1 It is reprinted in Force’s Tracts, vol. ii.; and in Maxwell’s Virginia Historical Register, ii. 61-78. The original, of which there is one in the library of Harvard University, was priced by Rich, in 1832, at £1 10 s., and by Quaritch, in 1879, at £20. See Winsor, Narr. and Crit. Hist. iii. 157.

2 The following list of Virginia counties bearing royal names, founded between 1689 and 1765, is interesting:—

3 Jewett’s History of Worcester County, Massachusetts, ii. 30. Charlestown was named from the river at the mouth of which it stands.

4 W. H. Whitmore, The Cavalier Dismounted, Salem, 1864.

5 William and Mary College Quarterly, i. 53. In the same connection we are told that Beverley Tucker apologized for putting on record a brief account of his family, saying “at this day it is deemed arrogant to remember one’s ancestors. But the fashion may change,” etc.

6 See Cooke’s Virginia, p. 161.

7 Doyle’s Virginia, etc. p. 283.

8 Written in 1771 by his great-grandson William Lee, alderman of London, and quoted in Edmund Lee’s Lee of Virginia, Philadelphia, 1895, p. 49.

9 “The petition of John Jeffreys, of London,” in Sainsbury’s Calendar of State Papers, 1574-1660, p. 430; Lee of Virginia, p. 61.

10 Compare L. G. Tyler’s remarks in William and Mary College Quarterly, i. 155.

11 See the testimony of John Gibbon, in Lee of Virginia, p. 60.

12 Beverley, History and Present State of Virginia, London, 1705, p. 56; Robertson, History of America, iv. 230.

13 Hening’s Statutes, i. 526.

14 The document is given in William and Mary College Quarterly, i. 158, where the bill of items quoted in the next paragraph may also be found. Mr. Philip Malory was an officiating clergyman.

15 Meade’s Old Churches, ii. 137.

16 The claim to the French crown set up by Edward III. in 1328 led to the so-called Hundred Years’ War, in the course of which Henry VI. was crowned King of France in the church of Notre Dame at Paris in 1431. His sway there was practically ended in 1436, but the English sovereigns continued absurdly to call themselves Kings of France until 1801.

17 See above, vol. i. p. 250.

18 See the able paper by Dr. L. G. Tyler on “The Seal of Virginia,” William and Mary College Quarterly, iii. 81-96.

19 For my data regarding land grants I am much indebted to the very learned and scholarly work of Mr. Philip Bruce, Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, i. 487-571.

20 Letters and Times of the Tylers, i. 41.

21 He is mentioned by Pepys in his Diary, Oct. 12, 1660: “Office day all the morning, and from thence with Sir W. Batten and the rest of the officers to a venison party of his at the Dolphin, where dined withal Colonel Washington, Sir Edward Brett, and Major Norwood, very noble company.”

22 Waters, An Examination of the English Ancestry of George Washington, Boston, 1889.

23 Sir William Jones’s Works, ed. Lord Teignmouth, London, 1807, x. 389.

24 The change was somewhat gradual, e. g. in Massachusetts at first the eldest son received a double portion. See The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts, reprinted from the edition of 1660, ed. W. H. Whitmore, Boston, 1889, pp. 51, 201.

25 See Howard, Local Constitutional History of the United States, i. 122.

26 A few of the oldest Virginia counties, organized as such in 1634, had arisen from the spreading and thinning of single settlements originally intended to be cities and named accordingly. Hence the curious names (at first sight unintelligible) of “James City County” and “Charles City County.”

27 Edward Channing, “Town and County Government in the English Colonies of North America,” Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies, vol. ii.

28 For an excellent account of local government in Virginia before the Revolution, see Howard, Local Const. Hist. of the U. S. i. 388-407; also Edward Ingle in Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies, iii. 103-229. With regard to the county lieutenant’s honorary title, Mr. Ingle suggests that it may help to explain the super-abundance of military titles in the South, and he quotes from a writer in the London Magazine in 1745: “Wherever you travel in Maryland (as also in Virginia and Carolina) your ears are astonished at the number of colonels, majors, and captains that you hear mentioned.”

29 Jefferson’s Works, vii. 13.

30 Id. vi. 544.

31 Ingle, in J. H. U. Studies, iii. 90.

32 “The humble Remonstrance of John Bland, of London, Merchant, on the behalf of the Inhabitants and Planters in Virginia and Mariland,” reprinted in Virginia Historical Magazine, i. 142-155.

33 Bruce, Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, i. 394.

34 Papers from the Records of Surry County, William and Mary College Quarterly, iii. 123-125.

35 Pepys, Diary, Nov. 29, Dec. 3, 1664.

36 Diary, Jan. 19 and 28, 1661.

37 Neill, Virginia Carolorum, p. 341.

38 In describing this affair I have relied chiefly upon the affidavits from the records of Westmoreland County, reprinted by Dr. L. G. Tyler, in his admirable William and Mary College Quarterly, ii. 39-43. The affidavits were taken by Nicholas Spencer and Richard Lee, son of the Richard Lee mentioned in the preceding chapter. In Browne’s Maryland, p. 131, an attempt is made to throw the blame for killing the envoys upon the Virginians, but the affidavits seem to me trustworthy and conclusive. It is not likely that there was or is any discernible difference between human nature in Virginia and in Maryland, and public opinion in both colonies condemned Truman’s conduct.

39 “Cittenborne Parish Grievances, reprinted from Winder Papers, Virginia State Library,” in Virginia Magazine, iii. 35.

40 “Charles City County Grievances,” Virginia Magazine, iii. 137.

41 The following abridged table shows the relationship (see Virginia Magazine, ii. 125):—

Robert Bacon, of Drinkstone, Suffolk. | +------------+--------------------+ | | | Thomas Sir Nicholas James Bacon, Bacon. Bacon, Lord alderman of Keeper of the London, d. 1573. Great Seal, | b. 1510, d. 1579. | | | Francis Bacon, Sir James Bacon, Viscount St. Albans of Friston Hall, and Lord Chancellor, d. 1618. b. 1561, d. 1626. | +-------+----------+ | | Nathaniel Bacon, Rev. James Bacon, b. 1593, d. 1644. Rector of Burgate, | d. 1670. | | Thomas Bacon, | m. Elizabeth Brooke. Nathaniel Bacon, | of King’s Creek, Nathaniel Bacon, b. 1620, d. 1692; the Rebel, came to Virginia b. 1648, d. 1676. cir. 1650, and settled at King’s Creek, York County.

42 Drummond Lake, in the Dismal Swamp, was named for him.

43 For the picturesque details of this narrative I have followed the well-known document found by Rufus King when minister to Great Britain in 1803, and published by President Jefferson in the Richmond Enquirer in 1804; since reprinted in Force’s Tracts, vol. i., Washington, 1836, and in Maxwell’s Virginia Historical Register, vol. iii., Richmond, 1850. The original manuscript was written in 1705, and addressed to Robert Harley, Queen Anne’s secretary of state, afterward Earl of Oxford. The writer signs himself “T. M.,” and speaks of himself as dwelling in Northumberland County and possessing a plantation also in Stafford County, which he represented in the House of Burgesses. From these indications it is pretty certain that he was Thomas Mathews, son of Governor Samuel Mathews heretofore mentioned. His account of the scenes of which he was an eye-witness is quite vivid.

44 Bruce, Economic History, ii. 455.

45 T. M. goes on to remark that “the two chief commanders ... who slew the four Indian great men” were present among the burgesses. This may seem to implicate Colonel Washington and Major Allerton in the killing of the envoys; but T. M.’s recollection, thirty years after the event, is of not much weight when contradicted by the sworn affidavits above cited. The facts that, while Truman was impeached in Maryland, no such action seems to have been undertaken in Virginia against Washington and Allerton, and that, after the governor’s strong words regarding the slaying, the friendly relations between him and these gentlemen continued, would indicate that their skirts were clean.

46 Beverley (History and Present State of Virginia, London, 1705, bk. iv. p. 3) tells us that before 1680 the council and burgesses sat together, like the Scotch parliament, and that the separation occurred under Lord Culpeper’s administration; and his statement is generally repeated by historians without qualification. Yet here in 1676 we find the two houses sitting separately, and the discussion cited shows that it had often been so before; otherwise the sending of two councillors to sit with the burgesses could not have been customary. Beverley’s date of 1680 was evidently intended as the final date of separation; not as the date before which the two houses never sat separately, but as the date after which they never sat together.

47 The acts of this assembly, known as “Bacon’s Laws,” are given in Hening’s Statutes, ii. 341-365.

48 “It is still their boast that they are the descendants of Powhatan’s warriors. A good evidence of their present laudable ambition is an application recently made by them for a share in the privileges of the Hampton schools. These bands of Indians are known by two names: the larger band is called the Pamunkeys (120 souls); the smaller goes by the name of the Mattaponies (50). They are both governed by chiefs and councillors, together with a board of white trustees chosen by themselves.” Hendren, “Government and Religion of the Virginia Indians,” Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies, xiii. 591.

49 In 1656 a tribe called Ricahecrians, about 700 in number, from beyond the Blue Ridge, had advanced eastward as far as the falls of the James River, where they encountered and defeated Hill and Totapotamoy. After this the Ricahecrians may have retraced their steps westward; we hear no more of them on the Atlantic seaboard.

50 The original MS. of the manifesto is in the British State Paper Office. It is printed in full in the Virginia Magazine, i. 55-61.

51 The original is in the Colonial Entry Book, lxxi. 232-240. It is printed in G. B. Goode’s Virginia Cousins; a Study of the Ancestry and Posterity of John Goode, of Whitby, Richmond, 1887, pp. 30^A-30^D. A brief summary is given in Doyle’s Virginia, p. 251.

52 Bacon’s neighbour and adherent, William Byrd, purchaser of the Westover estate, and father of William Byrd the historian.

53 Bacon’s allusion is to the troubles in North Carolina which broke out during the governorship of George Carteret and were chiefly due to the Navigation Act. See below, p. 280; and as to Maryland, see p. 156.

54 One of these ladies is said to have been the wife of the elder Nathaniel Bacon!

55 “A True Narrative of the Rise, Progresse, and Cessation of the Late Rebellion in Virginia, most humbly and impartially reported by his Majestyes Commissioners appointed to enquire into the Affairs of the said Colony,” [Winder Papers, Virginia State Library], reprinted in Virginia Magazine, iv. 117-154.

56 “Persons who suffered by Bacon’s Rebellion; Commissioners Report,” [Winder Papers], reprinted in Virginia Magazine, v. 64-70. See, also, the extracts from the Westmoreland County records, in William and Mary College Quarterly, ii. 43.

57 See F. P. Brent, “Some unpublished facts relating to Bacon’s Rebellion on the Eastern Shore of Virginia,” and Mrs. Tyler, “Thomas Hansford, the First Native Martyr to American Liberty,” in Virginia Historical Society’s Collections, vol. xi.

58 Some interesting information about the Cheesmans may be found in William and Mary College Quarterly, vol. i.

59 Neill’s Virginia Carolorum, p. 379.

60 See above, p. 35.

61 Hening’s Statutes, i. 290.

62 Hening’s Statutes, ii. 45. In the same statute it was further enacted “that none shall be admitted to be of the vestry that doth not take the oath of allegiance and supremacy to his Majesty and subscribe to be conformable to the doctrine and discipline of the Church of England.” This effectually excluded Dissenters from taking a part in local government.

63 See Channing, “Town and County Government in the English Colonies of North America,” J. H. U. Studies, ii. 484; Howard, Local Constitutional History of the United States, i. 388-404.

64 “We have not had liberty to choose vestrymen wee humbly desire that the wholle parish may have a free election.” “Surry County Grievances,” Virginia Magazine, ii. 172.

65 See e. g. Hening’s Statutes, ii. 402, 411, 412, 419, 421, 443, 445, 478, 486.

66 Hening’s Statutes, ii. 396.

67 Laws in Force in 1769, p. 2.

68 Hening’s Statutes, ii. 425.

69 Sherwood to Sir Joseph Williamson, June 28, 1676, Virginia Magazine, i. 171. Sherwood was a gentleman, probably educated as a lawyer, who had been convicted of robbery in England and pardoned through the intercession of Sir Joseph Williamson, secretary of state. (As to gentlemen robbers, compare the reference to Sir John Popham, above, vol. i. p. 81 of the present work.) Sherwood became attorney-general of Virginia in 1677, and was for thirty years an esteemed member of society.

70 Ludwell to Sir Joseph Williamson, June 28, 1676, Virginia Magazine, i. 179.

71 In other words, they entertained communistic ideas. I have italicised the statement, to mark its importance.

72 The same letter, Virginia Magazine, i. 183.

73 T. M.’s Narrative, Virginia Historical Register, iii. 126. It will be remembered that Masaniello’s insurrection occurred in 1647, and was thus fresh in men’s memories. Masaniello was twenty-four years of age, and was murdered in his hour of apparent triumph.

74 “A True Narrative, etc.” Virginia Magazine, iv. 125.

75 Virginia Magazine, i. 433.

76 See Miss Rowland’s admirable Life of George Mason, 1725-1792, New York, 1892, i. 17.

77 From the list of Surry grievances we may cite “6. That the 2 s per hhd Imposed by ye 128^th act for the payment of his majestyes officers & other publique debts thereby to ease his majestyes poore subjects of their great taxes: wee humblely desire that an account may be given thereof.... 10. That it has been the custome of County Courts att the laying of the levy to withdraw into a private Roome by w^ch meanes the poore people not knowing for what they paid their levy did allways admire how their taxes could be so high. Wee most humbly pray that for the future the County levy may be laid publickly in the Court house.” From the Isle of Wight grievances, “21. Wee doe also desire to know for what purpose or use the late publique leavies of 50 pounds of tobacco and cask per poll and the 12 pound per polle is for and what benefit wee are to have for it.” Virginia Magazine, ii. 171, 172, 389.

78 Isle of Wright grievances, “16. Also wee desire that evrie man may be taxed according to the tracks [tracts] of Land they hold.” Virginia Magazine, ii. 388.

79 “One proclamation commanded all men in the land on pain of death to joine him, and retire into the wildernesse upon arrival of the forces expected from England, and oppose them untill they should propose or accept to treat of an accomodation, which we who lived comfortably could not have undergone, so as the whole land must have become an Aceldama if god’s exceeding mercy had not timely removed him.” So says T. M., whose narrative is by no means unfriendly to Bacon.

80 Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, i. 402.

81 Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, i. 405; Hening’s Statutes, ii. 562.

82 Doyle’s Virginia, p. 261.

83 Hening’s Statutes, iii. 10.

84 Doyle’s Virginia, pp. 259-265; Stanard, “Robert Beverley and his Descendants,” Virginia Magazine, ii. 405-413; Hening’s Statutes, iii. 41, 451-571.

85 William and Mary College Quarterly, i. 66.

86 From time to time there had been futile attempts to take up the matter afresh; see, for example, Hening’s Statutes, ii. 30.

87 Dr. Blair held the presidency for fifty years, until his death in 1743.

88 William and Mary College Quarterly, i. 65.

89 I leave this as it was first written a few years ago, and take pleasure in adding to it the following quotation from Mr. Bruce: “That the entire site of the town will not finally sink beneath the waves of the river will be due to the measures of protection which the National Government have adopted at the earnest solicitation of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. This organization is performing a noble and sacred work in rescuing so many of the ancient landmarks of the state from ruin, a work into which it has thrown a zeal, energy, and intelligence entitling it to the honour and gratitude of all who are interested in the history, not merely of Virginia, but of America itself.” Economic History of Virginia, ii. 562.

90 Hening’s Statutes, iii. 122.

91 William and Mary College Quarterly, i. 66.

92 William and Mary College Quarterly, ii. 65.

93 Id. i. 187.

94 Cooke’s Virginia, p. 306.

95 William and Mary College Quarterly, iii. 263.

96 William and Mary College Quarterly, ii. 55, 56.

97 See my American Revolution, i. 18, 19.

98 This charming story is only one of many good things for which I am indebted to President L. G. Tyler; see William and Mary College Quarterly, i. 11.

99 Partonopeus de Blois, 1250, ed. Crapelet, tom. i. p. 45. “She acts like a woman, and so does well, for under the heavens there is nothing so daring as the woman who loves, when God wills to turn her that way: God bless the ladies all!”

100 William and Mary College Annual Catalogue, 1894-95.

101 See Sparks, “Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 1689,” Johns Hopkins University Studies, vol. xiv. p. 501, a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the subject.

102 See above, p. 20.

103 For this description of Herman I am much indebted to E. H. Vallandigham’s paper on “The Lord of Bohemia Manor,” reprinted in Lee Phillips, Virginia Cartography, Washington, 1896, pp. 37-41.

104 To enable him to hold real estate in Maryland, Herman received letters of naturalization, the first ever issued in that province, and he is supposed by some writers to have been the first foreign citizen thus naturalized in America.

105 See Browne’s Maryland, p. 137.

106 Johnson, “Old Maryland Manors,” Johns Hopkins University Studies, vol. i.

107 Johnson, op. cit. p. 21.

108 F. E. Sparks, op. cit. p. 65.

109 Archives of Maryland: Assembly, ii. 64.

110 Archives of Maryland: Council, ii. 18.

111 MSS. Archives of Maryland, Liber R. R. and R. R. R. and Council Books 1677-1683, of the Council Proceedings: Maryland Historical Society.

112 See Greene’s History of Rhode Island, ii. 490-494.

113 The petition and answer are given in Scharf’s History of Maryland, i. 345-348.

114 Probably in honour of Princess Anne, the heiress presumptive, afterward Queen Anne.

115 Every bearskin paid 9d., elk 12d., deer or beaver 4d., raccoons 3 farthings, muskrats 4d. per dozen, etc. Scharf, i. 352.

116 Meade’s Old Churches, ii. 352. Bishop Meade adds: “My own recollection of statements made by faithful witnesses ... accords with the above.”

117 Alexander Graydon tells us that in his early days any jockeying, fiddling, wine-bibbing clergyman, not over-scrupulous as to stealing his sermons, was currently known as a “Maryland parson.” Graydon’s Memoirs, Edinburgh, 1822, p. 102. This was in Pennsylvania, and any sneering remark or phrase current in any of our states with reference to its next neighbours is entitled to be taken cum grano salis. But there was doubtless justification for what Graydon says.

118 Scharf, i. 368.

119 Scharf, i. 370, 383.

120 The following estimate of the population of the twelve colonies in 1715 (from Chalmer’s American Colonies, ii. 7) may be of interest:—

121 Scharf, i. 390.

122 Knapp and Baldwin, Newgate Calendar, ii. 385-397; Pelham, Chronicles of Crime, i. 213-220.

123 Doyle’s Virginia, p. 192.

124 For runaways additional terms of from two to seven years were sometimes prescribed. The birth of a bastard was punished by an additional term of from one and a half to two and a half years for the mother and a year for the father. See Ballagh, “White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia,” Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies, xiii. 315.