[167] Kames’ Sketches of the History of Man, i. 274.
[168] Boswell’s Johnson, ii. 77. The superiority of the gardeners was most likely due to the superiority of the education of the poorer classes.
[169] Ib. ii. 78.
[170] W. Gilpin’s Observations relative to Picturesque Beauty in the year 1776, i. 117, 123, 141.
[171] Boswell’s Johnson, iii. 248.
[172] Forster’s Life of Goldsmith, i. 433.
[173] Gentleman’s Magazine, 1754, p. 119.
[174] Knox’s Tour through the Highlands of Scotland, p. 5.
[175] Piozzi Letters, i. 120.
[176] Works, ix. 17.
[177] Boswell’s Johnson, v. 120.
[178] Letters from Edinburgh, p. 230.
[179] Cockburn’s Life of Lord Jeffrey, i. 348.
[180] Gray’s Works, iv. 59.
[181] Pennant’s Tour in Scotland, ii. 21.
[182] Defoe’s Tour through Great Britain: Account of Scotland, iii. 15.
[183] Scots Magazine, 1772, p. 25.
[184] Croker’s Boswell (8vo. ed.), p. 285.
[185] Croker’s Correspondence, ii. 34.
[186] Boswell’s Johnson, v. 319.
[187] Topham’s Letters from Edinburgh, p. 366.
[188] Tytler’s Life of Lord Kames, i. 112.
[189] Scotland and Scotsmen of the Eighteenth Century, ii. 212, 227, 228, 231, 272, 277.
[190] Johnson’s Works, ix. 121.
[191] Wealth of Nations, i. 309.
[192] Piozzi Letters, i. 116.
[193] Pennant’s Tour in Scotland, ii. 138.
[194] Piozzi Letters, i. 121.
[195] Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 347.
[196] Letters from Edinburgh, p. 229.
[197] Humphry Clinker, ii. 233.
[198] E. D. Dunbar’s Social Life, ii. 147.
[199] Defoe’s Tour through Great Britain: Account of Scotland, vol. iii. p. 6.
[200] Humphry Clinker, ii. 212.
[201] Ib.
[202] Defoe’s Tour through Great Britain, vol. iii. p. vii.
[203] The Present State of Scotland, pp. 39, 42, 112, 114, 119.
[204] A Journey through part of England and Scotland with the Army. By a Volunteer. P. 53.
[205] Scots Magazine, 1772, p. 24.
[206] Letters from Edinburgh, p. 40.
[207] Memoirs of the Reign of George III., iv. 328.
[208] Humphry Clinker, ii. 176. See my edition of Letters of David Hume to William Strahan, pp. 56-64, for the violence of feeling between the English and Scotch at this time.
[209] Boswell’s Johnson, i. 425.
[210] Works, ix. 158.
[211] Boswell’s Johnson, v. 248.
[212] Works, ix. 24.
[213] Smollett’s History of England, ii. 99.
[214] Humphry Clinker, iii. 7.
[215] Wealth of Nations, i. 308.
[216] Hume’s History of England, vii. 438.
[217] Past and Present (ed. 1858), p. 80.
[218] Works, ix. 23.
[219] Humphry Clinker, iii. 83.
[220] Wesley’s Journal, iv. 13.
[221] Ib. p. 272.
[222] Ib. iv. 229.
[223] Ib. ii. 412.
[224] Ib. iii. 179.
[225] Humphry Clinker, iii. 44.
[226] Ib. iii. 83.
[227] Kames’s Sketches of the History of Man, ii. 333.
[228] Wealth of Nations, i. 222.
[229] Wright’s Life of Wolfe, p. 276.
[230] Kames’s Sketches of the History of Man, i. 265.
[231] Humphry Clinker, ii. 213.
[232] Letters from Edinburgh, pp. 279, 361.
[233] Gentleman’s Magazine, 1766, p. 209.
[234] Wealth of Nations, i. 100. See also Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 557, and Knox’s Tour, p. cxviii.
[235] Arnot’s History of Edinburgh (ed. 1779), p. 353.
[236] Boswell’s Johnson, i. 294, n. 8.
[237] Johnson’s Works, ix. 9.
[238] Humphry Clinker (ed. 1792), iii. 5.
[239] Scots Magazine, 1772, p. 636, and 1773, p. 399.
[240] Humphry Clinker, iii. 5.
[241] Dr. Alexander Carlyle’s Autobiography, p. 64.
[242] Kames’s Sketches of the History of Man (ed. 1807), i. 507.
[243] London Magazine for 1778, p. 198.
[244] Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century, ii. 64. George Drummond of Blair, of whom this story is told, did not succeed to his estate till 1739 (ib. p. 112), so that this rude mode of eating came down nearly to the date of Johnson’s visit, even in the houses of gentlemen. In the houses of “the substantial tenants” it continued till much later (ib. p. 64).
[245] Wesley’s Journal, iv. 418.
[246] Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century, ii. 70, 71, 251.
[247] Humphry Clinker, iii. 28.
[248] Knox’s Tour, p. 199.
[249] Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century, ii. 65.
[250] Gentleman’s Magazine for 1771, p. 543.
[251] Boswell’s Johnson, v. 172. There are inns in the Hebrides where the same deficiency is still found.
[252] Gray calls Geneva “neat,” and the repast which was set before him at the “Grande Chartreuse” “extremely neat.” Gray’s Works, ed. 1858, ii. 62, 63.
[253] Humphry Clinker, ii. 221, and Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 241.
[254] Reekiana, by Robert Chambers, p. 227: “The house was situated at the head of Dickson’s Close, a few doors below Niddry Street.” I have found all these names, except Stirling’s, in the recent interesting reprint of the Edinburgh Directory for 1773-4, published by William Brown, Edinburgh, 1889.
[255] “Stenchel. An iron bar for a window.” Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary.
[256] Tirlesing is not given by Jamieson.
[257] The City Cleaned and Country Improven, Edinburgh, 1760, p. 5.
[258] The City Cleaned and Country Improven, pp. 6, 8.
[259] Humphry Clinker, ii. 227. Gardy loo is a corruption of gardez l’eau, a cry which, like so many other Scotch customs and words, bears witness to the close connection which of old existed between Scotland and France.
[260] Burt’s Letters from a Gentleman, etc., i. 21.
[261] Topham’s Letters from Edinburgh, p. 152.
[262] Humphry Clinker, ii. 221.
[263] Wesley’s Journal, iii. 54.
[264] Wright’s Life of General Wolfe, p. 137.
[265] Gray’s Works, iv. 52.
[266] Ib. p. 61.
[267] This arrangement is still not uncommon in country places.
[268] Johnson’s Works, ix. 18.
[269] Boswell’s Johnson, v. 306.
[270] Letters from Edinburgh, p. 141.
[271] Works, ix. 18.
[272] Lockhart’s Life of Scott, i. 108.
[273] Boswell’s Johnson, ii. 78. Sheridan, in his Life of Swift, records an earlier abolition of vails in Ireland (Swift’s Works, ii. 108).
[274] Thicknesse’s Observations on the Customs and Manners of the French, 1766, p. 106.
[275] Lord Hervey’s Memoirs, ii. 50.
[276] Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 376.
[277] Edinburgh Chronicle for 1760, p. 495.
[278] Ib. pp. 503, 518, 583, 623. The Scots Hunters were, I suppose, the same as the Royal Hunters—a body of gentlemen volunteers who were raised at the time of the Rebellion of 1745, and served under General Oglethorpe.
[279] Walpole’s Memoirs of the Reign of George III., ii. 3, and Letters of the First Earl of Malmesbury, i. 108-9.
[280] Boswell’s Johnson, ii. 452.
[281] Wesley’s Journal, ii. 228, 285.
[282] Present State of Polite Learning, ch. xii.
[283] Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 658.
[284] Ib. pp. 352-4.
[285] Humphry Clinker, ii. 214.
[286] Letters from Edinburgh, p. 18.
[287] “The Pleasance consists of one mean street; through it lies the principal road to London.”—Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 328.
[288] Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 353.
[289] Voyage en Angleterre, etc., i. 200, 229, ii. 309.
[290] Boswell’s Johnson, v. 23.
[291] Piozzi Letters, i. 109.
[292] Works, ix. 18.
[293] Wesley’s Journal, ii. 228.
[294] Defoe’s Tour through Great Britain; Account of Scotland (ed. 1727), iii. 29, 30, 33.
[295] J. Macky’s Journey through Scotland, p. 65.
[296] Letters from Edinburgh, p. 8.
[297] Humphry Clinker, ii. 220.
[298] Tour in Scotland, i. 52.
[299] Carlyle’s Reminiscences, ii. 5.
[300] See Marmion, note in the Appendix on Canto V., Stanza 25.
[301] Letters from Edinburgh, p. 28.
[302] Guy Mannering, ii. 101.
[303] Letters from Edinburgh, p. 233. The young Englishman, perhaps, in this account does not aim at the strictest accuracy. The large prayer-books were, I suppose, psalm-books or Bibles.
[304] “To go up streets” is an Edinburgh phrase for “to go up the street.”—Scotticisms by Dr. Beattie (published anonymously), p. 82.
[305] Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 223. I assume that “the Prince’s colours” mentioned by Arnot was the flag described in Waverley, ii. 139.
[306] Letters from Edinburgh, pp. 58-62.
[307] According to Arnot, for many years preceding 1763, the average number of executions for the whole of Scotland was only three. There were four succeeding years in which the punishment of death was not once inflicted. By 1783, however, the English severity seems to have crept in, for in that year, in Edinburgh alone, in one week there were six criminals under sentence of death.—History of Edinburgh, p. 670.
[308] The guard consisted of seventy-five private men.—Ib. p. 506.
[309] Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, pp. 502, 658, and Letters from Edinburgh, pp. 355-60. By the year 1783, says Arnot, in his second edition, p. 658, their number and their character had greatly sunk. See also Humphry Clinker, ii. 240.
[310] Scots Magazine for 1772, p. 636.
[311] John Erskine, quoted in Tytler’s Life of Lord Kames, vol. i. app. x. p. 74, and in Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 299.
[312] Howard’s State of the Prisons, p. 17.
[313] Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 300.
[314] Wesley’s Journal, vol. iv. p. 17.
[315] Croker’s Boswell, p. 387.
[316] Scots Magazine for 1769, p. 110; The Speeches in the Douglas Cause (most likely Boswell), p. 391; and Boswell’s Johnson, ii. 230.
[317] Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century, vol. i. p. 173.
[318] Ruskin’s Lectures on Architecture and Painting, p. 2.
[319] Boswell’s Johnson, iii. 360, v. 68.
[320] Letters from Edinburgh, p. 12.
[321] Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 653.
[322] Cockburn’s Memorials of his Time, p. 183.
[323] Scots Magazine for 1768, p. 115.
[324] Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 314.
[325] Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 654, and W. Creech’s Letters to Sir John Sinclair, p. 9. Creech gives the number of cartloads at eighteen hundred.