[432] Curious Church Customs, p. 17.

[433] J. C. Jeaffreson, op. cit. I. pp. 346-7. A. W. Pollard, op. cit. p. lvii. See account of Bale’s life in Dict. Nat. Biog.

[434] Curious Church Customs, pp. 10-12. The question of morris-dancers is discussed at length by J. Brand, Pop. Antiquities, I. pp. 247-252, etc.

[435] New Oxford Dict., under “Morris.”

[436] J. M. Robertson, Christianity and Paganism, 1900, ch. xiv. (numerous authorities given). E. K. Chambers, op. cit. I. pp. 161-2.

[437] E. K. Chambers, op. cit. I. p. 163.

[438] J. Aubrey, Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme (1686-7), ed. J. Britten, 1881, p. 5; cf. p. 213. Cf. P. Stubbes, Anatomie of Abuses, pp. 146-8.

[439] Curious Church Customs, pp. 13-14. Cf. T. S. Knowlson, Origins of Pop. Superstitions and Customs, 1910, pp. 205-7.

[440] C. J. Von Hefele, Hist. of the Councils of the Church, 1896, V. pp. 234-5.

[441] E. Stone, God’s Acre: or Histor. Notices relating to Churchyards, 1858, pp. 99-100.

[442] D. Wilkins, Leges Anglo-Saxonicae, 1781, p. 24. Cf. E. L. Cutts, op. cit. p. 69.

[443] E. Stone, op. cit. pp. 98-9. For detailed instances of laxity in Essex, see J. C. Cox and J. H. Round, Vict. Hist. of Essex, 1907, II. pp. 41 et seqq. Cf. P. Kalm, Account of his Visit to England (1748), trans. J. Lucas, 1892, p. 42. In A.D. 1603, the vicar of Lydden, Kent, built a stable in the churchyard (Home Counties Magazine, 1911, XIII. p. 15).

[444] W. H. Beckett, The Eng. Reformation of the Sixteenth Century, 1890, p. 34.

[445] Prideaux’s Churchwarden’s Guide, ed. F. C. Mackarness, 1895, p. 321.

[446] Antiquary, 1899, XXXV. p. 361. Cf. Notes and Queries, 11th Ser., II. pp. 49-50. Cf. pp. 95-6.

[447] Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, pp. 109-110. For a bibliography of this subject, see Notes and Queries, 8th Ser., XII. pp. 342-3. Hawks were also taken to church in the days when hawking was popular.

[448] Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, pp. 114, 115.

[449] W. Jerrold, Highways and Byways of Middlesex, 1909, p. 213.

[450] G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. I. p. 362.

[451] Fabric Rolls of York Minster, p. 248. See also E. L. Cutts, op. cit. pp. 205, 316-7.

[452] Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, p. 116.

[453] J. Nicholson, in Curious Church Customs, pp. 149-50.

[454] Statutes of the Realm, 1810, I. p. 98.

[455] G. Baldwin Brown, op. cit. I. p. 274.

[456] Sir J. N. Lockyer, Stonehenge, 2nd edition, 1909, pp. 447-8.

[457] Notes and Queries, 10th Ser., VIII. p. 250.

[458] Ibid. pp. 296-7. Sir G. L. Gomme, Folklore as an Histor. Science, 1908, p. 45

[459] M. F. Davies, Life in an Eng. Village, 1909, p. 196.

[460] Folk-Lore, 1909, XX. p. 81; Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser., V. p. 247.

[461] T. F. Thiselton Dyer, Brit. Pop. Customs, 1876, pp. 156-7.

[462] Folk-Memory, p. 336.

[463] Alice B. Gomme, Dict. of Brit. Folk-Lore, 1898, II. p. 528.

[464] Fabric Rolls of York Minster, p. 255.

[465] Ibid. p. 270.

[466] B. H. Malkin, Scenery, Antiquities, and Biography of S. Wales, 1820, pp. 69-70.

[467] Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, p. 69.

[468] Folk-Memory, pp. 100, 125.

[469] A. Parey, Chirurgical Works, 1649. The incident is cited in Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., VI. p. 325, but I have been unable to trace the original passage in T. Johnson’s translation of the Workes, 1649. (W. J.)

[470] Folk-Lore, XXI. 1910, pp. 60-78. Cf. Grimm, Teut. Myth., IV. p. 1344.

[471] Acts xix. 35.

[472] Sir W. M. Ramsay, in Dict. of the Bible, ed. J. Hastings, 1898, under “Diana of the Ephesians.”

[473] R. W. Rees, in Eccles. Curiosities, pp. 230-2.

[474] Ibid. p. 234. A good summary of the early opinions regarding fossils is given by K. A. von Zittel, History of Geology and Palaeontology, trans. M. M. Ogilvie-Gordon, 1901, pp. 10 et seqq. See also G. F. Richardson, Introduction to Geology, ed. T. Wright, 1851, ch. ii.

[475] E. A. Freeman, Hist. of the Norman Conquest of England, 3rd edition, 1877, I. p. 390. See also Home Counties Magazine, 1910, XII. p. 184.

[476] E. Stokes and J. H. Round, in Vict. Hist. of Essex, II. p. 209, and note.

[477] The stained shirt and other relics of Charles I. were formerly kept in the parish church of Ashburnham, Sussex, and were resorted to for the cure of the “king’s evil” so recently as A.D. 1860.

[478] Notes and Queries, 10th Ser., VI. p. 206.

[479] W. Durandus, Rationale Divinorum Officiorum, ed. J. M. Neale and B. Webb, 1843, pp. 79-80.

[480] G. Allen, Evolution of the Idea of God, R. P. A. reprint, 1903, p. 149.

[481] S. Baring-Gould, A Book of Brittany, 1901, pp. 198-9; F. M. Gostling, The Bretons at Home, 1909, pp. 159-60.

[482] F. Kauffmann, Northern Mythology, p. 10.

[483] See Century Dict. and New Oxford Dict., s.v.

[484] G. S. Tyack, Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, 1899, p. 31.

[485] Murray, Handbook to Devon, 11th edition, 1895, p. 22.

[486] Notes and Queries, 9th Ser., VII. p. 503.

[487] Ibid. VIII. p. 431. (Numerous examples given.)

[488] Ibid. V. pp. 104-5.

[489] C. A. Ward, in Antiquary, XIX. 1889, p. 237; M. E. C. Walcott, Sacred Archaeology, 1868, p. 238, art. “East”; Notes and Queries, 5th Ser., III. p. 37.

[490] Notes and Queries, 9th Ser., V. pp. 104-5; M. H. Bloxam, Gothic Eccles. Architecture, 9th edition, 1849, p. 314.

[491] Notes and Queries, 5th Ser., II. p. 352.

[492] Ibid. 4th Ser., X. pp. 413, 476.

[493] Ibid.

[494] K. R. H. Mackenzie, Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia, 1877, art. “Orientation,” p. 537; “Grand Orient,” p. 291.

[495] W. A. Laurie, Hist. of Free Masonry and the Grand Lodge of Scotland, 1859, p. 414.

[496] Wordsworth, “On seeing the Foundation preparing for the erection of Rydal Chapel, Westmoreland” (1823), vv. 3, 4.

[497] M. L’Abbé Migne, Dictionnaire d’ Archéologie Sacrée (in series, “Nouvelle Encyclopédie Théologique”), 1851, t. II. p. 475.

[498] C. A. Ward, in Antiquary, XIX. p. 233 n.

[499] Migne, loc. cit.

[500] Gulielmus Durandus, Rationale Divinorum Officiorum, l. I., tr. J. M. Neale and B. Webb, 1843, p. 216.

[501] D. Rock, The Church of our Fathers, ed. G. W. Hart and W. H. Frere, 1903, I. pp. 172-6.

[502] J. Brand, Popular Antiquities, ed. Sir H. Ellis, 1841, II. p. 324.

[503] Apost. Constit. II. 57, “Ac primo quidem aedes fit oblonga, ad Orientem versa, ex utraque parte Pastophoria versum Orientem habens, et quae navi sit similis”; W. Smith and S. Cheetham, Dict. of Christian Antiquities, 1880, art. “Orientation.” The date of the “Constitutions” is discussed by the Rev. de Lacy O’Leary, in The Apostolical Constitutions and Cognate Documents, 1906, p. 69.

[504] Rock, op. cit. I. p. 173.

[505] C. A. Ward, Antiquary, XIX. p. 237 (authority given).

[506] Bloxam, op. cit. p. 314 n.; Migne, op. cit. p. 475; John, Bishop of Bristol, Eccles. Hist. of Second and Third Centuries, 2nd edition, N.D., pp. 62, 202.

[507] J. D. Mansi, continuation of Sacrorum Conciliorum, nova ... Collectio (by P. Labbe and G. Cossart), 1902, t. XXXIV. p. 198.

[508] I. McBurney and S. Neil, Cyclo. Univ. Hist., 1855, p. 101, give the date of the first Christian churches as A.D. 224. Cf. Dr J. H. Blunt and Sir W. G. F. Phillimore, Book of Church Law, 5th edition, 1888, pp. 309-10, and 309 n. (authorities given); A. Lamson, The Church of the First Three Centuries, ed. H. Ierson, 1875, p. 405 n.

[509] M. E. C. Walcott, Church and Conventual Arrangement, 1861, pp. 61-2.

[510] J. Fergusson, Illustrated Handbook of Architecture, 2nd edition, 1859, p. 516 n.; cf. G. Baldwin Brown, The Arts in Early England, II. p. 22.

[511] E. B. Tylor, Primitive Culture, 1891, II. pp. 426-7.

[512] Rock, op. cit. I. p. 173.

[513] Mgr X. Barbier de Montault, Traité pratique de la Construction ... des Églises, 1878, t. I. p. 18. Cf. E. H. J. Reusens, Éléments d’Archéologie chrétienne, 2nd edition, 1885, t. I. p. 348, t. II. pp. 13-14.

[514] F. T. Elworthy, The Evil Eye, 1895, p. 68.

[515] J. Fergusson, Hist. of Architecture, ed. R. Phené Spiers, 1893, I. pp. 514-5 n. A list is given showing the exact orientation of each church.

[516] Durandus, op. cit. p. 44; Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., VII. pp. 469-70.

[517] Rock, op. cit. I. pp. 172-6.

[518] R. Phené Spiers, in his edition of Fergusson’s Hist. of Architecture, 1893, I. p. 506 n.

[519] Spiers, loc. cit. (authorities given). Concerning the origin of the Christian basilica, see O. M. Dalton, Guide to Early Christian and Byzantine Antiq. (Brit. Mus.), 1903, pp. 32-5.

[520] Spiers, loc. cit.; B. Fletcher and B. F. Fletcher, Hist. of Architecture, 5th edition, 1905, pp. 136, 179-80.

[521] R. Sturgis, Dict. of Archit. and Building, 1902, III. p. 34 (Art. “Orientation”); Reusens, op. cit. t. I. p. 147.

[522] Sir E. Beckett, A Book on Building, 2nd edition, 1880, p. 85.

[523] Fergusson, Illustrated Handbook of Architecture, p. 516 n. The probable Western “orientation” of the crypts of the early minsters of Ripon and Hexham has been thought to be due to Italian influence (F. Bond, Gothic Architecture in England, 1905, p. 155 n.).

[524] W. Smith, Concise Dict. Bible, 1900, Art. “Temple.”

[525] For example, Psalm lxxxviii. 13; cxix. 147; Wisdom of Solomon, xvi. 28; Zech. xiv. 4. See also the remarks in The Evil Eye, pp. 65-6. Walcott, Sacred Archaeol., art. “Orientation,” has much curious lore.

[526] Ezek. viii. 16. The influence of the sun on architecture and mysticism is dealt with by W. R. Lethaby, Architecture, Mysticism, and Myth, 1892, pp. 174-200.

[527] II. Kings xxiii. 5, 11. Cf. Smith, Concise Dict. Bible, art. “Sun.”

[528] Dan. vi. 10.

[529] Jonah ii. 4.

[530] I. Kings viii. 43-5.

[531] Antiquary, XIX. pp. 235-6.

[532] Job xxxi. 26-8.

[533] Prim. Culture, II. p. 296.

[534] Grimm, Teut. Myth. II. p. 704. Cf. Westermarck, Origin and Devel. of the Moral Ideas II. pp. 120-2.

[535] E. Barclay, Stonehenge, 1895, p. 97. With the instances given, we may compare the symbols used by the Greek and Roman churches in pronouncing the benediction: the Greek symbol, C, formed by curving the thumb and the third finger inwards; the Latin, the extension of the thumb and two fingers to represent the Trinity. Cf. Evil Eye, ch. VII.

[536] Smith, Concise Dict. Bible, art. “Sun.” Cf. Evil Eye, p. 65.

[537] Mal. iv. 2; Luke i. 78; 2 Pet. i. 19; Rev. ii. 28.

[538] See, e.g. Brand, Pop. Antiq. II. p. 318.

[539] J. M. Neale, Hist. of Holy Eastern Church (General Introduction), 1850, I. p. 222.

[540] A. J. Butler, Anc. Coptic Churches of Egypt, 1884, I. p. 10.

[541] E. J. Simcox, Prim. Civilisations, 1897, II. p. 438.

[542] Consult Sir J. Norman Lockyer’s Dawn of Astronomy (1894), especially chs. vii., viii., ix., xxx., xxxviii.; also Stonehenge, pp. 1-5. The views expressed, however, have been much canvassed (e.g. Edinburgh Review, CLXXX. 1894, pp. 418-432); S. Laing, Human Origins, 1892, pp. 136-149; E. J. Simcox, op. cit. II. pp. 438-440; W. M. Flinders Petrie, Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, 1885, pp. 125-7 (for orientation of Pyramids). In England there is a tendency, in certain districts, for early churches to be ranged in a North-to-South line, and roughly at equal distances (F. J. Bennett, in South-Eastern Naturalist, 1904, pp. 29-36). Again, the churchyard yews of the Surrey villages, Alfold, Dunsfold and Hambledon, stand “almost in a mathematically straight line,” the Dunsfold tree being almost exactly midway (E. Parker, Highways and Byways of Surrey, 1908, p. 165). In all these cases the positions, where not determined by geographical and geological considerations, are, I think, accidental.

[543] Lockyer, Dawn of Astron., ch. xxxviii. For the orientation of Chaldaean ziggurats, or temple-observatories, see Laing, Human Origins, pp. 149-52. For Malabar, see Simcox, op. cit. II. p. 440. The oriented buildings of Mashonaland are probably co-eval with some of the Old Testament practices. See J. T. Bent, Ruined Cities of Mashonaland, 1892, pp. 120-149, 358-361. But Dr R. MacIver, in Mediaeval Rhodesia, 1906, argues for a Mediaeval date.

[544] Handbook of Eng. Ecclesiology (Eccles. Soc.), 1847, pp. 39-41.

[545] Quoted in Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser., V. pp. 500-1. Mr Airy’s paper, On Festival Orientation, was read before the Beds. Archit. and Archaeol. Soc., 11th Nov. 1856. (I have not been able to examine a copy of the original paper; it is missing from the volume belonging to the British Museum. W. J.)

[546] Jour. Anthrop. Inst., XX. 1890, p. 17.

[547] Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., VII. p. 166.

[548] Sir H. Chauncy, Histor. Antiquities of Hertfordshire, 1700, pp. 43-4.

[549] Walcott, Sacred Archaeol., p. 238.

[550] P. Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire Universel, 1874, art. “Orientation.”

[551] Barbier de Montault, op. cit. t. I. p. 19. (See chap. iv. generally.) Walcott, Sacred Archaeol., art. “Orientation.”

[552] E. H. J. Reusens, Éléments d’Archéologie chrétienne, second edition, 1885, t. I. p. 146. Cf. Migne, op. cit. t. II. p. 475.

[553] Neale, op. cit., Pt. I. p. 222.

[554] Brand, Pop. Antiq., II. pp. 6-7; Notes and Queries, 8th Ser., IV. p. 133. The passage is based on a manuscript by Aubrey, written in 1678, entitled Customs and Manners of the English. During the Commonwealth, Domville ransacked the Cathedral libraries of Hereford and Worcester with great zeal, and was guilty of filching at least one document (Dict. of Nat. Biog., under “Domville, Silas”). Hence he may have got his information from early sources.

[555] Dawn of Astron., p. 96.

[556] Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser., V. pp. 500-1.

[557] W. Airy, op. cit.

[558] Geograph. Journal, XXVII. 1906, p. 409.

[559] Ency. Brit., 10th edition, art. “Compass.” In the 11th edition, the European case is put more strongly.

[560] Nature, XIV. 1876, pp. 147-8. But the account given in the Ency. Brit., loc. cit., should be also read. It is contended that Mediaeval writers were accustomed to speak of a new contrivance as if it were already in common use.

[561] F. H. Butler, in Ency. Brit., art. “Compass.” The name is spelt “Borough” in the Dict. Nat. Biog., where a life of the explorer is given.

[562] Ency. Brit., loc. cit.

[563] Nature, XIII. 1876, pp. 523-4; Ency. Brit., loc. cit. Cf. Prof. Ganot, Physics, tr. E. Atkinson, 12th edition, 1886, p. 631, where the figures are slightly different.

[564] J. Griffith, in Nature, LXXIX. 1908, p. 37.

[565] The references to these churches are very widely scattered, but many examples have been personally tested. See, among other references, Walcott, Church and Conventual Arrangement, pp. 61-2; Handbook of Eng. Ecclesiology (Eccles. Soc.), pp. 40-41; Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser., Vols. X., XI. passim, 5th Ser., IV. p. 354, 7th Ser., I. and VII., 9th Ser., II.; Bygone Hertfordshire, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 154; Rev. A. W. Lawson, Hist. of W. Malling Church, 1904, p. 2, &c.

[566] J. K. Huysmans, La Cathédrale, 13th edition, 1898, p. 158.

[567] Walcott, Church and Conventual Arrangement, p. 62.

[568] S. Baring-Gould, A Book of Brittany, 1901, p. 193.