2161 Or Amphrysus, famous for the strength of its fortifications and its scarlet berries for dyeing. Some remains of it are to be seen at the modern village of Dhistomo.
2162 On the frontiers of Doris and Phocis. Leake thinks that its ruins are those seen midway between Kamares and Glamista. Daulis was also the name of an ancient town of Phocis, the ruins of which are to be seen at the modern village of Dhavlia.
2163 Probably the present Palæo Kastro, at the Port de Dobrena or Polaca.
2164 Leake thinks that the Corsian Thebes, a port of Bœotia, is represented by the modern Khosia.
2165 Helicon is a range of mountains with several summits, the loftiest of which is now called Paleovuni. Helicon was a grove of the Muses, and the fountain of Aganippe was supposed to impart poetic inspiration to those who drank of it.
2166 See p. 288.
2167 From Apis, the son of Phoroneus, or Telchines, according to Pausanias. After the arrival of Pelops, it took from him its name of Peloponnesus, or the “Island of Pelops.”
2168 The Ionian from the north, and the Ægean, or rather, Myrtoan, Sea from the east.
2169 That part of Greece proper which lies to the north of the Isthmus.
2170 Now the Gulfs of Lepanto and Egina.
2171 Lecheæ was the harbour of Corinth on the Corinthian, and Cenchreæ on the Saronic Gulf. The name of the latter is still preserved in the modern appellation Kechries, which is given to its ruins.
2172 Demetrius Poliorcetes, king of Macedonia, son of Antigonus, king of Asia.
2173 Caius Caligula, the Emperor.
2174 The Emperor Nero actually commenced the work, having opened the undertaking with great pomp, and cut away a portion of the earth with his own hands. He had advanced four stadia, when the work was interrupted by the insurrection of Julius Vindex in Gaul.
2175 We cannot agree with Hardouin that “exitus” here means “death,” in allusion to the unfortunate end of all those who had made the attempt. The opinion of Spanheim seems rather deserving of support (though censured by Hardouin), that it merely means “the result” in each case; it being the fact, that in all the instances the contemplated undertaking was interrupted by some unforeseen event. Periander and Herodes Atticus also contemplated the formation of this channel.
2176 It is not known when it exchanged this name for that of Corinth; being called by both names in Homer. Scarcely any remains of it are now to be seen. The small town on its site is called Gortho, a corruption of its ancient name. The water of the famed spring of Pirene is now only used for washing clothes.
2177 Now Patras. There are few remains of the ancient city, which was one of the twelve cities of Achaia. It was made a Roman colony by Augustus.
2179 Originally a district in the south of Thessaly had this name; but to distinguish it from that in the Peloponnesus, its people were called the Phthiotian Achæi.
2180 From the Greek word αἰγιαλὸς, “the sea-shore.”
2181 Situate on the coast, about five miles from the present Vostitza.
2182 In the interior. The modern Trikala stands on its site.
2183 Helice was the place of meeting of the Achæan league; when, in B.C. 373, together with Bura, it was swallowed up by an earthquake, and their sites were covered by the sea. Such of the people as escaped fled to the places mentioned above by Pliny. Pouqueville says that some remains of these places may still be seen emerging from the sea.
2184 The modern Basilico or Vasilika stands on its site.
2185 The places called Palæo-Kastro and Vostitza are supposed to occupy the sites of Ægira and Ægium. To the east of Vostitza considerable ruins are still to be seen.
2186 Supposed to be the present Artotina.
2187 Towns of Roman Argolis. The ruins of the former are supposed to be those at a spot still called Klenes, near the village of Curtesi. The remains of Hysiæ, on the road from Argos to Tegea, stand on a hill above the plain of Achladokampos.
2188 Now called Tekieh; fifteen stadia from Rhium.
2189 Or Pharæ; 150 stadia from Patræ.
2190 The modern Kato-Achaia.
2191 Its remains are to be seen near the modern village of Karavostasi. Pliny is mistaken probably in calling it a colony, as we know that it was placed under the authority of the colony of Patræ, which alone was allowed to enjoy the privilege of self-government.
2192 Pouqueville thinks that it was situate on the river now called the Verga. Leake supposes that the town of Hyrmine stood on the site of the present Kastro Tornese on the peninsula of Khlemutzi; but Boblaye and Curtius place it further north, at the modern harbour of Kunupeli, where there are some ancient ruins.
2193 Now Capo Papa.
2194 The locality of Cyllene is doubtful. Most writers place it at Glarentza but Pouqueville suggests Andravida or Andravilla, and Mannert places it near Clarenza. Chelinates or Chelonatas was probably the name originally of the whole peninsula of Khlemutzi, but the point here mentioned was most probably the modern Cape Tornese.
2195 It lay in the interior, south of Sicyonia, and north of Argos. Pouqueville found its ruins on the banks of the Asopus.
2196 Strabo says that this was the name of the most ancient town of Phliasia, and that the inhabitants afterwards deserted it for Phlius.
2197 Some small ruins of it are to be seen at the foot of the hill of Kaloskopi, its ancient Acropolis.
2198 By Olympiads, which were reckoned according to the order of celebration of the Olympic games: they were established in the year B.C. 776, and were celebrated every fourth year.
2199 It was destroyed in the year B.C. 572 by the Eleans, not a vestige of it being left. The Alpheus retains the name of Alfio.
2200 Or “the Fish,” from its peculiar shape. It is now called Katakolo.
2201 Probably situate in the valley between Elis and Messenia, which was so called. It is not elsewhere mentioned; and its ruins are thought to be those near the sea, on the right bank of the river Cyparissus. Leprion is again mentioned in c. x.
2202 Or Platamodes. Supposed to be the present Aja Kyriaki.
2203 This city survived through the middle ages, when it was called Arkadia. In 1525 it was destroyed by the Turks, and when rebuilt resumed nearly its ancient name as Cyparissia, by which it is now called. The bay or gulf is called the Gulf of Arkadia.
2204 Messenian Pylos probably stood on the site of the modern Erana; Pouqueville says however that it is still called Pilo, and other writers place it at Zonchio. It stood on the modern Bay of Navarino.
2205 Its site was at the spot called Palæo Kastro, near the modern town of Modon. The site of Messenian Helos, so called from its position in the marshes, τὸ ἕλος, is now unknown.
2206 Now Capo Gallo.
2207 It stood on the western side of the Messenian Gulf, which from it was called the Asinæan Gulf. Grisso, or, according to some, Iaratcha, occupies its site. Koroni however is most probably the spot where it stood, the inhabitants of ancient Corone having removed to it. Petalidhi stands on the site of Corone. A small portion of the Messenian Gulf was probably called the Coronean.
2208 Now Cape Matapan.
2209 Now the Pyrnatza.
2210 Its ruins, which are extensive, are to be seen in the vicinity of the modern village of Mavromati. Ithome was the citadel of Messene, on a mountain of the same name, now called Vourcano.
2211 It is supposed that in ancient times it occupied the site of the more modern Samos or Samia in Triphylia. The modern Sareni is thought to occupy its site.
2212 Dorion or Dorium, the spot where, according to Homer, the Muses punished Thamyris with blindness, is supposed to have been situate on the modern plain of Sulima.
2213 Nothing seems to be known of this place; but it is not improbable that it gave its name to the place so called in Sicily, originally a Messenian colony.
2214 Or Tænarus, afterwards called Cænopolis. The present town of Kisternes, or Kimaros, occupies its site.
2215 Its site is generally placed at Sklavokhori, six miles from Sparta; but Leake supposes it to have been situate on the hill called Aghia Kyriaki, between that place and Sparta.
2216 Or Pharis. The present Chitries occupies its site.
2217 Or Leuctrum, on the river Pamisus, now called Levtros. It must not be confounded with the town in Bœotia where the Thebans defeated the Spartans, B.C. 371.
2218 Or Lacedæmon. Its site is occupied by the modern villages of Magula and Psykhiko. The principal modern town in the vicinity is Mistra.
2219 Or Therapnæ, on the left bank of the Eurotas. Some ruins of it are still to be seen.
2220 Considerable ruins of it are still to be seen to the N.E. of the modern town of Skarhamula.
2221 Authors are not agreed as to the site of this town and that of Anthea or Anthene.
2222 Memorable for the pitched battle between 300 Argives and 300 Spartans,—Othryades being the sole survivor of the Spartans, and Alcenor and Chromius of the Argives.
2223 By Homer called Enope.
2224 Pente Dactylon, or Pente Dactyli, the “Five Fingers,” is the present name of the range of Taygetus. Its principal summits are now St. Elias and Paixamadhi. The river Eurotas is now called Iris and Niris in its upper and middle course, and Basili-potamo from the Spartan plain to the sea.
2225 Ægila, according to Leake, occupied the site of the present Scutari; if so, this gulf was probably the Gulf of Scutari. Psamathus was near the point of Tænarum.
2226 Or Gythium, near the mouth of the Eurotas. It was famous for its cheeses. The ruins are called Paleopoli, a little to the north of Marathonisi.
2227 Now Capo Santo Angelo.
2228 Now Capo Skillo.
2229 Or BϾ. Its ruins are to be seen at the head of the Gulf of Vatika.
2230 It stood on the site of the place called Palæ-Emvasia, above Monembasia.
2231 Its site is the modern Porto Kari, according to Ansart.
2232 Leake places Cyphanta either at Cyparissi, or farther north, at Lenidhi. Ansart makes it the modern Porto Botte, or Stilo.
2233 Now the Banitza. The Erasinus is the modern Kephalari.
2234 So called from its breed of horses. It is now also called Argos; three leagues from Napoli di Romania.
2235 Its site is now called Milos. In the marshes in its vicinity Hercules was said to have killed the Lernæan Hydra.
2236 Karvata is the name of the place on its site. Its ruins are numerous, and of great magnificence.
2237 Its ruins are of the most interesting nature, presenting enormous masses of stone, of Cyclopian architecture. The spot is at the present day called Palæ-Nauplia.
2238 It must not be confounded with the place in Arcadia, where Epaminondas fell. Its site appears to be unknown.
2239 Or Apesas, in the territory of Cleonæ, now called Fuka. Artemius is probably the present Malvouni, or Malcyo.
2240 A river of the same name rose in this mountain; its identity is unknown.
2241 So called from Niobe, the sister of Pelops and wife of Amphion, king of Thebes. The spring of Amymone ran into the lake of Lerna.
2242 Its ruins are to be seen in the vicinity of the modern village of Castri: they are very extensive.
2243 The modern Dhamala occupies the site of Trœzen.
2244 The identity of this Coryphasium seems to be unascertained. There was a promontory of that name in Messenia; but it cannot be the place here spoken of.
2245 It is supposed that Pliny here alludes to Argos Hippium, which he has previously mentioned; but only in connection with the rivers Inachus and Erasinus, and not as included in the list of the towns of Argolis. The origin of the term “Dipsian” is probably unknown. It could hardly allude to drought, as Argos was abundantly supplied with water. But see B. vii. c. 57.
2246 Ansart says that this is the modern Porto Estremo, at the mouth of the Saronic Gulf.
2247 Hesychius says that oaks were called σαρωνιδὲς in the language of ancient Greece. This gulf is now called the Gulf of Egina, or of Athens.
2248 He was worshipped here under the form of a serpent; and his temple, five miles from Epidaurus, was resorted to by patients from all parts of Greece for the cure of their diseases. The ruins of this temple are still to be seen, and those of the theatre at Epidaurus are very extensive. The village of Pidharvo stands in the midst of the ruins.
2249 The modern Capo Franco.
2250 Lapie takes Anthedus, or Anthedon, to be the place now called Porto d’Athene.
2251 This appears to have been a port of Corinth, on a promontory of the same name, meaning, probably from its shape, the “Bull’s Head Point.”
2252 Called the ‘Posideium’; in its vicinity the games were celebrated. The Isthmian Sanctuary was especially famous as a place of refuge.
2253 From δρυμωδὴς, “woody,” it being filled with groves and forests.
2254 Now called the Khan of Tripotamo.
2255 Now called Paleopoli. Here Epaminondas fell, fighting against the Spartans, B.C. 362.
2256 In the N.E. of Arcadia. Its ruins are supposed to be those seen near the modern Chionia. It was in the vicinity of the lake of the same name, the scene of one of the labours of Hercules.
2257 An important city: the modern Piali marks its site.
2258 Built upon the ruins of the ancient Mantinea.
2259 An ancient town mentioned by Homer, N.W. of Mantinea. The modern Kalpaki stands on its site.
2260 Or Pheneus, on the N.W. of Arcadia. Phonia stands on its site.
2261 Near Tegea; said to have been the birth-place of Evander. On the foundation of Megalopolis, it was nearly deserted, but was restored by Antoninus Pius. Its ruins are supposed to be those seen near the modern village of Thana, according to Ansart.
2262 It being said to have been so called in compliment to Evander, a native, as above stated, of Palantium.
2263 Founded by the advice of Epaminondas, after the battle of Leuctra, B.C. 371, near the frontiers of Messenia. The ruins of its theatre, once the largest in Greece, are the only remains of it now to be seen, near the modern village of Sinano.
2264 It contained a famous temple of Æsculapius. Its ruins are to be seen near the village of Atzikolo. The exact site of Bucolion, which was near Megalopolis, is probably unknown, though Ansart says that the spot is called Troupiais. Of Carnion nothing is known.
2265 The town of Parrhasia, which is mentioned by Homer, seems to have given name to the Parrhasian district. Leake thinks it to be the same as Lycosura.
2266 On the river Ladon: its ruins are seen near the modern Vanena.
2267 In the west of Arcadia, on the river Alpheus.
2268 Or “Juno’s Town.” It was a place of great importance, situate on the lower Alpheus. Its remains are to be seen on a hill west of the village of Aianni, or St. John. They are very inconsiderable. Its wine was highly esteemed, and still maintains its ancient celebrity.
2269 Of Pylæ, Pallene, Agræ, and Epium, nothing appears to be known.
2270 Or Cynætha, in the north of Arcadia, upon the Aroanian mountains, beyond the natural boundaries of Arcadia. The modern village of Kalavryta occupies its site; but there are scarcely any traces of its remains.
2271 Or Lepreum, so called to distinguish it from Lepreum in Elis.
2272 Nothing seems to be known of this Parthenium. Alea lay between Orchomenus and Stymphalus. Its ruins have been discovered in the dark valley of Skotini, a mile to the N.E. of the village of Buyati.
2273 Its site has the modern name of Palæopyrgos. The sites of Enispe, mentioned by Homer, and Macistum, are unknown.
2274 Or Cleitor, a famous town of Arcadia. Its ruins are to be seen on the plain of Kalzana, or Katzanes. One of the rivulets that ran past it still retains the name of Clitora.
2275 Its ruins, few in number, but testifying its importance, are found near the modern village of Kleves, not far from Kurtesi. The Nemean games were celebrated in honour of Hercules in the grove of Nemea, between Cleonæ and Phlius.
2276 From the village of Bembina there, mentioned by Strabo, and on which Koutzomati probably now stands.
2277 Now called Olono. It received its name from the Centaur Pholus, accidentally slain by one of the poisoned arrows of Hercules.
2278 The modern Zyria.
2279 Nomiai and Hellenitza are modern names given to this mountain.
2280 In the south of Arcadia. It is now called Roïnon.
2281 Or Artemisium, forming the boundary between Argolis and Arcadia. It is now called Turniki.
2282 The pass by this mountain from Argolis to Tegea is still called Partheni.
2283 Now called Zembi, according to Ansart.
2284 The town of Nonacris stood at its foot. The river Styx took its rise in these mountains.
2285 Now called the Landona.
2286 The town now called Fonia, already mentioned by Pliny. The waters of its marshes were discharged by a subterranean passage, said to have been made by Hercules.
2287 Now called the Dogana. The two principal heights of Mount Erymanthus are Olonos and Kalefoni.
2288 The people of Aliphira, a town of Arcadia, in the district of Cynura. Considerable remains of it are still to be seen on the hill of Nerovitza.
2289 The people of Abea, in Messenia.
2290 The people of Pyrgos, in Arcadia.
2291 The people of Paroræa, in Arcadia. Of the two next, nothing appears to be known.
2292 The inhabitants of Typaneæ, in Elis.
2293 The people of Thrius, in Elis, near Patræ.
2294 The people of Tritia, in Achaia, now Chalanthistra.
2295 Nero abolished the institutions of the Roman province of Achaia, which had been assigned to the Roman senate, and governed by a proconsul, granting it its liberty. Vespasian, however, again established the provincial government, and compelled the Greeks to pay a yearly tribute.
2296 Now Vostitza.
2298 From the Greek ἀκτὴ, “the sea-shore.”
2299 It still retains its ancient name.
2300 Or Pegæ. It lay on the borders of the Corinthian Gulf, being, as Pliny says, the utmost point of the Peloponnesus on that side, as Megara was on the Saronic Gulf. According to Kruse, Psato occupies its site, but according to Lapie, Alepochori. The former is most probably correct.
2301 On the Corinthian Gulf. Porto Ghermano occupies its site.
2302 On the Saronic Gulf, to the north of Cenchreæ. The present Porto Cocosi occupies its site.
2303 Now Leandra, according to Ansart.
2304 Or Crommyon. It was the chief place on the Saronic Gulf, between the Isthmus, properly so called, and Megara. Its ruins are thought to be those seen near the chapel of Saint Theodorus. It was said to have been the haunt of the wild boar killed by Theseus.
2305 So called from being the scene of the ravages of the robber Sciron. They are now called Kaki Scala.
2306 Famous as the principal seat of the worship of the goddesses Demeter and Persephone. Its remains are to be seen at the modern Lefsina.
2307 Pera Chora marks its site. It was a member of the Tetrapolis of Attica, and Probalinthos another.
2308 Ulrichs, the best authority, places the port of Phalerum at the east corner of the great Phaleric Bay, in the vicinity of Tripirghi, or the Three Towers. The three harbours of the Piræus are the present Phanari, Stratiotiki or Paschalimani, and Drako or Porto Leone.