[273] Called in German the 'Umfangsmethode.'

[274] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 310, No. 222, where "rings" should rather have been "tubes" or "tubular rings."

[275] Ibid. p. 285, No. 199.

[276] See Vignette to this chapter.

[277] See Plan B B.

[278] All these are engraved in their actual size.

[279] See No. 142, p. 91.

[280] See Iliad, XXII. 111, ἀσπὶς ὀμφαλόεσσα; comp. 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 324.

[281] See Iliad, III. 357; VII. 250; and in many other passages.

[282] See Iliad, XIII. 715; XIV. 428; and in other passages.

[283] See for example Il. XI. 32:—

ἀν δ᾽ ἕλετ᾽ ἀμφιβρότην, πολυδαίδαλον ἀσπίδα θοῦριν.
"Then he took the man-covering, artistically made, powerful shield."

See also all the wonders which Hephæstus wrought on the shield of Achilles, Il. XVIII. 468-608.

[284] See, for example, Il. XX. 275, and XVIII. 480.

[285] See p. 133.

[286] κορυθαίολος ῞Ἑκτωρ. Comp. 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 281.

[287] Il. XXII. 326.

[288] More properly the tree cricket (τέττιξ, Lat. cicada, It. cigaia, Fr. cigale), of which the Athenians wore golden images in their hair, to denote their autochthonic origin. Hence it was probably the common badge of the cognate Achæan and old Ionian races.

[289] Herodotus, III. 13, 14.

Milton alludes to this legend (Par. Lost, Bk. II.):—

"As when a gryphon through the wilderness
With winged course o'er hill or moory dale
Pursues the Arimaspian, who by stealth
Had from his wakeful custody purloined
The guarded gold."

[290] H. N. VII. 2; XXXIII. 4, 21.

[291] Apud Philostrat. Vit. Apoll. Tyan. III. 48, p. 134.

[292] 'Vasengemälde.'

[293] Like Nos. 262, 264, 265, 266, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 303, 305, 306, and 316.

[294] Iliad, XVII. 51 and 52:—

αἵματί οἱ δεύοντο κόμαι Χαρίτεσσιν ὁμοῖαι,
πλοχμοί θ᾿, οἳ χρυσῷ τε καὶι ἀργύρω ἐσφήκωντο.

[295] Il. XXII. 209-213:—

ἀλλ᾿, ὅτε δὴ τὸ τεταρτον ἐπὶ κρουνοὺς ἀφίκοντο,
καὶ τότε δὴ χρύσεια πατὴρ ἐτιταινε τάλαντα·
ἐν δ᾿ ἐτίθει δύο κῆρε τανηλεγέεος θανάτοιο,
τὴν μὲν ᾿Αχιλλῆος, τὴν δ᾿ ῞Ἑκτορος ἱπποδάμοιο·
ἕλκε δὲ μέσσα λαβών· ῥέπε δ᾿ ῞Ἑκτορος αἴσιμον ἦμαρ,
ᾤχετο δ᾿ εἰς ᾿Αΐδαο· λίπεν δέ ἑ Φοῖβος ᾿Απόλλων.

[296] II. 16, § 6. See the passage fully quoted in Chapter III. p. 59.

[297] Odyss. XV. 460:—

χρύσεον ὅρμον ἔχων, μετὰ δ᾿ ἠλέκτροισιν ἔερτο.
"Bringing a golden necklace set with amber."

And XVIII. 296:—

ὅρμον δ᾿ Εὐρυμάχῳ πολυδαίδαλον αὐτίκ' ἔνεικεν
χρύσεον, ἠλέκτροισιν ἐερμένον, ἠέλιον ὥς.
"He brought immediately to Eurymachus an artistic golden necklace, set with amber like the sun."

In both cases the plural agrees exactly with the sense of amber-beads set in a gold mounting.

The third passage, Odyss. IV. 73—

χρυσοῦ τ᾿ ἠλέκτρου τε καὶ ἀργύρου ἠδ᾿ ἐλέφαντος—

occurs in the description of the palace of Menelaus; and here the yellow gold and amber seem placed in poetic parallelism with the white silver and ivory.

[298] Odyss. VIII. 443-445:—

Αὐτὸς νῦν ἴδε πῶμα, θοῶς δ᾽ ἐπὶ δεσμὸν ἴηλον,
μήτις τοι καθ᾽ ὁδὸν δηλήσεται, ὁππότ᾽ ἂν αὖτε
εὕδῃσθα γλυκὺν ὑπνον, ἰὼν ἐν νηῒ μελαίνῃ.

[299] Ib. 446-448:—

Αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ τόγ᾽ ἄκουσε πολύτλᾳς δῖος ᾽Οδυσσεύς,
αὐτίκ᾽ ἐπήρτυε πῶμα, θοῶς δ᾽ ἐπὶ δεσμὸν ἴηλεν
ποικίλον, ὅν ποτέ μιν δέεδαε φρεσὶ πότνια Κίρκη.

In Od. II. 354, Telemachus, preparing for his voyage to Sparta, bids his nurse Euryclea to fill twelve amphoræ with wine and fit them all with lids, but these would need to be very close-fitting for liquids (cf. p. 256):

Δώδεκα δ᾽ ἔμπλησον, καὶ πώμασιν ἄρσον ἃπαντας.

[300] See my 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 286, No. 200, p. 310, Nos. 222 and 223, and Plate XVII. Nos. 243 and 244.

[301] See Plan F for a ground plan, and view of this altar, and a section of the ground, the altar itself, and the fourth sepulchre.

[302] See Plans B, BB, C, and Plate VI.

[303] See for example Il. IX. 123, 265, XXIII. 259 and 267, XXIV. 233; Odyss. XIII. 13.

[304] See Od. I. 137, III. 440.

[305] Od. XIX. 386, 469.

[306] See Caylus, 'Recueil d'Antiquités,' I. 41, pl. XI.

[307] 'Antiquités du Bosphore Cimmérien,' Planche I.; where also mention is made of a gold mask found at Olbia.

[308] Tischbein, 'Recueil de Gravures,' II. 1; where also mention is made of an iron mask from a sepulchre at Santa Agata dei Goti.

[309] See Il. VII. 219:—

Αἴας δ᾽ ἐγγύθεν ἦλθε, φέρων σάκος ἠΰτε πύργον,
χάλκεον, ἑπταβόειον, ὅ οἱ Τυχίος κάμε τεύχων,
σκυτοτόμων ὄχ᾽ ἄριστος, ῞Ὑλῃ ἔνι οὶκίια ναίιων.

also XI. 485; XVII. 128.

[310] This explanation is rendered necessary by the way in which the photograph was taken. To invert the position would require complete recomposition of the light and shadows; and this has been done by our artist in the case of No. 281, on account of the importance of the object.

[311] See No. 213, p. 133.

[312] See p. 81.

[313] See my 'Atlas des Antiquités Troyennes,' Plate 105, No. 2311.

[314] The photograph was unfortunately taken in such a position as to show only one of the two handles.

[315] Il. XI. 632-635:—

πὰρ δὲ δέπας περικαλλές, ὁ οἴκοθεν ἦγ᾽ ὁ γεραιος,
χρυσείοις ἡλοισι πεπαρμένον· οὔατα δ᾽ αὐτοῦ
τέσσαρ ἔσαν, δοιαὶ δε πελειάδες ἀμφὶς ἕκαστον
χρύσειαι νεμέθοντο· δύω δ᾽ ὑπὸ πυθμένες ἦσαν.

"She placed beside them a splendid goblet, which the old man had brought with him from home; it was studded with golden pins; it had four handles, on each of which pecked two golden pigeons; the goblet had two bottoms."

[316] 'Deipnosophistæ,' XI. 77.

[317] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 87, No. 53, and p. 169, No. 192.

[318] With regard to these ornaments, see further Appendix C.

[319] See Nos. 282, 283, 284, pp. 186, 188.

[320] The Cut has to be viewed with the outer edge of the page downwards.

[321] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 335, Plate XIX.

[322] See Nos. 329-330, p. 218.

[323] De Pythiæ Oraculis; Op. Moral. ed. Didot, vol. i. p. 488.

[324] This name is always Μαύσσολλος on the coins.

[325] Quæst. Græc. p. 45.

[326] See the Vignette to Chapter III., p. 52.

[327] See 'Atlas des Antiquités Troyennes,' Plate 21, Nos. 583 and 584. This explains how the nurse Euryclea fastened on the lids of the amphoræ for Telemachus. (Hom. Odyss. ii. 354):—

Δώδεκα δ᾽ ἔμπλησον, καὶ πώμασιν ἄρσον ἅπαντας.

[328] See 'Troy and its Remains,' pp. 160, 208, 209, 214, 352.

[329] The two remaining buttons have similar patterns.

[330] See the engraving, No. 460, on p. 303.

[331] See, for example, Iliad XIII. 650 and 662.

[332] X. 261-265.

... ἀμφὶ δέ οἱ κυνέην κεφαλῇφιν εθηκεν,
ῥινοῦ ποιητήν· πολέσιν δ᾿ ἔντοσθεν ἱμᾶσιν
ἐντέτατο στερεῶς· ἔκτοσθε δὲ λευκοὶ ὀδόντες
ἀργιόδοντος ὑὸς θαμέες ἔχον ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα
εὖ καὶ ἐπισταμένως.
"And on his brows a leathern headpiece placed
Well wrought within, with numerous straps secured,
And on the outside, with wild boar's gleaming tusks
Profusely garnished, scattered here and there
By skilful hand." Lord Derby.

[333] These ornaments of horse-trappings vividly remind us of the famous passage in the Iliad IV., 141:

ὡς δ᾿ ὅτε τις τ᾿ ἐλέφαντα γυνὴ φοίνικι μιήνῃ
Μῃονὶς ἠὲ Κάειρα παρήïον ἔμμεναι ἵππων·
κεῖται δ᾿ ἐν θαλάμω, πολέες τέ μιν ἠρήσαντο
ἱππῆες φορέειν· βασιλῆï δὲ κεῖται ἄγαλμα,
ἀμφότερον, κόσμος θ᾿ ἵππω, ἐλατῆρί τε κῦδος·
"As when some Carian or Mæonian maid
With crimson dye the ivory stains, designed
To be the cheek-piece of a warrior's steed,
By many a valiant horseman coveted,
As in the house it lies, a monarch's boast,
The horse adorning, and the horseman's pride."
LORD DERBY.

[334] Il. XVIII. 346; Odyss. VIII. 435.

[335] See Edward Freiherr von Sacken, 'Das Grabfeld von Hallstatt.'

[336] XIII. 13; and XV. 84.

[337] VIII. 290; and IX. 122.

[338] XI. 700; XXIII. 264, 485, 513, 718.

[339] Il. XVIII. 373.

[340] Odyss. VIII. 434; Il. XVIII. 344.

[341] Il. XXIII. 702; XXII. 164 it is called τριπος instead of the usual form τρίπους.

[342] Φάσγανον for σφάγανον, from the root σφαγ. There was also a verb φασγάνω "to kill with the sword:" Hesych. Lex. s. v.

[343] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 332, Nos. 267 and 268.

[344] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 265.

[345] For an engraving of this sword, after cleaning, see Appendix D.

[346] See Nos. 84, 88, p. 71.

[347] No. 83, p. 70.

[348] See p. 233.

[349] See my 'Atlas des Antiquités Troyennes,' Pl. 105, No. 2311.

[350] See No. 230, p. 154.

[351] See the opening scene of the Agamemnon of Æschylus.

[352] See No. 441, p. 279.

[353] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 35, No. 13; p. 106, No. 70; p. 307, No. 219.

[354] I think it my duty to state here that the Archæological Society in Athens has alone incurred all the trouble and expense of drugging the body so as to render it hard and solid, and raising it from the sepulchre and carrying it to the village of Charvati, and that I have had no trouble or expense from this operation.

[355] See p. 305.

[356] See p. 253.

[357] See p. 311.

[358] See 'Troy and its Remains,' pp. 330, 331.

[359] Homer's βοῶπις πότνια ῞Ἡρη, "our lady Hera with the head of a cow;" hence "cow-faced;" and then, with large eyes like a cow, or "ox-eyed." (See Note at the end of Chapter I.)

[360] Il. III. 144.

[361] See Vignette to Chapter X., p. 333.

[362] See Vignette to this Chapter, p. 289.

[363] "There is nothing new under the sun."

[364] See 'Troy and its Remains,' Plate XXIV. Nos. 348, 350, 351.

[365] See p. 268.

[366] Owing to the ashes and smoke with which the cylinder is covered, the upper row of circles did not appear in the photograph.

[367] Described on p. 311. I call particular attention to the fact that the engraving represents the mask in only one-fifth of its actual size.

[368] Thucyd. I. 8-10.

[369] Odyss. IV. 530-535, and XI. 409-411.

[370] Æschylus, Agamemnon, 1438; Euripides, Orestes, 26.

[371] Paus. II. 16, § 6.

[372] See 'Troy and its Remains,' pp. 363-372.

[373] Iliad, XVIII. 497-508:—

λαοι δ᾽ εἰν ἀγορῇ ἔσαν ἀθρίοι· ἔνθα δὲ νεῖκος
ωρώρει· δύο δ᾽ ἄνδρες ἐνείκεον εἵνεκα ποινῆς
ἀνδρὸς ἀποφθιμένου. Ὁ μὲν εὔχετο πάντ᾽ ἀποδοὓναι,
δήμῳ πιφαύσκων, ὁ δ᾽ ἀναίνετο μηδὲν ἑλέσθαι·
ἄμφω δ᾽ ἱέσθην ἐπὶ ἴστορι πεῖραρ ἑλέσθαι.
λαοὶ δ᾽ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἐπήπυον, ἀμφὶς ἀρωγοί·
κήρυκες δ᾽ ἄρα λαὸν ερήτυον. Οἱ δὲ γέροντες
εἵατ' ἐπὶ ξεστοῖσι λίθοις ἱερῷ ἐνὶ κύκλῳ,
σκῆπτρα δὲ κηρύκων ἐν χέρς' ἔχον ἠεροφώνων·
τοῖσιν ἔπειτ᾽ ἤϊσσον, ἀμοιβηδὶς δὲ δικαζον.
κεῖτο δ᾽ ἀρ᾽ ἐν μεσσοισι δύω χρυσοῖο τάλαντα
τῷ δόμεν ὃς μετὰ τοῖσι δίκην ἰθύντατα εἴποι.

The translation is by Mr. Gladstone, in the Contemporary Review for February, 1874.

[374] Il. II. 788-9; VII. 345-6; where ἀγορά is the assembly, from which the place of meeting took its name; ἀγορά, from the verb ἀγείρω, "assemble."

[375] Odyss. VIII. 4-7, and 16, 17:—

τοῖσιν δ᾽ ἡγεμόνευ᾽ ἱερὸν μένος ᾽Αλκινόοιο
φαιήκων ἀγορήνδ᾽, ἥ σφιν παρὰ νηυσὶ τέτυκτο.
ἐλθόντες δὲ καθιζον ἐπὶ ξεστοῖσι λίθοισι
πλησίον· . . . . . . .
καρπαλίμως δ᾽ ἔμπληντο βροτῶν ἀγοραι τε καὶ ἕδραι
ἀγρομένων.

[376] Odyss. VI. 266-7:—

ἔνθα δέ τέ σφ᾽ ἀγορή, καλὸν Ποσιδήϊον ἀμφίς,
ῥυτοῖσιν λάεσσι κατωρυχέεσς᾽ ἀραρυῖα.

[377] Odyss. IX. 112:—τοῖσιν δ᾽ οὔτ᾽ ἀγοραὶ βουληφόροι οὐδὲ θεμίστες, "But they have neither assemblies for council nor laws"—each ruling apart in his own family.

[378] Iphig. Taur. 845; Iphig. Aul. 152 and 1498-1499; Hercul. Furens, 944; Orest. 1246-47; Troad, 1088; Electra, 710-712 and 1158. See Chapter II., pp. 37-38.

[379] Elect. 615: τειχέων μὲν ἐλθων ἐντὸς οὺδὲν ἂν σθένοις.

[380] Orest. 919: ὀλιγάκις ἄστυ κἀγορᾶς χραίνων κύκλον.

[381] Orest. 871-3:

ὁρω δ᾽ ὄχλον στείιχοντα καὶ θάσσοντ᾽ ἄκραν
οὗ φασι πρῶτον Δαάναον Αἰγύπτῳ δίκας
διδόντ᾽ ἀθροῖσαι λαὸν εἰς κοινὰς ἕδρας.

[382] Chapter III., p. 63.

[383] Paus. III. 19, § 6.

[384] Il. VI. 413-419:—

... οὐδέ μοί ἐστι πατὴρ καὶ πότνια μήτηρ.
ἤτοι γὰρ πατέρ᾽ ἁμὸν ἀπέκτανε δῖος ᾽Αχιλλεύς,
ἐκ δὲ πόλιν πέρσεν Κιλίκων εὐναιετάωσαν,
Θήβην ὑψίπυλον· κατὰ δ᾽ ἔκτανεν ᾽Ηετίωνα
οὐδέ μιν ἐξενάριξε· σεβάσσατο γὰρ τόγε θυμῷ·
ἀλλ᾽ ἄρα μιν κατέκηε σὺν ἔντεσι δαιδαλέοισιν,
ἠδ᾽ ἐπὶ σῆμ᾽ ἔχεεν.

[385] Odyss. XI. 72-76:—

μή μ᾽ ἄκλαυτον, ἄθαπτον, ἰὼν ὄπιθεν καταλείπειν
νοσφισθείς, μή τοί τι θεῶν μήνιμα γένωμαι·
ἀλλά με κακκεῖαι σὺν τεύχεσιν, ἅσσα μοί ἐστιν,
σῆμα τέ μοι χεῦαι, πολιῆς ἐπὶ θινὶ θαλάσσης.

"Do not leave me behind, unwept for, unburied, when you go away, lest I should become the cause of the wrath of the gods against thee; but burn me with all the arms which belong to me, and erect over me a mound on the shore of the hoary sea."

[386] Soph. Ajax, 555:—

τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα τεύχη κοίν᾽ ἐμοὶ τεθάψεται.
"My other weapons shall be buried together with me."

[387] Agam. 1552-1554:

... πρὸς ἡμῶν
κάαππεσεν, κάτθανε, ἡμεῖς καὶ καταθάψομεν
οὐχ ὑπὸ κλαυθμῶν τῶν ἐξ οἴικων.