[1] E. B. Tylor, in the preface to the second edition of Primitive Culture, 1873.

[2] T. Hodgkin, Hist. of Eng. (Vol. I. of Polit. Hist. of Eng., ed. W. Hunt and R. L. Poole), p. 76; E. Conybeare, Roman Britain, 1903, p. 258.

[3] R. Camber-Williams, in Social England, ed. H. D. Traill, 1894, I. p. 37, and F. T. Richards, same volume, p. 29.

[4] T. Hodgkin, op. cit. p. 76; Conybeare, op. cit. p. 259. Cf. W. E. Addis, Christianity and the Roman Empire, 1893, p. 48.

[5] Conybeare, op. cit. p. 259; O. M. Dalton, Guide to the Early Christian and Byzantine Antiquities (Brit. Mus.), 1903, p. 3, and many other writers.

[6] See Conybeare, op. cit. p. 267, and his authorities.

[7] O. M. Dalton, op. cit. p. 2.

[8] Bede, Eccles. Hist., L. i. c. 7; Vict. Hist. of Herts., 1908, II. p. 483; F. Bond, English Cathedrals, 1899, pp. 208-9.

[9] C. Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, 1861, v. p. 199, and art. in Archaeologia, XXIX. pp. 217-26. Some of the examples, along with others, are considered by J. R. Allen, Monumental Hist. of the Early Brit. Church, 1899, pp. 12-19, 20-31.

[10] Proc. Geol. Assoc. XXIII. p. 464.

[11] G. Maynard, in Memorials of Old Essex, ed. A. Clifton Kelway, 1908, p. 32. The list was compiled from R. Miller Christy’s Durrant’s Guide to Essex, 1887, passim.

[12] Athenaeum, 1889, p. 314. Examples from other districts will be found recorded in the Victoria Histories for the respective counties.

[13] G. Baldwin Brown, The Arts in Early England, 1903, I. p. 270.

[14] O. M. Dalton, op. cit. pp. 3-4.

[15] J. Romilly Allen, op. cit. pp. 29-31, 40-1.

[16] J. C. Cox and A. Harvey, Eng. Church Furniture, 1907, p. 167. Cf. F. J. Haverfield and M. V. Taylor in Vict. Hist. of Salop., 1908, I. pp. 228, 238. The church at West Mersea has a double dedication (St Peter and St Paul); this fact is believed by some to indicate an early foundation.

[17] J. C. Cox and A. Harvey, loc. cit.

[18] Murray, Handbook for Oxfordshire, 1894, pp. 195-6; A. H. Allcroft, Earthwork of England, 1908, p. 345 n.

[19] F. Seebohm, Eng. Vill. Community, 1896, p. 431 (map given).

[20] Seebohm, loc. cit.

[21] Vict. Hist. of Herts., 1908, II. p. 119.

[22] Seebohm, op. cit. p. 433.

[23] Ibid. p. 436. Cf. Murray, Handbook for Gloucestershire, 1895, p. 10.

[24] F. Bond, Eng. Cathedrals, p. 235. The Westminster discovery is recorded by Mr Bond in Westminster Abbey, 1909, p. 3.

[25] Collectanea Antiqua, 1861, v. p. 199.

[26] A. H. Allcroft, op. cit. p. 346 n. For other Sussex examples, see Vict. Hist. of Sussex, 1907, II. p. 333.

[27] Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., x. p. 11. Cf. G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. II. p. 336.

[28] Murray, Handbook for Devon, 1895, p. 22.

[29] The discoveries now include a tessellated pavement, pottery, and a Roman lamp (Antiquary, 1911, N.S., VII. p. 162).

[30] W. Johnson, Folk-Memory, 1908, p. 88, et seqq.

[31] Conybeare, op. cit. pp. 265-6.

[32] Essex Naturalist, 1890, IV. p. 155.

[33] W. Harrod, Norfolk Archaeology, 1859, V. pp. 146-160 (plates and illustrations given); A. Suckling, Hist. and Antiq. of Suffolk, 1846, I. pp. 323-324; G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. I. p. 270; M. Stokes, Three Months in the Forests of France, 1895, pp. xxxii, 158-62; A. H. Allcroft, op. cit. p. 344 n.

[34] C. Roach Smith, Collect. Antiq., V. p. 200.

[35] F. J. Haverfield, in Vict. Hist. of Norfolk, 1901, I. p. 290. The whole series of Prof. Haverfield’s contributions to the Victoria Histories will repay study. See also his valuable paper, The Romanization of Roman Britain, 1905, p. 33 (reprinted from the Proc. Brit. Academy, II.).

[36] Haverfield, in Vict. Hist. of Norfolk, I. pp. 314-5.

[37] Vict. Hist. of Rutland, 1908, I. p. 37; Notes and Queries, 3rd Ser., V. p. 173.

[38] Vict. Hist. of Rutland, 1908, I. p. 89; Notes and Queries, loc. cit.

[39] Notes and Queries, 3rd Ser., V. p. 173.

[40] Ibid. 3rd Ser., VI. p. 37.

[41] Naturalist, XI. 1886, p. 27.

[42] Vict. Hist. of Durham, I. pp. 221, 350.

[43] Ibid. I. p. 350.

[44] Notes and Queries, 3rd Ser., IX. p. 332.

[45] W. Roy, Milit. Antiquities, 1793, p. 133.

[46] Murray, Handbook for Sussex, 5th edition, 1893, p. 46.

[47] Haverfield, in Vict. Hist. of Hants., I. p. 329.

[48] Allcroft, op. cit. pp. 564, 566; C. Warne, Ancient Dorset, 1872, pp. 101-105; Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Soc. XVII. 1896, pp. 138, 140; Notes and Queries, 8th Ser., IX. p. 77.

[49] Murray, Handbook for Gloucestershire, 1895, p. 11.

[50] J. B. Cornish, in Vict. Hist. of Cornwall, I. p. 458.

[51] Ibid. I. p. 462.

[52] Vict. Hist. of Sussex, 1905, I. p. 479. (Most of the earthworks, cited from the Vict. Histories, are illustrated, in those volumes, by plans.)

[53] Vict. Hist. of Berks., I. p. 266.

[54] Vict. Hist. of Kent, 1908, I. p. 394.

[55] Ibid. I. p. 397.

[56] Allcroft, op. cit. p. 134 n.; G. Clinch, in Vict. Hist. of Bucks., 1908, II. pp. 22-24.

[57] Allcroft, op. cit. p. 134 n.; Vict. Hist. of Bucks., II. p. 26.

[58] J. C. Cox, in Vict. Hist. of Derbyshire, 1905, I. p. 372.

[59] Ibid. I. p. 374.

[60] Allcroft, op. cit. pp. 548-9.

[61] Ibid. p. 344 n.

[62] Folk-Memory, pp. 70-1.

[63] Seebohm, op. cit. p. 436.

[64] Dalton, op. cit. p. 3; G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. II. pp. 3, 122; H. M. Scarth, Rom. Brit., n.d., p. 213 n.; M. H. Bloxam, Gothic Eccles. Architecture, 1849, pp. 41-2.

[65] G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. I. p. 279, II. pp. 118-9, 340; Dalton, op. cit. p. 3. Cf. Collectanea Antiqua, V. p. 167.

[66] G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. I. pp. 270-3, II. p. 341; Dalton, op. cit. p. 3.

[67] A. P. Stanley, Hist. Memorials of Canterbury, 1875, p. 37.

[68] Bede, Eccles. Hist., L. i. cc. 26, 33.

[69] G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. II. pp. 119, 294, 337; Bloxam, op. cit. p. 33; Dalton, op. cit. p. 3.

[70] G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. II. pp. 122, 294, 337.

[71] Vict. Hist. of Lancashire, II. pp. 6, 553.

[72] B. Williams, in Social Eng. I. 1894, p. 36; Conybeare, op. cit. p. 265.

[73] G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. II. p. 339.

[74] Ibid. II. pp. 260-3, 294.

[75] See discussion in Notes and Queries, 9th Ser., II. pp. 101, 158, 277, 429; III. pp. 11, 110, 275, 322, 374. Cf. Archaeologia, LIII. pp. 564-8.

[76] F. J. Haverfield, in Vict. Hist. of Hants., I. p. 284.

[77] G. E. Fox and W. St John Hope, in Vict. Hist. of Hants., I. p. 364. See also Archaeologia, LIII. pp. 564-8; G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. I. pp. 145-6, II. p. 11; F. Bond, Gothic Archit. in England, pp. 195, 215, 223; O. M. Dalton, op. cit. p. 3.

[78] G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. II. pp. 125, 293.

[79] Ibid. I. p. 271.

[80] G. E. Fox and W. St John Hope, in Vict. Hist. of Hants., I. p. 364.

[81] Ibid., loc. cit.

[82] A. Harnack, Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries, tr. J. Moffatt, 1905, I. pp. 391-97; O. M. Dalton, op. cit. p. 28. Cf. W. E. Addis, Christianity and the Roman Empire, 1893, pp. 17, 18, 185-90.

[83] Sir G. L. Gomme, Folk-Lore as an Historical Science, 1908, p. 321.

[84] G. S. Tyack, Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, 1899, p. 11; Conybeare, op. cit. p. 266.

[85] Bede, Eccles. Hist., L. i. c. 30.

[86] Bede, op. cit. L. i. c. 26. See also A. J. Giles’s edition, 1887, p. 29.

[87] J. Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, tr. from the 4th edition by J. G. Stallybrass, 1882, I. pp. 43, 86-7 (and generally, chaps, iv. and vi.), IV. p. 1313. [I quote Stallybrass’s translation throughout. It should be noted that the volumes are variously dated: I. 1882; II. and III. 1883; IV. 1888 (W. J.).] Cf. B. Thorpe, Northern Mythology, 1851, I. pp. 268-9.

[88] J. M. Robertson, Christianity and Mythology, 1900, p. 36 et passim; Canon E. L. Hicks, in The Roman Fort at Manchester, ed. F. A. Bruton, 1909, pp. 44-5; Sir J. Norman Lockyer, Stonehenge, 1906, pp. 178-88.

[89] Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore, XXII., 1909, pp. 144 et seqq.

[90] Folk-Lore as an Hist. Science, p. 329.

[91] Thorpe, op. cit. I. pp. 268-9. Cf. J. B. Bury, Life of St Patrick, 1905, pp. 107-8; W. G. Wood-Martin, Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland, 1902, I. pp. 140-1; M. Stokes, Early Christian Architect. in Ireland, 1878, pp. 92, 96; Antiquary, 1910, n.s. VI. pp. 184-8.

[92] Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore, ut supra. Cf. E. Dale, National Life and Character in the Mirror of Eng. Literature, 1907, pp. 61-75.

[93] W. Henderson, Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties, 1879, p. 3. See also L. Friedlander, Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire, tr. J. H. Freese, 1900, III. pp. 120-22, 210-14, for the struggle between Christianity and Paganism in Rome.

[94] F. Kauffmann, Northern Mythology, tr. M. S. Smith, 1903, p. 8. Cf. O. Montelius, Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times, tr. F. H. Woods, 1888, p. 200.

[95] Reliquary, XIV. 1908, pp. 273-4.

[96] Thorpe, op. cit. II. pp. 221-5.

[97] C. F. Gordon-Cumming, In the Hebrides, 1883, p. 240. Cf. C. Warne, Ancient Dorset, p. 104, where it is asserted that the cathedral of Le Mans is built on the site of a stone-circle.

[98] Johannes Schefferus, Lapponia, id est, Regionis Lapponum, 1673, passim. An English edition by T. Newborough appeared in 1704.

[99] G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. I. p. 271.

[100] A. L. Pitt-Rivers, Excav. in Cranborne Chase, I. 1887, pp. 23-5.

[101] A. H. Allcroft, op. cit. p. 592.

[102] Pitt-Rivers, op. cit. I. pp. 23-25. Cf. Archaeol. Jour. VI. pp. 17-18, 19-24.

[103] A. H. Allcroft, op. cit. p. 593 n. Cf. Haverfield, in Vict. Hist. of Northampton, I. p. 193, and, for Welsh evidence, Cambrian Journal, 1858, 2nd Ser., I. pp. 204-5; Sir R. Colt Hoare, Anc. Hist. of North Wilts., 1819, p. 42.

[104] Antiquary, n.s. I. 1905, pp. 133-8.

[105] R. Ashington Bullen, Harlyn Bay, 1902, pp. 69-70.

[106] I. Taylor, Names and their Histories, 1896, p. 390. Cf. 1898 edition, p. 136, also his Words and Places, ed. A. Smythe Palmer, 1909, p. 237. For kil, see New Oxford Dict., s.v. For llan, see Words and Places, 1909, p. 328; Cambrian Jour., 1857, 1st Ser., IV. p. 101; 1858, 2nd Ser., I. p. 204; Archaeologia Cambrensis, 1850, 2nd Ser., I. p. 17.

[107] Folk-Memory, 1908, p. 139 et seqq.

[108] Sir G. L. Gomme, Prim. Folk-Moots, pp. 108-9, 129-30, 192, 227-33; H. N. Hutchinson, Prehist. Man and Beast, 1896, p. 258; R. W. Eyton, A Key to Domesday, 1878, p. 143. Cf. T. Cato Worsfold, The French Stonehenge, n.d. p. 40. Some curious information, to be read critically, will be found in W. Charleton’s Chorea Gigantum, or Stone-Heng restored to the Danes, 1663, pp. 42-50.

[109] Folk-Memory, pp. 144-5, 336.

[110] The stone is fully described by C. Warne, Anc. Dorset, 1872, pp. 137-9.

[111] Bede, Eccles. Hist. L. iii. c. 7.

[112] A. G. Langdon, Old Cornish Crosses, 1896, passim; W. Crossing, Anc. Stone Crosses of Dartmoor, 1887, passim.

[113] See F. W. Harmer, in Geology in the Field, ed. H. W. Monckton and R. S. Herries, 1901, Pt i. pp. 110-113.

[114] Vict. Hist. of Cornwall, I. pp. 407, 415, etc.

[115] Ibid.

[116] Z. de Rouzic, Les Monuments Mégalithiques, 1901, pp. 29-30, 34; T. Cato Worsfold, The French Stonehenge, n.d., pp. 15-16; G. Allen, Evol. of the Idea of God, 1903, p. 147.

[117] Folk-Memory, pp. 133-6, and authorities quoted. This view is also taken by J. Romilly Allen in Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times, 1905, p. 186. Cf. A. G. Langdon, op. cit. pp. 4-7; W. Henderson, Folk-Lore of Northern Counties, 1879, p. 3, notices several Scottish examples.

[118] Antiquary, n.s. VI. 1910, pp. 21-26, illustration given.

[119] A description of the ruins will be found in Harlyn Bay, pp. 69-70; Vict. Hist. of Kent, 1908, I. p. 320; South-Eastern Naturalist, 1904, p. 32. For discussion of the word “sarsen” see Folk-Memory, pp. 260-2.

[120] South-Eastern Naturalist, loc. cit. See also A. E. Salter, in Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1911, XIV. pp. 135-142.

[121] Proc. Geol. Assoc., 1906, XIX. p. 317.

[122] Notes and Queries, 8th Ser., VIII. p. 365. Cf. 8th Ser., VII. p. 485; VIII. p. 431; and Pliny, Nat. Hist., L. xxvi. c. 29; L. xxix. c. 13.

[123] Antiquary, N.S. II., 1906, p. 120.

[124] Harlyn Bay, pp. 69-71.

[125] Vict. Hist. of Cornwall, 1906, I. p. 379.

[126] Vict. Hist. of Yorkshire, 1907, I. p. 369; Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, pp. 24-5; P. Royston, Rudstone, a sketch of its History and Antiquities, 1873, pp. 43-83.

[127] Harlyn Bay, p. 70.

[128] S.-E. Naturalist, 1909, p. 28, and Plate xx.

[129] G. E. Jeans (editor), Murray’s Handbook for Isle of Wight, 5th edition, 1898, p. 51.

[130] G. E. Jeans, loc. cit.

[131] S.-E. Naturalist, 1909, p. 28; Antiquary, N.S., 1906, II. p. 80.

[132] H. Belloc, The Old Road, 1904, p. 64.

[133] S.-E. Naturalist, 1904, p. 32.

[134] Murray, Handbook for Kent, 5th edition, 1892, pp. 207-8; Archaeologia Cantiana, 1880, XIII. pp. 14, 16 (and plate); Vict. Hist. of Kent, 1908, I. p. 319; F. J. Bennett, Ightham, the Story of a Kentish Village, 1907, pp. 47-8.

[135] W. Boyd Dawkins, in Vict. Hist. of Somerset, 1906, I. p. 191; C. W. Dymond, Guide to Stanton Drew, 1896, p. 11 et seqq.; Sir J. Norman Lockyer, Stonehenge and other British Monuments, 1906, pp. 166-77.

[136] Vict. Hist. of Cornwall, I. p. 399.

[137] Sir J. Norman Lockyer, op. cit. p. 219.

[138] Ibid., op. cit. pp. 217-20.

[139] Cambrian Jour., 1858, 2nd Ser., I. p. 205.

[140] C. Cordiner, Antiquities and Scenery of the North of Scotland, 1780, p. 34; W. G. Wood-Martin, Pagan Ireland, 1895, p. 590.

[141] Sir D. Wilson, Archaeology and Prehist. Annals of Scotland, 1851, p. 10. See also T. Pennant, Tour in Scotland, 3rd edition, 1774, I. p. 274: chapter by Rev. Mr Shaw; C. Cordiner, op. cit. p. 34. Mr P. McIntyre informs me that, in conversation, clachan is employed, and, in that case, the question should be written, Am beil thu dol d’an clachan? The phrase is also given, with slight variations, by Lockyer, op. cit. pp. 219-20, and by H. N. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 258 (Chap. XI., generally, of this book is worthy of study).