BOOK I
CHAPTER I
	PAGE
The true Starting-Point for a History of the Army	1
The Primitive Army of the English	5
Its Distinctive Peculiarity	6
Battle of Hastings	6
The English at Durazzo	7
The Introduction and Insufficiency of Knight-Service	8
Persistence of the old English Tactics; Battle of Tenchbrai	9
Battles of Brenville, Beaumont and the Standard	10
Blending of Offensive and Defensive Arms of Infantry	11
Rise of the Cavalry; the Tournament	11
Henry II.'s Military Policy	11
The Assize of Arms	12
Richard I. and the Crusades	13
Introduction of the Cross and of the Military Band	14
Decay of the Feudal Force and its Causes	14
The Great Charter and its Results	15
Reforms of Edward I.; Commissions of Array; Statute of Winchester	16
Battle of Falkirk	17
Battle of Bannockburn	18
Revival of old English Tactics at Halidon Hill	19
CHAPTER II
The System of Hiring Troops by Indent	22
Chivalry; the Men-at-Arms	23
Horses	25
Retinue of the Knight	26
Administrative Organisation and Tactical Formation of Men-at-Arms	26
Pauncenars and Hobelars	27
Welsh Spearmen; English Archers	28
General Organisation of the Army; Pay; Corrupt Practices	30
CHAPTER III
Invasion of France by Edward III.	33
Edward's Retreat to Creçy	33
Battle of Creçy	35
Renewal of the War	37
The Black Prince's Advance to the Loire and Retreat to Poitiers	38
Battle of Poitiers	39
Peace of Brétigny	41
The Free Companies; Battle of Cocherel	42
Battle of Auray	43
The White Company	44
The Black Prince's Invasion of Spain; Sir Thomas Felton	45
Battle of Navarete	46
Revolt of Gascony and Aquitaine	47
Death of the Black Prince	48
CHAPTER IV
The Spread of English Tactics; Battle of Sempach	50
The Free Companies; Rise of the Purchase System	51
Sir John Hawkwood	51
Battle of Aljubarotta	53
Improvement of Firearms	53
Henry V.'s Invasion of France	54
Siege of Harfleur; the March for Calais	55
Battle of Agincourt	58
Scots enter the French Service; Battle of Beaugé	62
Death of Henry V.	63
CHAPTER V
Continuation of the War under the Duke of Bedford	64
Battle of Crevant	64
Battle of Verneuil	65
Siege of Orleans; Battle of the Herrings	67
Joan of Arc	68
Decline of the English Efficiency; Defeat of Patay	69
Artillery used against the Archers	69
Foundation of the French Standing Army	70
Continued Decline of the English	70
Their Final Defeat at Chatillon	71
Discontent and Disorder in England	72
Wars of the Roses; Edward IV.	74
Battle of Towton	74
Battle of Barnet	76
Introduction of Firearms; Decay of Old English Tactics	77
Martin Schwartz at the Battle of Stoke	77
Close of the First Period of English Military History	78
BOOK II
CHAPTER I
Renascence of the Art of War in Europe; John Zizka	81
Rise of Swiss Military Power	82
Swiss Tactics	83
Decline of the Swiss; Marignano, Bicocca, Pavia	85
Rise of the Landsknechts	85
Their Organisation	86
Their System of Discipline	90
Their Tactics	91
French Invasion of Italy in 1496	93
The Artillery of the French Army	93
French Military Terms	93
Corruption in the French Army	95
Rise of the Spanish Military Power	96
Gonsalvo of Cordova	97
Pescayra's Firing System	97
Spanish Arquebusiers	98
Spanish Discipline	99
Spanish System of Training	100
Their Improvements in Firearms	101
Rise of Dragoons	102
Change in Tactics of Cavalry	102
Old Surgery and Gunshot Wounds	103
Missile Tactics of the Reiters	104
The Military Renascence founded on Classical Models	106
CHAPTER II
Accession of the Tudors	108
Results of the Loss of France; Calais	108
Dislocation of the old Military Organisation	109
Coat- and Conduct-Money; Yeomen of the Guard	110
The Tudor Colours	111
The Office of Ordnance	111
Military Efforts of Henry VIII.	112
War with France; Defects of the Army	112
Slow Improvement in Organisation	113
Foreign Mercenaries	114
The Northern Horsemen	114
Battle of Flodden	115
Continued Discouragement of Firearms	117
Scheme for Rearmament of Infantry Abandoned	119
The Artillery Company	119
The Great Review of 1539	119
The Breed of English Horses	121
Henry as an Artillerist	122
The Three Divisions of the English Forces	123
The Lords-Lieutenant	124
New Statute of Defence under Philip and Mary	125
Loss of Calais	126
CHAPTER III
Disorder in the Military System on Elizabeth's Accession	127
Great Efforts to Restore Efficiency	128
Report of the Magistrates on Existing Means of National Defence	128
The New School of Soldier	129
Opportunity lost for Erecting a Standing Army	130
English and Scots Volunteers aid French Protestants	131
War with France; Unreadiness of England	131
A Corps of Arquebusiers formed	132
Insurrection in the North; Bad Equipment of English Troops	133
Gradual Displacement of Bows and Bills by Pikes and Firearms	133
First English Volunteers sail for the Low Countries	135
London leads the Way in Military Reform	135
Gradual Introduction of Foreign Methods and Terms	135
Outburst of Military Literature at the close of Elizabeth's Reign	136
CHAPTER IV
Revolt of the Netherlands; Morgan's English Volunteers	141
The English School of War in the Netherlands; Sir Humphrey Gilbert	142
Thomas Morgan	142
John Norris; Battle of Rymenant	143
Elizabeth's Double-dealing with the Dutch Insurgents	144
Despatch of Leicester to the Low Countries	146
Battle of Zutphen	147
Edward Stanley	150
The Camp at Tilbury	151
Maurice of Nassau	152
Reorganisation of the Dutch Army	152
The Infantry	153
The Cavalry	155
Francis Vere	155
Corruption in the Army	156
The British taken into Dutch Pay	157
CHAPTER V
The Campaign of 1600	159
Battle of Nieuport	160
The Defence of Ostend	165
Death of Francis Vere	167
The Twelve Years' Truce	168
Renewal of the War	168
The British Officers in the Dutch Service	169
Some peculiar Types	170
Improvement of the British Soldier	171
CHAPTER VI
The British School of War in Germany	173
Early Entry of Scots into the Swedish Service	173
Mackay's Highlanders	175
Their early Exploits in the Service of Denmark	175
Their Defence of Stralsund	178
Their Entry into the Service of Gustavus Adolphus	179
Reforms of King Gustavus; the Infantry	179
The Cavalry	182
The Artillery	184
His Matching of Mobility against Weight	185
Battle of Leipsic	186
The Action with Wallenstein before Nürnberg	189
The Scots Regiments enter the French Service	190
CHAPTER VII
King James I.; Repeal of the Statute of Philip and Mary	191
King Charles I.; Buckingham's Military Mismanagement	191
Lord Wimbledon's efforts to Restore Military Efficiency	193
Military Writers; Hopeless Condition of the English Militia	194
Collapse of the Military System at the Scotch Rebellion of 1639	194
The Collapse repeated in 1640	195
Resistance to enforcement of the Military Requirements of the King	196
Rout of the English at Newburn	198
The Scots Army subsidised by the Parliament	198
Widening of the Breach between King and Parliament	198
The Futile Struggle of both Parties for the Militia	198
Outbreak of the Civil War	199
The Rival Armies; Prince Rupert	199
Oliver Cromwell; Rupert's Shock Action at Edgehill	200
Cromwell sees the Remedy for ensuring Victory over the Royalists	200
Helplessness of the Parliament in the Early Stages of the War	201
Superiority of the Royalist Cavalry	201
The King's Success in the Campaign of 1643	202
It is checked by Cromwell	203
Fairfax and Cromwell at Winceby Fight	204
Parliament votes a Regular Army	204
The Scots cross the Tweed; the Committee of both Kingdoms	205
Marston Moor	205
Sir William Waller urges the Formation of a Permanent Army	207
Collapse of the Existing System of the Parliamentary Army	208
The New Model Army voted	208
BOOK III
CHAPTER I
Fairfax appointed to Command the New Model	211
Philip Skippon his Chief Officer	212
The Making of the Army; Red Coats	213
The Organisation of the Army; Infantry and Cavalry	214
Shock Action	215
The Dragoons; the Artillery	217
The Engineers	219
Organisation of the War Department	219
List of the Army	220
The Ruling Committee's Plan of Campaign	222
It is upset by Montrose's Victory at Auldearn	223
Cromwell appointed Lieutenant-General	223
Battle of Naseby	224
The New Model's victorious Campaign in the West	227
Charles's Last Hope destroyed at Philiphaugh	228
CHAPTER II
The English and Scots	229
The Parliament and the Army	230
Fatuous Behaviour of Parliament	231
The Army advances on London	232
The House purged	233
Charles throws himself into the arms of the Scots	234
Cromwell's Dash into Yorkshire; Preston	234
The Army appeals for Justice upon Charles	235
Cromwell accepts the Command in Ireland	236
The Mutiny at Burford	237
The Irish Campaign	237
Threatened Invasion of Scots; Fairfax resigns	239
Cromwell succeeds Him; George Monk	239
The Coldstream Guards	240
The Campaign in Scotland	240
Cromwell Outmanœuvred; Retreat to Dunbar	241
Leslie's False Movement	242
Battle of Dunbar	243
Reduction of the Lowlands	245
The Scots unite again under Charles Stuart	245
Cromwell's Plan of Campaign	246
Battle of Worcester	247
CHAPTER III
Gradual increase of the Army during the Civil Wars	248
Measures for reducing it	248
The Dutch War; George Monk	249
The Expulsion of the Rump by Cromwell	250
The United Kingdom under Military Government	251
George Monk in Scotland	251
His Highland Campaign	252
Henry Cromwell in Ireland	254
Oliver Cromwell in England	256
Military Districts and Mounted Constabulary	257
CHAPTER IV
The West Indian Expedition	258
The Plan of Campaign	259
Faults in the Composition and Direction of the Force	260
Refusal of Barbados to assist	261
Failure of the Attack on St. Domingo	262
Capture of Jamaica; the bulk of the Expedition returns to England	263
Frightful Mortality among the Troops in Jamaica	263
War with Spain; Six Thousand men sent to Turenne in Flanders	266
Excellence of their Discipline	267
Their Mad Exploit at St. Venant	268
Sufferings of the Troops in Winter Quarters	268
Sir William Lockhart appointed to Command	269
The British Regiments in the two contending Armies	270
Battle of Dunkirk Dunes	271
The King's English Guards	273
Further Exploits of the Six Thousand	273
Death of Oliver Cromwell	274
Richard Cromwell resigns; the Officers restore the Rump	274
Monk concentrates at Edinburgh and moves South	275
The Camp at Coldstream	276
Monk's March to London	276
The Rump dissolves itself under Monk's pressure	277
The Restoration	277
CHAPTER V
The Revival of the Military Spirit in England	279
The new type of Soldier introduced by Cromwell	280
Discipline of the Army	281
Incipient Organisation of a War Department	283
Stoppages of Pay; Barracks	284
Abolition of Purchase	284
Suppression and Revival of Fraudulent Practices	285
BOOK IV
CHAPTER I
The Disbandment of the New Model	289
The First Guards and Blues raised	290
The Coldstream Guards reserved from the New Model	290
The Life Guards	291
The First Foot brought to England	292
Second Foot and Royal Dragoons raised	292
Reorganisation of the Militia	292
Growth of the Empire	293
War with the Dutch	293
The English Regiment in Holland returns, to become the Buffs	294
France and England declare War against Holland	295
James, Duke of Monmouth; John Churchill; William of Orange	296
Tangier	297
The Fourth Foot formed	298
Accession of James II.; his Powers of Administration	298
Monmouth's Rebellion	299
Fifth to Eighteenth Foot, First to Sixth Dragoon Guards, and Third and Fourth Hussars established	300
The Camp at Hounslow	300
The Twelfth Foot refuses to accept the Declaration of Indulgence	303
Tyrconnel and the Army in Ireland	303
Invasion of William; Sixteenth and Seventeenth Foot raised	305
Desertion of Officers and Flight of James	306
CHAPTER II
Administration of the Army; the Commander-in-Chief	308
The Office of Ordnance	309
Finance	310
The Secretary-at-War	311
The Staff at Headquarters	312
No Means of Enforcing Discipline	313
Pay of the Army; General Corruption	314
Regimental Organisation and Equipment; the Cavalry	321
Dragoons; the Scots Greys	323
The Infantry	324
The Artillery	328
Chelsea Hospital and Kilmainham	328
BOOK V
CHAPTER I
Accession of William; Discontent in the Army	333
Mutiny of the First Foot	334
The First Mutiny Act passed	335
Increase of the Army	336
Seventh Dragoon Guards and Nineteenth to Twenty-fourth Foot raised	337
Rottenness in the Military System	337
Marlborough's First Fight with a Marshal of France	338
The Rebellion in Scotland; Twenty-fifth Foot raised	338
Killiecrankie	339
Twenty-sixth Foot formed	340
Dunkeld	341
Socket Bayonet introduced by Mackay	341
Londonderry and Enniskillen	342
The Fifth Lancers, Inniskilling Dragoons and Twenty-seventh Foot formed	342
Schomberg sails for Ireland	343
The Campaign breaks down	344
Disgraceful State of the Army	345
Preparations for a New Irish Campaign	348
CHAPTER II
The Theatre of War in the Low Countries	351
The French passion for a Siege	354
The old-fashioned Campaign as then understood	355
The Allies and French compared	356
Campaign of 1691	357
Campaign of 1692	358
Namur captured by the French	359-360
Battle of Steenkirk	360
End of the Campaign	367
CHAPTER III
Additions to the Army; Eighth Hussars raised	368
The Campaign of 1693	369
Battle of Landen	370
Increase of the Army for next Campaign; the Seventh Hussars	376
Tolmach's failure at Brest	377
Campaign of 1695	377
Siege of Namur	378
Peace of Ryswick	379
CHAPTER IV
Financial Exhaustion of England	381
Kidnapping of Recruits	382
The Troops unpaid	383
The cry of No Standing Army	384
Harley's Motion for Reduction of the Army carried	384
Abuse heaped on the Army in consequence	385
Distress of the Army through withholding of its Arrears	385
William tries to keep a larger Army	386
The English Establishment reduced to Seven Thousand Men	386
Distribution of the Army so reduced	388
Renewed outcry of Soldiers for their Arrears	389
Helplessness of the Commons	390
The outcry increased owing to the Resumption of Crown Grants	391
Renewal of the War; King William	392
BOOK VI
CHAPTER I
The Spanish Succession	397
Increase of the Army; Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Foot	398
Marlborough sails for the Low Countries	399
Twenty-eighth to Thirty-second Foot, Thirty-seventh and Thirty-ninth Foot raised	400
Opening of the Campaign of 1702	401
Marlborough takes the Field	402
His Campaign ruined by the Dutch Deputies	403
The Centre of Operations tends towards the Danube	406
The Descent on Cadiz	407
Marlborough's Escape from Capture in Flanders	407
He is raised to a Dukedom	408
Scandals in the Paymaster's Office	408
The Office reconstituted	410
CHAPTER II
Increase of the Army	411
The French Plan of Campaign	412
Marlborough's Plan	413
A Second Campaign ruined by the Dutch	414
French Successes on the Rhine and Danube	415
Eugene of Savoy	416
Marlborough's Plan for a March to the Danube	416
Disposition of the French	418
The March to the Danube	419
Action of the Schellenberg	423
Pursuit of the defeated Bavarians to Friedberg	427
CHAPTER III
Tallard marches for the Danube	429
Eugene follows parallel with him	429
Junction of Marlborough and Eugene	431
Battle of Blenheim	432
The close of the Campaign	444
Effect of the Victory in England	445
CHAPTER IV
A British Army sent to the Peninsula	447
Siege of Gibraltar	448
The Fortress relieved by Admiral Leake	450
Increase of the Army; the Thirty-eighth Foot	450
Marlborough's design to carry the War into Lorraine	451
It is foiled by the supineness of the Allies	451
He returns to Flanders	451
The Lines of the Geete	451
The Campaign again ruined by the Dutch	456
Peterborough in Catalonia	459
Capture of Barcelona	460
Catalonia and Valencia gained	463
CHAPTER V
Increase of the Army	464
Marlborough's Plan for a Campaign in Italy	465
He reluctantly abandons it for Flanders	465
The French move from the Dyle to meet him	466
Battle of Ramillies	466
The pursuit after the Action	472
Fruits of the Victory	473
Ostend and Menin taken	474
Close of the Campaign	475
CHAPTER VI
The War in the Peninsula	476
Peterborough in San Mateo	477
His Capture of Nules	479
His Relief of Valencia	481
Galway's Advance from Portugal to Madrid	482
He is cut off from his base and marches for Valencia	483
Peninsula Campaign of 1707	484
Galway defeated at Almanza	485
Peterborough leaves the Peninsula	488
CHAPTER VII
Marlborough's Campaign of 1707	490
His only chance ruined by Dutch Deputies	491
His Difficulties in England	492
His Campaign of 1708	493
Ghent and Bruges betrayed to the French	494
His march to Oudenarde	495
Battle of Oudenarde	496
The Siege of Lille	503
Marlborough shifts his base to Ostend	507
Action of Wynendale	507
The Elector of Bavaria invests Brussels	509
Marlborough's march to relieve it	509
Fall of Lille; recovery of Ghent and Bruges	510
Capture of Minorca	511
CHAPTER VIII
Unsuccessful Negotiations for Peace	512
Campaign of 1709; Villars in command of the French	513
Siege of Tournay	513
The march upon Mons	515
Indecisive Action of the Allies	517
Battle of Malplaquet	517
Fall of Mons	526
CHAPTER IX
The Peninsular Campaign of 1709; Siege of Alicante	528
Death of General Richards	529
Campaign in Portugal; Action of the Caya	529
Catalonian Campaign of 1710	530
Combat of Almenara	531
Action at Saragossa	531
Reinforcement of the French; Evacuation of Madrid	532
The Defence of Brihuega	532
British forced to Capitulate	534
Action of Villa Viciosa	534
Virtual close of the War in the Peninsula	535
Political Changes in England	536
Marlborough's Campaign of 1710	537
Fall of the Government in England	538
Insults offered to Marlborough	538
CHAPTER X
The ne plus ultra of Villars	540
Death of the Emperor Joseph	541
Opening of the Campaign of 1711	541
Eugene's Army withdrawn	541
Marlborough's Stratagem for passing the French Lines	542
Despair in his Army	544
The French Lines passed	545
Perversity of the Dutch Deputies	547
Capture of Bouchain	548
Marlborough dismissed from all Public Employment	549
The Command for 1712 given to the Duke of Ormonde	549
Rage of the British Troops at their withdrawal from the Allied Army	550
Mutiny	551
Peace of Utrecht; Virtual Banishment of Marlborough	552
Honour paid to him in the Low Countries	553
CHAPTER XI
Growth of the British Army during the War	554
Apparent defects in its Organisation	556
Opposition of Marlborough to the System of Drafting	557
The chief Causes of Waste in Men	558
Unpopularity of Colonial Service	560
Neglect of Soldiers' Welfare in England	562
The sources of Recruiting	563
The Recruiting Acts	564
Introduction of Short Service	566
Abuses under the Recruiting Acts	567
Desertion	569
Reforms for the Soldiers' Benefit	570
The Board of General Officers	571
Good Discipline of Marlborough's Army	572
Officers	572
Colonel Chartres	573
Hardships of Officers; Recruits	574
Remounts	575
Dishonesty of Agents	576
Contributions to Pensions	577
Infant Officers	577
Order for Abolition of Purchase	578
Marlborough's Intervention	578
General Administration; Effects of the Union with Scotland	580
Marines made Subject to the Admiralty	581
Enhanced Powers and Change of Status of the Secretary-at-War	581
The Office of Ordnance	582
Armament; Disappearance of the Pike	584
The British Musket; Marlborough's Fire-discipline	585
Drill and Discipline of the Infantry	585
The Cavalry; Shock Action; Defensive Armour	586
The Artillery	587
The Duke of Marlborough	587