[142] G. E. Jeans, op. cit. p. 4. Cf. J. W. Hill, Historical Directory of the I. of Wight, 2nd edition, 1879, p. 130.

[143] W. G. Collingwood, in Vict. Hist. of Cumberland, 1901, I. p. 265. See also Archaeologia, 1773, II. pp. 48-53, where the tomb is said to be either British or Danish; Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., N.S. XIV., 1908, p. 205.

[144] A. H. Allcroft, Earthwork of England, p. 403 n.

[145] J. H. Round, in Quarterly Review, CLXXIX., 1894, pp. 27-57; E. S. Armitage, in Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. XXXIV., 1900, pp. 260-88: also a good summary by this writer in Introd. to Eng. Antiquities, 1903, pp. 119-124.

[146] G. T. Clark, Mediaeval Military Architecture, 1884, 2 vols., passim; I. Chalkley Gould, in Notes and Queries, 9th Ser., VI. p. 134. Cf. Paper by this writer in Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., 1907, N.S., XIII. pp. 51-64.

[147] E. S. Armitage, Introd. to Eng. Antiq., p. 120; New Oxford Dict. under “Borough.”

[148] W. Gardner, in Vict. Hist. of Warwick, 1904, I. pp. 352-3; R. A. Smith, in Vict. Hist. of Northampton, 1902, I. p. 256; T. Davies Pryce, in Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., N.S., XII. 1906, pp. 231-68.

[149] J. H. Round, in Quarterly Review, loc. cit., and in Commune of London, 1899, pp. 52-4: also in Archaeologia, LVIII. pp. 312-40; E. S. Armitage, loc. cit.; W. H. St John Hope, in Archaeol. Jour. LXX. pp. 72-90; G. Neilson, Scottish Review, LIV. 1898, pp. 209-38; A. H. Allcroft, op. cit., Chap. xiii.

[150] I. C. Gould, in Vict. Hist. of Herefordshire, 1908, I. p. 230.

[151] Archaeol. Cambrensis, 3rd Ser., I. 1855, pp. 168-174; Notes and Queries, 9th Ser., VI. p. 77.

[152] Vict. Hist. of Herefordshire, I. p. 231.

[153] Notes and Queries, 9th Ser., VI. p. 77.

[154] Vict. Hist. of Lancashire, 1908, II. pp. 533-6.

[155] Ibid. II. pp. 521-2.

[156] Ibid. II. pp. 539-43.

[157] Archaeologia, LVIII. p. 333.

[158] Allcroft, op. cit. p. 452.

[159] D. H. Montgomerie, in Vict. Hist. of Herts., 1908, II. pp. 117-8. In this connection see E. L. Cutts, Parish Priests and their People in the Middle Ages in England, 1898, Chap. xxvii. The manor-house long continued to have its chapel or oratory. See N. J. Hone, The Manor and Manorial Records, 1906, pp. 32-7. The private chaplain was a well-known personage in Addison’s time.

[160] Archaeologia, LVIII. p. 333.

[161] G. Baldwin Brown, Arts in Early England, II. p. 340. Cf. I. p. 274.

[162] Vict. Hist. of Lancashire, II. pp. 529-30.

[163] Notes and Queries, 9th Ser., VI. p. 11.

[164] Allcroft, op. cit. p. 548 n.

[165] F. Seebohm, Village Community, p. 434. Cf. A. R. Goddard, in Vict. Hist. of Bedford, 1904, I. pp. 296-7.

[166] Seebohm, loc. cit.

[167] Vict. Hist. of Hertford, II. pp. 117-8.

[168] R. A. Smith, in Vict. Hist. of Northampton, I. p. 256. Cf. II. p. 408.

[169] R. A. Smith, op. cit. I. p. 256; Proc. Soc. Antiq., VII. p. 316-21.

[170] Vict. Hist. of Northampton, II. p. 405.

[171] Ibid. I. p. 256.

[172] Vict. Hist. of Kent, 1908, I. p. 407.

[173] Ibid. I. pp. 208, 363.

[174] Surrey Archaeol. Coll., XII. p. 162.

[175] Surrey Archaeol. Coll., XII. pp. 155, 162; Vict. Hist. of Surrey, I. p. 250; J. C. Cox, Rambles in Surrey, 1910, pp. 126-7.

[176] Vict. Hist. of Hereford, I. p. 240; Notes and Queries, 9th Ser., VI. p. 171.

[177] New Oxford Dict. under “Moot.”

[178] Sir G. L. Gomme, Prim. Folk-Moots, 1880, Chap. ii. Cf. Seebohm, op. cit. p. 434.

[179] Allcroft, op. cit. p. 542.

[180] Sir G. L. Gomme, op. cit. pp. 62, 105, 106, 112, 215, etc.; R. W. Eyton, A Key to Domesday, 1878, p. 143.

[181] Addy, Evol. of the Eng. House, 1898, pp. 197-8.

[182] Archaeologia, XXII. p. 200 Cf. S. O. Addy, op. cit. p. 178 (and authorities given).

[183] Archaeologia, loc. cit. Cf. Archaeol. Jour., I. p. 154.

[184] Ibid.

[185] F. Kauffmann, Northern Mythology, pp. 22-3. Cf. P. H. Mallet, Northern Antiquities, tr. Bishop Percy, 1847, p. 291 (Iceland evidence).

[186] See instances given in Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc., N.S. XIV., 1908, p. 208.

[187] Trans. E. Riding Antiq. Soc., 1895, III. pp. 13-14; J. R. Mortimer. Forty Years’ Researches, 1905, pp. 23-4, 26-7.

[188] Forty Years’ Researches, p. 23 n.

[189] Ibid. p. 295. Moot-hills are also referred to on pp. lxxxv, 25-26, 261, 264, 294.

[190] Allcroft, op. cit. p. 523.

[191] Forty Years’ Researches, pp. 36, 388, 390.

[192] Ibid. pp. 388-94.

[193] Ibid. p. 388.

[194] Sir G. L. Gomme, Prim. Folk-Moots, 1880, p. 86.

[195] Forty Years’ Researches, p. 396.

[196] New Oxford Dict., under “Gallows” and “Gallows-tree.” Cf. The Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf, ed. B. Thorpe, 1889, p. 257; Sir E. F. Du Cane, The Punishment and Prevention of Crime, 1885, pp. 10-11; Sir J. Fitzstephen Stephen, Hist. of the Criminal Law of England, 1883, I. pp. 59, 458. Cf. P. Vinogradoff, Villainage in England, 1892, p. 170, with regard to the expression terra ad furcam et flagellum. This expression is declared to have no connection with the lord’s power to punish by gallows and whip, but to refer to base holdings, occupied by tenants who work with pitchfork and flail. See also letters from Prof. W. W. Skeat and others in Notes and Queries, 11th Ser., I. p. 458; Ency. Brit., 11th edition, under “Gallows.”

[197] Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., 1884, L. p. 70; Folk-Memory, p. 166; T. Wright, Hist. of Ludlow, pp. 13-14, also his The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, 1861, p. 326.

[198] Nineteenth Century, 1887, p. 57.

[199] Allcroft, op. cit. p. 540. In this connection see W. Greenwell, British Barrows, 1877, p. 28 n.

[200] New Oxford Dict. under “Toot”; Skeat, Etymol. Dict. under “Tout”; J. Tait, in Class. Assoc, of Eng. and Wales; Ann. Rept., Supplementary Vol. II., 1909, pp. 1-3; Home Counties Magazine, IX. p. 315, X. pp. 75-7.

[201] Allcroft, op. cit. p. 421 n.

[202] Sir J. Rhŷs, Celtic Folklore, Welsh and Manx, 1891, I. p. 311. See also J. G. Kohl, Ireland, 1843, pp. 17-18.

[203] S. O. Addy, op. cit. p. 153. Cf. Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., 1873, XXIX. pp. 264-5, describing a “Toot Hill,” which proved to be a barrow; cf. Vict. Hist, of Stafford, 1908, I. p. 377. Further evidence is given in Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., 1906, N.S. XII. pp. 249-54.

[204] Jour. Anthrop. Inst., 1890, XX. p. 9.

[205] F. J. Bennett, Sketch Hist. of Marlborough in Neolithic Times, 1891, p. 11.

[206] Vict. Hist. of Oxford, 1907, II. 346.

[207] Vict. Hist. of Durham, 1905, I. pp. 208, 363.

[208] Vict. Hist. of Warwick, 1904, I. pp. 353. 360-1.

[209] Cf. E. A. Webb, G. W. Miller, and J. Beckwith, History of Chislehurst, 1899, pp. 49, 52, 261.

[210] Antiquary, 2nd Ser., II. pp. 120, 160.

[211] Ibid.

[212] Ibid. Cf. Vict. Hist. of Cornwall, I. p. 360.

[213] Vict. Hist. of Cornwall, I. pp. 369-70.

[214] Repts. Associated Architect. Societies, 1888, XIX. pp. 427-8; G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. I. p. 263.

[215] Nature Notes (Selborne Soc.), 1907, XVIII. p. 223.

[216] A. and C. Black, Guide to N. Wales, 1900, p. 45.

[217] Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., 1857, XIII. p. 313; R. A. Smith, in Vict. Hist. of Kent, I. p. 385.

[218] Archaeologia, 1787, VIII. p. 449; Vict. Hist. of Kent, I. p. 385.

[219] Two stone axes have recently been discovered in Seale churchyard, Surrey (S.-E. Naturalist, 1910, p. xxxvii).

[220] Archaeol. Jour., 1846, III. pp. 105-15; D. Rock, Church of Our Fathers, ed. G. W. Hart and W. H. Frere, 1903, II. pp. 262.

[221] R. A. Smith, in Vict. Hist. of Buckingham, 1905, I. p. 199.

[222] J. Stevens, in Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., 1884, XI. p. 62.

[223] R. A. Smith, op. cit. I. p. 200.

[224] Ibid.; J. Stevens, op. cit. p. 63.

[225] J. Stevens, op. cit. p. 63.

[226] R. A. Smith, op. cit. I. p. 200.

[227] In addition to the references given, these may be noted: Proc. Soc. Antiq. X. pp. 19-20; Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., XXXIX. pp. 431-33, XL. pp. 61-71; Antiquary, 2nd Ser., II. p. 80; P. H. Ditchfield, Our English Villages, 1889, p. 23.

[228] T. Wright, Hist. of Ludlow, 1852, pp. 13-14. The mound near Eccleston church, Cheshire, seems to be a barrow (W. Shone, Prehist. Man in Cheshire, 1911, pp. 55-6).

[229] Nineteenth Century, 1887, pp. 40-59.

[230] R. A. Smith, Vict. Hist. of Hertfordshire, 1902, I. p. 257.

[231] Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., N.S. III. p. 205. The whole question is thoroughly discussed by R. A. Smith in Vict. Hist. of London, 1909, I. pp. 124-5.

[232] J. De Baye, Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons, trans. T. R. Harbottle, 1893, p. 125.

[233] Vict. Hist. of Buckinghamshire, I. p. 198; De Baye, loc. cit.; J. Y. Akerman, Remains of Saxon Pagandom, 1853, p. xx.

[234] Vict. Hist. of Bucks, loc. cit.; Archaeologia, XXXV. pp. 379-82.

[235] Vict. Hist. of Northampton, I. p. 215. The Norman church of Fordington, Dorchester (Dorset), was also built over a Roman cemetery.

[236] W. G. Wood-Martin, Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland, 1902, II. p. 313. Cf. Pagan Ireland, p. 590 et seqq.

[237] Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., 1908, N.S. XIV. pp. 206-8. The cross is illustrated and discussed in Vict. Hist. of Cumberland, 1901, I. pp. 254-7; J. Nicolson and R. Burn, Hist. and Antiquities of Westmorland and Cumberland, 1777, II. pp. 478-9; W. Hutchinson, Hist. of Cumberland, 1794, I. p. 80 et seqq.

[238] T. W. Shore, Archaeol. Remains of Streatham, Balham and Tooting, 1903, p. 20. In connection with entrenched woodlands, notice Caesar, De Bell. Gall., V.C. 21, ‘Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt’ (when the Britons have fortified a tangled woodland with rampart and ditch, they call it a town).

[239] T. H. Huxley, Elem. Physiology, 1885, p. 365.

[240] Chambers’s Encyclopaedia, Art. “Bone.”

[241] P. Kalm, Acct. of his visits to England (1748), trans. J. Lucas, 1892, p. 42; W. Cobbett, Rural Rides, ed. Pitt Cobbett, 1886, II. p. 15. Cf. Notes and Queries, 9th Ser., II. p. 126.

[242] Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., III. pp. 456-8, IV. p. 72.

[243] W. G. Wood-Martin, op. cit. II. p. 47, and generally pp. 46-115; also his Pagan Ireland, pp. 157-164, and especially p. 160; J. Bonwick, Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions, 1894, pp. 240-1; W. Henderson, Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties, pp. 2-3.

[244] O. Montelius, Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times, tr. F. H. Woods, 1888, p. 200 n.

[245] G. S. Tyack, Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, 1899, p. 15.

[246] Ibid.

[247] Sir J. Rhŷs, Celtic Folk-Lore, 1901, I. pp. 363-4, 396-7.

[248] Ibid. pp. 397-400.

[249] A. L. Leach, Guide to Tenby, 1898, p. 66.

[250] G. S. Tyack, op. cit. p. 15.

[251] Ibid.

[252] Ibid.

[253] Ibid.

[254] F. J. Haverfield, in Vict. Hist. of Somerset, 1906, I. p. 334.

[255] S. Baring-Gould, A Book of the West, 1899, II. pp. 39-40; R. C. Hope, The Legendary Lore of the Holy Wells of England, 1893, pp. 9-38.

[256] J. Sydenham, Antient Colossal Figure at Cerne, Dorsetshire, 1842, p. 9.

[257] Jour. Anthrop. Inst., 1890, XX. pp. 9, 15.

[258] J. Stow, Survey of London, ed. H. Morley, 1890, pp. 46-7; Stow’s authority is Fitzstephen. See also H. B. Woodward, Geol. of the London District (Mem. Geol. Surv.), 1909, p. 120.

[259] G. S. Tyack, loc. cit.

[260] In addition to the works already cited, these are useful: Sir G. L. Gomme, Ethnology in Folk-Lore, 1880, ch. iv. and table on p. 105; also his Folk-Lore as an Historical Science, 1908, pp. 163-4, 323, 326; W. S. Walsh, Curiosities of Popular Customs, 1898, pp. 987-90; Folk-Lore, passim, especially Vols. III. and IV.; Sir J. Rhŷs, Celtic Folk-Lore, I. pp. 332-5, 354-400. May-day customs are treated at some length by J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, 1890, I. pp. 72-86. R. C. Hope, op. cit., gives extensive lists for the English counties. Some curious facts will be found in J. Aubrey’s Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme, 1686-7, pp. iii, 34, 58 etc. Sir Norman Lockyer, Stonehenge, 1906, ch. xxi.; T. S. Knowlson, Origins of Pop. Superstitions and Customs, 1910, pp. 193-205.

[261] Rev. E. Owen, in Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church, ed. W. Andrews, 1897, pp. 229-35.

[262] Ibid., p. 230. Cf. Gomme, Prim. Folk-Moots, 1880, pp. 98-103.

[263] W. Borlase, Observations on the Antiquities of Cornwall, 1769, p. 117; J. Toland, Hist. of the Druids, 1726, p. 108; Archaeologia Cambrensis, 2nd Ser., 1850, I. p. 5.

[264] Cambrian Journal, 1856, II. p. 97; Archaeologia Cambrensis, 2nd Ser., 1850, I. p. 11; Allcroft, op. cit. pp. 594-5.

[265] E. Owen, loc. cit.; G. S. Tyack, op. cit. pp. 12-13.

[266] G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. I. p. 269.

[267] Ibid.

[268] Neolithic Man in N.E. Surrey, pp. 108-9.

[269] D. MacRitchie, The Testimony of Tradition, 1890, pp. 85-6, cf. pp. 70-1.

[270] Lore and Legend of the English Church, p. 20.

[271] Ibid. pp. 21, 23. Cf. E. Clodd, Tom Tit Tot, 1898, pp. 47-9.

[272] Lore and Legend, &c. pp. 20, 23-4. Cf. A. Beckett, The Spirit of the Downs, 1909, pp. 261-2; Folk-Lore, 1909, XX. p. 315.

[273] Folk-Memory, pp. 280-4, 343.

[274] Murray, Handbook to the Lakes, 1889, p. 103. Notes and Queries, 3rd Ser., XI. p. 60.

[275] Notes and Queries, 3rd Ser., X. p. 49. Lore and Legend of the English Church, p. 49.

[276] J. H. Parker, Glossary of Architecture, 1850, under Pile-Tower.

[277] S. O. Addy, Evolution of the Eng. House, 1898, p. 169. A. H. Allcroft, op. cit. p. 529 n.

[278] S. O. Addy, op. cit. p. 172.

[279] Notes and Queries, 3rd Ser., XI. p. 160.

[280] T. Sheppard, Hull Museum Publications, No. 4, 1901, pp. 1-5.

[281] G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. II. pp. 339, 341, 342.

[282] F. Bond, Gothic Architecture in England, p. 590.