1 According to Sambon, the Ricinidæ are by no means advantageous to their hosts. These Hemipterous parasites give rise to an intolerable itching which may cause loss of rest, emaciation, and sometimes even death. Birds suffering from phthiriasis of the Ricines are usually in bad health.
2 For further information on these conditions, see “Die Schmarotzer des Thierreichs,” by P. J. van Beneden, Leipzig, 1876; and “Die Symbiose,” by O. Hertwig.
3 Oerley, L., “Der Rhabditiden und ihre medizinische Bedeutung,” Berlin, 1886, p. 65.
4 Lühe, M., “Ueber d. Fix. d. Helm. a. d. Darmwand ihrer Wirthe u. die dadurch verursachten path-anat. Veränderungen d. Wirthsdarmes,” Trans. of IVth Intern. Zool. Cong., Berlin, 1901; Mingazzini, P., “Ric. sul var. modo di fiss. delle tenie alla par. int. e sul loro assorbimento,” Ric. Lab. Anat. Roma e altri Lab. biol., vol. x, 1904; Shipley, A. E., and E. G. Fearnsides, “The Effects of Metazoan Parasites on their Hosts,” Journ. Econ. Biol., 1906, i, 2.
5 Moursson et Schlagdenhauffen, “Nouv. rech. clin. et phys. sur quelq. liquides organ.,” C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1882, p. 791; Debove, “De l’intox. hydat.,” Bull. et Mém. Soc. méd. des Hôpit., 1888; Linstow, v., “Ueb. d. Giftgehalt d. helm.,”Internat. Monatsschr. f. Anat. u. Phys., xiii, 1896; Peiper, “Z. Symptomatol. der thier. Paras.,” Deutsche med. Wochenschr., 1897, No. 40; Mingazzini, P., “Ric. sul veleno d. elm. int.,” Rass. intern. d. med. modern. Ann., 1901, ii, No. 6; Vaullegeard, A., “Etud. exp. et crit. sur l’action d. helm.,” Bull. Soc. Linn. de Normandie, 1901, 5, Ser. T, vii, p. 84, and others.
6 Die Geschichte der “Klinisch wichtigen Parasiten,” behandelt H. Vierordt im “Handb. d. Gesch. d. Med. hrsg.” v. M. Neuburger u. J. Pagel, Bd. ii, 1903.
7 Refer to the collected literature under Dibothriocephalus latus, and the reply to Küchenmeister by Braun (“Ueber den Zwischenwirt des breit. Bandw.” Würzb.: Stuber, 1886).
8 However, in the Protozoa there are examples of hereditary transmission of parasites, e.g., in the case of Babesia (Piroplasma) bovis and Babesia canis in their invertebrate hosts (ticks); in Crithidia melophagia and Crithidia hyalommæ; and in the case of Spirochæta duttoni in its invertebrate host (a tick).
9 Independently of propagation, many protozoa protect themselves from death by encystment when the water in which they are living dries up; in this condition the wind may carry them over wide tracts of land.
10 “Amœbic Dysentery,” Johns Hopkins Hosp. Repts., ii, pp. 395–548, 7 plates.
11 “On Amœba blattae,” Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia (1879), xxxi, p. 204.
12 “Entamœba hominis s. Amœba coli (Lösch).” Annali d’Igiene speriment. (1897), vii, p. 103. See also further remarks on p. 34.
13 Archiv f. Protistenkunde, xxiv, p. 182.
14 Bull. Soc. Path. Exotique, v, p. 135.
15 Lung abscesses generally arise by the bursting of a liver abscess through the diaphragm into the right lower lobe of the lung, sometimes also through conveyance of amœbæ by means of the blood-stream (Banting).
16 These findings were confirmed by Schaudinn by means of investigations on cats and men. Cf. also Alfred Gross, Marchoux, P. G. Woolley, W. E. Musgrave, H. F. Harris and others.
18 “Life cycle of Amœba coli in Human Body,” American Medicine, 1904, vii, p. 299; viii, p. 185.
19 Arch. f. Protistenkunde (1911), xxiv, p. 163.
20 See Darling, 1913, Arch. Intern. Med., vol. ii, pl. i, fig. 3.
21 Bull. Soc. Med. et Chirurg. Indo-Chine, iv, p. 474.
22 Centralbl. f. Bakter., Orig., lii, p. 335.
23 Philip. Journ. Sc. (1911), B, vi, p. 259.
24 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol. (1913), vii, p. 321.
25 Brit. Med. Journ., Nov. 15, 1913, p. 1287, and Journ. Lond. School Trop. Med., ii, p. 27.
26 Noc, F. (1909), Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xxiii, p. 177.
27 See Fantham, H. B. (1911), Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., v, p. 111.
28 Centralbl. f. Bakter., Orig., lii, p. 335.
29 Journ. of Med. Research, xxix, p. 43.
30 Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., lxiv, p. 553.
31 “The Parasitic Amœbæ of Man,” Lippincott, Philadelphia.
32 See Craig (1913), Amer. Journ. Trop. Dis. and Prevent. Med., i, p. 351.
33 Arch. de Parasitologie, i, p. 275.
34 Amer. Journ. Trop. Dis. and Prevent. Med., ii, p. 256.
35 Schaudinn (1903), Arb. a. d. Kaiserl. Gesundh., xix, p. 547.
36 To explain this discrepancy it is stated that the border of the undulating membrane can be detached in the form of an independent flagellum. But Parisi (1910) places such quadriflagellate forms in the sub-genus Tetratrichomonas, Arch. f. Protistenk., xix, p. 232.
37 According to Marchand, the nucleus is connected with a line, which becomes visible on addition of acetic acid, terminates at the posterior extremity, and does not correspond to the line of insertion of the undulating membrane. This formation probably is the same as the axostyle in Trichomonas batrachorum, Perty. Blochmann (1884) also mentions two longitudinal rows of granules, which commence at the same place as the nucleus and converge posteriorly.
38 Under the term Cercomonas intestinalis, Lambl in different years has described two entirely distinct Flagellata, namely, in 1859 (“Mikr. Unters. d. Darm- Excrete,” Prag. Vierteljahrsschr. f. prakt. Hlkde., lxi, p. 51; and Lambl, A. d. Franz-Josephs-Kinderspitale in Prag, Prag, 1860, i, p. 360), a form that at the present day is termed Lamblia intestinalis; and in 1875 (in the Russian Medical Report, No. 33), a species identical with Cercomonas hominis, Dav.
39 Davaine, C., “Sur les anim. infus. trouv. dans les selles d. malad. atteints du cholera et d’autr. malad.,” C. R. Soc. Biol., 1854, ii, p. 129.
40 For the present the following should be regarded as synonymous: Protoryxomyces coprinarius, Cunningham (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. (2) 1880, xxi, p. 234), (Zeitschr. f. Biol., 1882, viii, p. 251). Monocercomonas hominis, Grassi, 1882. Cimænomonas hominis, Grassi, 1882. Trichomonas hominis, Grassi, 1888. Cercomonas coli hominis, May (Deutsches Archiv. f. klin. med., 1891, xlix, p. 51). Monocercomonas hominis, Epstein (Prag. med. Wochenschr. 1893, Nos. 38–40). Trichomonas confusa, Stiles (Zool. Anz., 1902, xxv, p. 689). Trichomonas elongata, Trichomonas elliptica, Cohnheim (Deutsche med. Wochenschr., 1903, xxix, Nos. 12–14). Trichomonas elongata, Trichomonas caudata, Trichomonas flagellata, Steinberg (Kiewer Zeitschr. f. neuere Medicin, 1862). Trichomonas pulmonalis, A. Schmidt, (Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1895, No. 51), and St. Artault (Arch. de parasit. 1898, i, p. 279).
41 Brit. Journ. Children’s Diseases, x, p. 60.
42 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vi, p. 120.
43 Parasitology, iii, p. 210.
44 Arch. f. Protistenk., xxxiv, p. 1.
45 Bull. Soc. Med. Chirurg. Indo-Chine, v, p. 55.
46 Arch. f. Protistenkunde, Suppl. i, p. 169.
47 Lancet, 1859, ii, p. 503.
48 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitology, vi, p. 245.
49 Arch. f. Protistenk. xxii, p. 370.
50 Geneesk. Tijdschr. v. Nederl. Ind., lii, p. 659; Med. v. d. Burg. Geneesk. d. Nederl. Ind., iii, p. 1.
51 Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz., ii, p. 64.
52 Bull. Soc. Med. Chir. Indo-Chine, i, p. 471.
53 Gruby’s generic name is generally accepted. Still others have been used, e.g., Undulina, Ray Lankester, Globularia Wedl, Paramecioides Grassi, Trypanomonas Danilewsky, Hæmatomonas Mitrophanow.
54 Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xxv, p. 497.
55 Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. & Hyg., viii, p. 1.
56 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., viii, p. 1.
57 Robertson (1912), Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxv, p. 527.
58 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vii, p. 27.
59 Phil. Trans., B (1913), cciii, pp. 161–184.
60 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiii, p. 212.
61 C. R. Acad. Sci., 153, p. 649.
62 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiii, p. 513.
63 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvi, p. 66.
64 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vi, p. 331.
65 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxv, pp. 156, 483.
66 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vii, p. 339; viii, p. 379.
67 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiii, p. 28.
68 Stephens and Fantham (1912–13), Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxv, p. 223, and Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vii, p. 27.
69 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., i, p. 441.
70 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiii, p. 212.
71 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxii, p. 411.
72 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., iv, p. 417.
73 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxv, p. 423.
74 C.R. Soc. Biol., lxxii, p. 58.
75 C.R. Acad. Sci., 153, p. 1,097.
76 C.R. Acad. Sci., 154, p. 18.
77 C.R. Soc. Biol., lxxi, p. 609.
78 C.R. Soc. Biol., lxxi, p. 271.
79 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., v, pp. 26, 241.
80 C.R. Acad. Sci., 154, p. 18.
81 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., v, p. 101.
82 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vii, p. 183.
83 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vii, p. 281.
84 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvii, p. 516.
85 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vi, pp. 103, 331.
86 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvi, p. 187.
87 Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz., i, p. 159.
88 Brazil Medico, Nov. 15, 1910. Longer account in Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, iii, pp. 219–275. See Sleep. Sick. Bull., Nos. 35 and 40.
89 Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, iii, p. 276.
90 Rev. Med. S. Paulo (1912), xv, p. 337.
91 “Protozoa,” p. 294.
92 C. R. Acad. Sci., clv, p. 658.
93 Parasitology, iii, p. 360.
94 Arch. f. Protistenkunde, xxv, p. 386.
95 Report to Advis. Comm. Trop. Dis. Research Fund for 1913, p. 74.
96 Nuttall, Parasitology, v, p. 275.
97 Report to Advis. Comm. Trop. Dis. Research Fund, October, 1912, p. 91. See also Journ. Lond. Sch. Trop. Med., ii, p. 119.
98 Centralbl. f. Bakt., Orig., lxi, p. 102.
99 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvii, p. 526.
100 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvi, p. 187.
101 C.R. Acad. Sci., cxliv, p. 243.
102 Philippine Journ. Sc. (Sect. B), vii, p. 53.
103 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 196.
104 Brazil Medico, xxvii, p. 366.
105 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvii, p. 89.
106 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., iii, p. 381.
107 C. R. Soc. Biol., lxv, p. 581.
108 Journ. Med. Research, xxxi, p. 195.
109 See Bruce and colleagues (1910), Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiii, p. 15.
110 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiii, p. 176.
111 Repts. Sleeping Sickness Commission Roy. Soc. (1913), xiii, p. 82.
112 Centralbl. f. Bakt. (1910), Orig., liii, p. 303.
113 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., iv, p. 233.
114 Zeitschr. f. Immunitatsforschung, iv, p. 422 (1909), and v, p. 337 (1910).
115 Arch. f. Protist., xiii, p. 1.
116 Parasitology, ii, p. 367.
117 Bull. Path. Exot., vi, p. 254.
118 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiv, p. 505.
119 C. R. Acad. Sci., clvii, pp. 423, 744. Ibid., clviii, pp. 450, 770. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, 605.
120 Proc. Camb. Philosoph. Soc., xviii, p. 39.
121 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vi, pp. 156, 333, 377.
122 See Porter, Parasitology, iv, p. 237.
123 The literature up to 1912, on kala-azar and other leishmaniases is reviewed in the Kala-azar Bulletin. Afterwards in the Tropical Diseases Bulletin.
124 For the composition of this medium, see Appendix.
125 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxvii, p. 284.
126 Sci. Mem. Govt. India, Nos. 27, 31 (1907–08).
127 Parasitology, iv, p. 387.
128 Sci. Mem. Govt. India, No. 50.
129 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 186.
130 Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Trop. Hyg., xvii, p. 397.
131 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 272.
132 Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis, i, p. 26.
133 See Wenyon (1914), Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., vii, p. 97; also Critien (1911), Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., v, p. 37.
134 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 41.
135 Quoted by Leishman (1911) in his interesting review of Leishmaniasis, Journ. Roy. Army Med. Corps, xvii, p. 567, xviii, pp. 1, 125. Also Quart. Journ. Med. v, pp. 109–152.
136 Numerous papers in Rendiconti R. Accad. dei Lincei (Rome), xix, xx (1910–11).
137 See Fantham, Brit. Med. Journ., 1912, ii, p. 1196.
138 Annales Inst. Pasteur (1914–15), xxviii, pp. 823, 885; xxix, pp. 1, 71.
139 Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., xlvi, p. 1283: Journ. Exptl. Med. (1909), xi, p. 515.
140 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vi, p. 318.
141 Journ. Trop. Med. and Hyg., xvii, p. 113.
142 Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci., lii, p. 1.
143 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxi, p. 500.
144 Fantham, Parasitology, ii, p. 392.
145 Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxi, p. 500.
146 Liverpool Sch. Trop. Med., Memoir xvii; Lancet, Nov. 30, 1907, p. 1523.
147 Journ. Roy. Army Med. Corps, xii, p. 123; Lancet (1910), clxxviii, p. 11.
148 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., v, p. 479.
149 Parasitology, iv, p. 133.
150 Parasitology, iv, p. 463.
151 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol. (1911), v, p. 479.
152 Annales Inst. Pasteur, xxvii, pp. 450, 620.
153 Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., viii, p. 471.
154 Brit. Med. Journ., Dec. 14, 1907, p. 1706.
155 See also Nuttall, Herter Lecture on Spirochætosis, Parasitology, v, p. 269.
156 C.R. Acad. Sci., cliv, p. 1636; clv, p. 481.
157 Journ. Exptl. Med., xvi, p. 261.
158 Journ. Exptl. Med., xv, p. 466.
159 Journ. Exptl. Med., xvi, p. 202.
160 Ibid., p. 205.
161 Ibid., p. 205.
162 Ibid., p. 208.
163 Ibid., p. 620.
164 Brit. Med. Journ., Nov. 15, 1913. p. 1, 271.
165 Journ. Exptl. Med., xv, p. 90; xvi, p. 211.
166 Journ. Exptl. Med., xv, p. 201.
167 Journ. Exptl. Med., xvii, p. 89.
168 Centralbl. f. Bakt., Orig., lxxii, p. 107.
169 Journ. Exptl. Med., xv, p. 81; xvi, p. 194.
170 See Fantham (1908), Parasitology, i, p. 369.