66, 86;
connected with heathen worship, 24, 45, 66, 98;
and open-air courts, 34, 136;
Stanton Drew, 46, 47;
Duloe, 48;
churches on sites of, 45-9;
as dials, 253-8;
number of pillars in, 256;
gaps in, 256
Stonehenge, 48, 99, 219, 255;
Sir J. N. Lockyer on, 48, 253;
trilithons of, 219, 256;
barrows near, 261
Stone-rings (see Stone-circles)
Stowell, Lord, on use of coffins, 271
Strabo, and omens, 434
Strasburg (Germany), 447
Stratford-on-Avon, church, 230;
oxen near, 453
Strathfieldsaye (Hants.), 432
Strathfillan (parish in Argyle and Perth), 94
Streatham (Surrey), 207
Streatham Common (Surrey), 207
Streatley (Berks.), 349
Street, or Streat (Sussex), 101, 344
Strigils, in graves, 294
Strike-a-lights, 285, 293
Strutt, J. G., on yew at Pérone, 378-9;
Boldre maple, 384;
yews at Inchlonaig, 392
Stubbs (or Stubbes), Philip, on church-ales, 178;
dancing in church, 185
Studland (Dorset), 35
Stuttgart (Germany), 231
Suffolk, round church towers of, 123;
burial custom, 330;
burial on North side, 343
“Sugar-loaf” (= fossil echinoderm), 303
Sugolia (Hungary), 197
Suicides, burial of, on North side, 341, 351, 352;
unburnt, 357;
at crossroads, 357-9;
in open fields, 359
Summer-houses, 340
Sun, worship of, 202, 213, 218, 219, 255, 439;
bowing to the, 212;
praying towards, 218, 219;
burials facing, 249-52;
as determining orientation, 325
Sundials, attached to churches, 162, 163;
stone-circles used as, 255, 256-7
Sunken Kirk (Cambs.), 30
Sunninghill (Berks.), 432
“Sun of Righteousness,” 220, 244
Superstition, and sites of churches, 17, 18;
connected with church objects, 29;
and burial-places, 87;
building of churches, 103-4, 106;
and Christian burials, 286-7, 292-3, 294-7;
fossils, 303-4;
shells, 309;
teeth, 321-2;
funerals, 331;
baptisms and weddings, 332;
North side of churchyard, 341-3, 350-2;
yews in churchyards, 396;
yews at Christmas, 402;
horse-skulls, 440-1, 442, 444-5;
oxen, 442, 444, 451
Surrey, position of churches, 101;
yew trees, 404-5;
oxen, 465
Survivals, in burial customs, 268-323;
trees on graves, 270;
horse-burial, 431-2
Sussex, church towers, 124-5;
grave-mounds, 264;
barrow, 302;
gable ornaments, 441;
oxen in, 452, 454-5, 465, 472, 475;
size of ox-team, 459, 461;
ox-yoke, 461, 462;
shoeing of oxen, 472-3
Sutton, as place-name, 339
Swallowfield (Berks.), 378
Swanage (Dorset), 111
Swanscombe (Kent), 62, 349
Sweating sickness, 16
Sweden, burial customs of, 310;
rock-carvings, 421;
acoustic jars, 447;
sacred cows, 481
Swerford (Oxford), 62
Sweyn, nephew of Canute, 200
Swift, Jonathan, quoted, 230
Swindon (Glos.), 111
Swine (Yorks.), 352
Swinhope (Lincs.), 351
Switzerland, lake-dwellings, 249 n., 416, 421;
discovery of bows, 388;
horse in, 417;
oxen of, 477;
decoration of cows, 482
Sycamore, in churchyards, 384
Sykes, Sir Tatton, excavation of Duggleby Howe, 66
Symbolism, weathercock, 164;
of East and West, 217;
of sun, 219 n;
deflected chancels, 235-6, 240, 242;
in churches, 235-8;
of the Cross, 236;
graves, 264;
grave-gifts, 291, 295, 299, 318;
ashes, 316, 317;
evergreens, 323;
cardinal points, 324, 332;
of priest’s position in church, 337;
yew, 398, 400-1, 407;
of the ox, 485
Syme, J. T. B., on Welsh yews, 398
Sympathetic magic, 295, 322
Syncretism, 25
Synods, Exeter, 140, 196, 383;
Winchester, 140;
Westminster, 170;
Quinsext or Trullan, 186

Tabernacle, of Moses, 217, 223
Tacitus, use of covinus, 422;
on white horses, 433;
horse-skulls, 440
Tait, Prof. J., on “Toot Hill,” 70
Tandridge (Surrey), 370-1
Tankersley Park (Yorks.), 377
Taplow (Bucks.), 81, 86, 283
Tara, the king of, 402
Tartars, horses of the, 419, 472;
chariot-burial, 429
Tatsfield (Surrey), 331
Taunton (Somerset), 232
Tavern signs, 433, 485
Taxine, 362
“Taxus,” word discussed, 362
Taylor, Isaac, on place-names, 31, 32;
on determination of position, 325-6;
cardinal points, 339-40;
Domesday ox-team, 458
Taylor, Silas, on orientation of churches, 225, 227
Teeth, fossil, in barrows, 307;
abundance of, in graves, 321;
superstitions regarding, 321-2;
of horse, in barrows, 430
Teisterbant, meaning of name, 326
Telscombe (Sussex), 90
Temple, meaning of word, 210;
of Herod, 217;
of Solomon, 217
Temple Downs (Wilts.), 30
Temples, pagan, 28, 30-1
Tenby (Pembroke), 151
Tenison, Archbishop, and Lambeth burial-ground, 343
Tennyson, quoted, 405, 475, 496
Tertullian, reference to Christians, 2;
on sun-worship, 219
Teutonic invasion, 3;
settlement, 105-6;
use of word “church,” 146-7;
sun-worship, 219;
mythology, 334, 440;
horse cult, 433-4, 436, 441
Tewkesbury (Glos.), 140
Texel, meaning of name, 326
Thaxted (Essex), 133
Thegn-right, 73
Theodosius, Edict of, 26
Things (= popular assemblies), 65
Thomas, Mr Edward, quoted, 486
Thor, feasts to, 27, 28;
hammer of, 27, 198
Thracians, and white stones, 299
Thrapstone (Northants.), 346
Thruxton Tump (Hereford), 56
Thugs, and prayer towards the East, 217
Thunderbolts, 197
Thursley (Surrey), 384
Thuxton (Norfolk), 347
Tidenham (Glos.), 8
Tideswell (Derby), 153
Timbs, John, on Wrexham yews, 374
Tisbury (Wilts.), 377
Tissington (Derby), earthwork, 16;
well-worship, 92
Tithe-barns, use of, 159, 160, 171-2, 182;
Brand on, 176
Tiverton (Devon), church used as fortress, 118;
burial of gipsy at, 312
Tlingits, or Tlinkits (tribe), 251
Toll-holz (charm), 397
Tombs, simple, 268-9
Tombstones, vaulted, 260;
flat, 270, 347;
box-shaped, 275;
table, 275;
vertical, 347
(see also Headstones)
Toot-hills, 7, 51, 60-1, 70-3;
at Pirton, 60-1, 70;
meaning of term, 70-1;
at Macclesfield, 71;
Little Coates, 72
Tooting (Surrey), 89
Torrington (Devon), 496
Totemism, 281
Totemism and Exogamy, cited, 281, 436
Tothill, Tothill Fields, etc., 71
Tours (France), 231
Toussaint, M., on horse bones, 415
Touting Hills, 71
Towcester (Northants.), 59, 62
Tower of London, 285
Towers, church, used as fortresses, 107-18, 150;
portcullis in, 107;
Irish round, 118-22;
detached, 122-3;
circular, 123-4
Town armour, 158
Town halls, 138
Town meeting, 141
Townstall (Devon), 118
Toys, in graves, 312
Tozer, Mr Basil, on horseshoes, 423, 424
Tradition, concerning churches, 30-1, 103-4, 106;
yews, 392, 396, 404;
horse-skulls, 445-6;
ploughing oxen, 487, 492 (see also Folk-memory)
Trees, on barrows, 270, 400;
on graves, 270, 400;
in churchyards, 383-5, 401
Tree-trunks, for coffins, 274, 278
Tree-worship, 28, 400
Tregaron (Cardigan), 48
Trepanning, 321
Trephine, and yew trees, 365
Trevis (= beam used in shoeing oxen), 473
Trial by ordeal, 136, 354
Trilithons, 255
Trottescliffe (Kent), 40
Trullan Synod, 186
Tull, Jethro, on agriculture, 468
Tumulus, meaning of word, 51
(see also Barrow)
Tunbridge Wells (Kent), 454
Turanians, burial customs, 284
Turlagh, burial at, 352
Turner, Robert, on yew superstition, 395-6
Turner, Sir W., on Australian burial custom, 313
Turris, or bretasche, 53
Tusser, Thomas, quoted, 483
Tutt Hill (Suffolk), 71
Tweeddale, churchyards of, 343
Tweedside superstitions, 301
Twelfth Night, quoted, 154, 382
Twyford (Hants.), megalith, 45;
yew, 378
Tyack, Rev. G. S., on holy wells, 97;
church-ales, 180
Tylor, Prof. E. B., on value of details, 2;
orientation of churches, 213, 216-7, 219;
comparative burial customs, 251-2, 312;
animism, 279-81;
burial of coins, 296;
on grave-gifts, 279-82;
East and West, 332
Tyndall, John, his grave at Haslemere, 264
Tynemouth (Northumberland), 230
Tynwald Hill (I. of Man), 64

Uffington (Berks.), 433-4
Uganda, 358
Ulm (Germany), 126
Unbaptized children, burial of, 351, 353 n.
Upper Beeding (Sussex), 344
Upsala, heathen temple at, 28;
tumulus, 276 n.
Upton (Notts.), 448
Uriconium, discoveries at, 479
Urn-field, at Aylesford, 261, 276
Urns, cinerary, 277, 292, 399;
burial in, 261, 451;
containing flint chips, 285
Urus, the, 477
Usher of school, his origin, 149, 154
Utterby (Lincs.), 351
Uttoxeter (Staffs.), 71

Vaigatch, 228
Vale of Pewsey (Wilts.), 453, 473
Vale of Pickering (Yorks.), 453
Varanger Fiord (Norway), 309
Variation of magnetic needle, 228
Vatican, museum of, 199;
St Peter’s church, 232
Vedic hymn, quoted, 283;
literature, 439
Veile, or Vejle (Denmark), 28
Venta Silurum (= Caerwent), 25
Verona (Italy), 216
Verulam, Roman station, 4
Vessels, models of, in churches, 203
Vestry, Easter, 141;
“open,” 141;
the word and the institution, 142;
origin of, 142-3;
“close,” 142;
records of, 271
Victoria, burial of, 432
Victoria Histories:
London, 9;
Cumberland, 50;
Kent, 52;
Cornwall, 310
Viking burials, 262, 294, 431
Village, stockaded, 16;
plays, 181-3;
fairs, 191, 193
Villas, Roman, 5, 6, 8, 9, 95
Vindomora, Roman station, 12
Vinogradoff, Prof. P., on gallows, 69 n.;
on cost of iron weapons, 158;
Domesday ox-team, 458
Virgil, and word dexter, 327;
chariot-burial, 429;
on white horses, 433;
story of the Carthaginians, 442;
the Golden Age, 483
Vishnu, mythology of, 307, 442
Vision of William, cited, 456, 457 n.
Vitruvius, on acoustic vessels, 447
Vogt, M. Carl, on domestication of the horse, 414
Von Hefele, C. J., on Trullan Synod, 186
Votive offerings, 203, 293
Vulgate, the, and use of the word “specula,” 71

Waith (Lincs.), 108
Wakefield (Yorks.), 344
Walcott, M. E. C., on orientation of churches, 212
Wales, churches of, near stone-circles, 48;
well-worship, 92, 94-5;
circular churchyards, 97, 99;
legends regarding churches, 104;
sports in churchyards, 197;
folk-lore, 246;
bards, 257, 398;
burial customs, 331;
well superstition, 332;
bone-caves, 417;
mummers, 442;
black cattle, 480;
pagan deities, 482
Wallace, Mr R. Hedger, on long-horned cattle, 479
Walnut trees, in churchyards, 384
Walrond, Col. F., on bows, 389
Walsall (Staffs.), 104
Walsingham (Norfolk), 192
Walter de Henley, on ploughing, 458, 467, 468;
speed of oxen, 467;
shoeing oxen, 468, 470-1
Waltham Abbey (Essex), 165
Walthamstow (Essex), 416
Walton (Norfolk), 122
Walton-on-the-Hill (Lancs.), 165
Walton-on-the-Hill (Surrey),