117 The following stanzas, which form the commencement of an ode to Spring, will afford an idea of Ferreira’s descriptive talent.
118 This elegy, which is here transcribed at length, is calculated to banish every doubt respecting Ferreira’s poetic genius:—
119 The didactic epistolary character appears in the following passage, from the elegy on Luis Fernandez de Vasconcellos, which is, in other respects, exceedingly beautiful:—
123 For example:—
124 As in the following lines:—
125 For instance in an epistle to Andrade Caminha, which begins in the following manner:—
126 This is exemplified in the epistle to his tutor Diogo de Teive. It commences thus:—
127 The following is one of the best.
130 The following are the two first stanzas:—
131 A passage from this scene may be transcribed here:—
133 The allusion to this event occurs in the tenth canto of the Lusiad, in which the goddess Thetis from the summit of a hill, points out to Vasco de Gama the theatre of the future conquests of the Portuguese. Thetis says, pointing to the coast of Camboya, but without naming Camoens:—
134 Barbosa Machado, in his dictionary says of Camoens:—
Salvou se em huma taboa com o seu divino poema, imitando a Julio Cesar, que no porto de Alexandria em huma maõ levava la espada e em a outra os seus commentarios.
In order to render the miracle perfect in analogy, Dieze in his appendix to Velasquez, has applied to Camoens these last words in which Machado refers exclusively to Cæsar. Inadvertencies of this sort must be expected occasionally to occur in the history of literature.
135 The original source whence these biographic notices are derived is, it must be admitted, somewhat obscure. About the middle of the seventeenth century, a writer named Manoel Severim de Faria compiled a biographical account of Camoens from the poet’s own works. This biography served as a ground work for Manoel de Faria e Sousa, who annexed a Vida del Poeta to his edition of Camoens and his commentaries on the Lusiad. The facts thus collected were afterwards rectified and arranged by subsequent writers, and among others by Barbosa Machado. Manoel de Faria attaches particular importance to the noble extraction and armorial bearings of Camoens. He gives the passage from the letter which the poet is said to have written on the approach of death, and which Barbosa Machado has re-printed. The words are:—
Quem houvio dizer nunca, que em tam pequeno theatro, como o de hum pobre leito, quisisse Fortuna representar tam grande desventura?
And again:—
Procurar resistir a tantos males, pareceria especie de desavergonhamento.
136 The first edition of the Lusiad was printed in the year 1572, and the poem itself was chiefly written in the East Indies. Tasso read it, and praised the author in a sonnet which has been preserved. The first edition of Jerusalem Delivered appeared in 1580, and consequently, a year after the death of Camoens. (See the History of Italian Poetry and Eloquence, vol. ii. p. 226.)
137 Even the apology for Camoens which precedes Mickle’s version of the Lusiad, defeats itself, for the English translator makes the Homeric epic his standard, and in order to justify the Lusiad misconstrues the machinery of the Iliad. The remarks on the Lusiad by Voltaire, in his Discours sur le poème épique are beneath criticism; and the judgment pronounced on this poem by Von Junk in the introduction to his Portuguese grammar, evinces a total want of poetic taste. No one should attempt a translation of the Lusiad, who does not possess an intimate acquaintance with the Portuguese language and poetry, for it is otherwise impossible to seize the spirit of Camoens. The English translation by Mickle is hitherto the only one in which it can be said that at least the elegant dignity of Camoens’s style is represented.
139 The edition with the commentaries of Faria e Sousa published in the year 1636, has the old title of Lusiadas; but in the book itself the poem is frequently styled the Lusiada. The latter title is, therefore, far from being a recent innovation.
140 Camoens was no doubt influenced by the recollection of Virgil’s Arma virumque. But in his opening stanza the Portuguese poet alludes to the heroes of his native country, without distinguishing any one in particular; and thus at the very outset the Lusiad differs from the Æneid. The second stanza resembles Ariosto. The two first stanzas are here subjoined in the original:—
142 Thus, for example, the stormy commotion in the council of the Gods is compared to the ragings and howlings of a whirlwind in the forest:—
144 For example:—
145 For example in the following description, which is in other respects excellent:—
A comparison such as this, which, it must be recollected is perfectly national, atones for many faults.
147 The following stanzas are part of the description of the ascent of Venus to heaven, and her appearance before the throne of Jupiter.
148 One of the stanzas commences as follows:—
And another runs thus:—
149 Cant. III. Estancia 35:—
Is this Egaz, or Egas Moniz, the same individual who is celebrated as one of the earliest Portuguese poets? See p. 5.
150 In these descriptions the poet invariably seizes every favourable opportunity of introducing picturesque comparisons. Similies are indeed crowded together as closely as in the battle pictures of the Iliad; for example:—
151 This description commences as follows:—
152 The first stanzas on the introduction of Inez or Ignez (for the Portuguese orthography adopts the latter form of the name) are not to be surpassed.
Among the succeeding stanzas it is difficult to make an election; and as the specimens introduced in this work are intended to form a collection for literary study, it is still more difficult to resist the temptation of transcribing the whole episode. At all events the following six stanzas must find a place:—
153 The description of this battle, and the account of the internal agitations of the kingdom, which preceded it, occupy a great portion of the fourth canto.
154 Here again the poet displays his command of beautiful imagery. The following passage resembles the retreat of Ajax in the Iliad.
155 The description of the battle commences in the following brilliant style:—