘Comptes rendus,’ 1863.
32. The author is indebted throughout many parts of this section to the excellent work of Dr. Carpenter, and to the ‘Cryptogamic Botany’ of the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, from which also many of the cuts are derived.
33. Mr. Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
34. ‘Dr. Carpenter’s Microscope.’
35. These motions were discovered, and are described by Dr. Harvey, in his ‘Manual of British Marine Algæ.’
36. ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’ By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley.
37. ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’ By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley.
38. ‘The Microscope.’ By Dr. Carpenter.
39. ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’ By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley.
40. ‘British Seaweeds.’ By Mrs. Alfred Gatty.
41. ‘Flora Italica Crypta.’
42. Mr. Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
43. Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
44. Mrs. Gatty’s ‘British Sea Weeds.’
45. Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
46. Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
47. ‘Voyage of the Adventurer and Beagle,’ by Mr. Darwin.
48. Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
49. In the Fuci each kind of fruit is discharged on the surface of the receptacle before fructification.
50. Hooker’s ‘Flora Antarctica.’
51. Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
52. Berkeley’s ‘Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.’
53. ‘Des Myxomycetes,’ par M. Antoine de Bary; et Mémoires par MM. Tulasne et Hermann Hoffman, ‘Annales des Sciences Naturalles,’ 4me séries.
54. ‘Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany,’ by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley.
55. ‘Sur des Isaria et Sphæria Entomogens,’ par MM. L. et H. Tulasne, de l’Institut, ‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ 4me série, 1857.
56. ‘On the Geographical Distribution of Fungi,’ by M. E. P. Fries, of Upsala, Sweden.
57. Memoir by M. Hermann Hoffmann, upon Fermentation, in the ‘Ann. des Sciences Naturelles,’ 4me série, 1860.
58. ‘The Microscope,’ by Dr. Carpenter.
59. M. Hoffmann.
60. ‘Comptes rendus,’ Nov. 12, 1860.
61. ‘Geographical Distribution of Fungi,’ by M. Fries.
62. Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
63. Berkeley’s ‘Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.’
64. Berkeley’s ‘Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.’
65. Dr. Carpenter’s ‘Microscope.’
66. Dr. Carpenter’s ‘Microscope’
67. ‘Anatomy and Physiology of the Vegetable Cell,’ by M. Hugo von Mohl.
68. M. von Mohl, on the ‘Vegetable Cell.’
69. Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
70. Dr. J. D. Hooker on the ‘Distribution of Ferns,’ in Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
71. ‘Index Filicum,’ by Thomas Moore, F.L.S.
72. Moore, in ‘Treasury of Botany.’
73. Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
74. Charles Johnson, Esq.
75. Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
76. Berkeley’s ‘Cryptogamic Botany.’
77. Inflorescence and fructification are fully explained, and applied to a vast number of plants, in ‘Structural and Physiological Botany,’ by Arthur Henfrey, Esq.,—a work of great research and merit.
78. Messrs. Hooker, Darwin, and Brongniart.
79. Professor Matteucci.
80. Dr. Carpenter, ‘Microscope.’
81. Annals of Natural History for 1863.
82. Annals and Magazines of Natural History for 1863.
This book uses inconsistent spelling and hyphenation, which were retained in the ebook version. Some corrections have been made to the text, including correcting the errata and normalizing punctuation. Further corrections are noted below: