[569] J. M. Neale and B. Webb, in the “Introductory Essay” to Durandus, op. cit. p. lxxxvii.

[570] G. Watson, in Notes and Queries, 9th Ser., II. p. 58.

[571] Notes and Queries, 9th Ser., II. p. 150.

[572] Ibid. 9th Ser., II. p. 393.

[573] Ibid. 2nd Ser., X. p. 312.

[574] Ibid. 9th Ser., II. p. 58.

[575] Ibid. 9th Ser., II. p. 172.

[576] Ibid. 7th Ser., VII. p. 333.

[577] Ibid. 2nd Ser., XI. p. 34, 7th Ser., VII. p. 470.

[578] J. C. Atkinson, Memorials of Old Whitby, 1894, pp. 147-51.

[579] The Rev. Canon G. Austen, Rector of Whitby, in a letter to the author, 5th April, 1909, states that two feast days seem to have been commemorated in honour of St Hilda, one on 25th August, the supposed date of the translation of the relics from Glastonbury, and the other on 17th November. A fair was held by proclamation on the former date.

[580] On the question of re-dedications see F. Arnold-Forster, Studies in Church Dedications, 1899, I. p. xi, II. pp. 396, 507, 509, 513.

[581] J. C. Cox, Rambles in Surrey, 1910, pp. 167-8.

[582] Neale and Webb, op. cit. p. lxxxvii.

[583] La Cathédrale, pp. 108-9.

[584] Ibid. p. 108.

[585] Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser., X. p. 357. Cf. J. C. Cox, Rambles in Surrey, 1910, pp. 167-68.

[586] Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser., XI. p. 34.

[587] Church and Conventual Arrangement, p. 62.

[588] Illus. Handbook of Architecture, II. p. 691. The nave and chancel of Manorbier church, South Pembrokeshire, vary to the extent of 16° (Reliquary, XV. 1909, p. 197), but whether the difference is due to re-building is not known.

[589] F. Bond, Screens and Galleries in Eng. Churches, 1908, pp. 87-94; J. T. Page, in Curious Church Customs, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, pp. 168-170.

[590] T. Ely, Manual of Archaeology, 1890, p. 17.

[591] Ibid. p. 132.

[592] Notes and Queries, 9th Ser., II. p. 256. Barfreston church has been thus described, “Quite a gem as a specimen of highly-enriched Norman work” (Sir S. R. Glynne, Notes on the Churches of Kent, 1877, p. 42).

[593] Bond, Gothic Arch. in England, p. 632 and note.

[594] Murray, Handbook for Lincs., 2nd edition, 1903, p. 23.

[595] Gothic Arch. in England, p. 632.

[596] Church and Conventual Arrangement, p. 136.

[597] St Charles Borromeo, Instructions on Eccles. Building, ed. G. J. Wigley, 1857, p. 22. Cf. Latin edition of M. L’Abbé Van Drival, 1855, p. 35. St Charles’s actual words are: “Tuncque id saltem curetur, ut ne ad septentrionem, sed ad meridiem versus si fieri potest, plane spectet.”

[598] The circumstances connected with the building of this church are described by H. D. M. Spence (Dean of Gloucester) in Early Christianity and Paganism, 1902, pp. 485-8. The passage quoted occurs in the “Epistulae” of St Paulinus de Nola, Ep. XXXII. (ad Severum), § 13. One edition inserts “id est, tumulum” after “memoriam,” and Gulielmus de Hartel’s edition, 1894, gives “perspectus” as an alternative to “prospectus.”

[599] Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., VII. p. 334.

[600] Durandus, Rationale Divinorum Officiorum, L. vii. ch. 37.

[601] Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, p. 80.

[602] Zech. xiv. 4.

[603] Larousse, Grand Dict. Universel, Art. “Orientation.”

[604] Martin Months Minde, orig. edition, 1589 (the tract is not paginated). Cf. E. Arber, Introd. sketch to the Martin Marprelate controversy, 1880. (Eng. Scholar’s Lib., No. 8.) The nickname of the imaginary schismatic is obviously taken from the “Month’s Mind”—a commemorative service which was held on a day one month from the date of the death of the person. The authorship and genesis of the tracts are discussed in W. Pierce’s Hist. Introduction to the Marprelate tracts, 1908. For Martin Months Minde, see pp. 229, 328 of that work.

[605] J. J. Hissey, Over Fen and Wold, 1898, p. 399.

[606] Pop. Antiquities, II. p. 295.

[607] Ibid. p. 295.

[608] Mr P. M. Johnston gives these dates: nave, c. A.D. 1175; chancel, c. A.D. 1200-20.

[609] Hamlet, Act V. Sc. 1.

[610] Cymbeline, Act IV. Sc. 2.

[611] E. Howlett, in Curious Church Customs, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 136.

[612] W. A. Craigie, Scandinavian Folk-Lore, 1896, p. 301.

[613] E. B. Tylor, Primitive Culture, II. pp. 422-3.

[614] Sir T. Browne, Hydriotaphia, c. iii.; “Works,” ed. S. Wilkin, 1884, III. p. 30.

[615] Pop. Antiquities, II. p. 318.

[616] Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc. XLI. p. 53; cf. J. Romilly Allen, Monumental Hist. of the Early Brit. Church, 1889, p. 65 (concerning early Christian graves). R. A. Smith, in Vict. Hist. Herts., I. 1902, p. 258. Cf. the same writer in Surrey Archaeol. Coll., XXI. pp. 26-32.

[617] T. Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, 2nd edition, 1861, p. 318. Cf. R. A. Smith, in Vict. Hist. of London, I. 1909, pp. 12 et seqq.

[618] R. A. Smith, Guide to Early Iron Age, 1905, p. 60.

[619] Ibid. p. 64.

[620] Ibid. p. 112.

[621] Ibid. p. 112. On the contrary, “Lake-Dwelling cemeteries,” in Switzerland, examined by Professor F. Forel, 1905-9, and ascribed to the Bronze Age, showed no orientation of the skeletons. (Man, IX. 1909, No. 92.)

[622] J. R. Mortimer, Forty Years’ Researches, 1905, pp. xxxvii-xxxviii.

[623] W. Greenwell, British Barrows, 1877, p. 26; R. A. Smith, Vict. Hist. Herts., I. 1902, p. 258.

[624] See, for example, Naturalist, 1909, p. 274.

[625] T. Rice Holmes, Anc. Brit. and the Invas. of Julius Caesar, 1907, p. 188. Dr Holmes has thoroughly sifted the evidence, and his generalizations deserve to be carefully read. See also C. H. Read, Guide to the Bronze Age, Brit. Mus. 1904, p. 55. On p. 46, Dr Read describes urn-burials, without existing mounds, near Ashford, Middlesex. The urns were arranged in straight lines, East to West, or in crescents facing East. For Saxon graves, see Excav. in Cranborne Chase, II. pp. 260-1. In the Jutish cemetery at Droxford, Hants, the skeletons lay towards all points of the compass. (J. Vaughan, Lighter Studies of a Country Rector, 1909, p. 138.)

[626] J. G. Frazer, Totemism and Exogamy, 1910, III. pp. 274-5; Prim. Culture, II. pp. 422-3.

[627] A. W. Howitt, The Native Tribes of Australia, 1904, pp. 453-5.

[628] Guide to Bronze Age, p. 16; T. Rice Holmes, op. cit. p. 103.

[629] Sir J. Norman Lockyer, Stonehenge, and other British Monuments, 1906, pp. 320 et seqq. This inquiry was to some extent anticipated by Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie, Stonehenge, 1880, pp. 18-20 (discussion on the alinement of that monument to the Midsummer sunrise). The question of earthwork orientation is also referred to by A. H. Allcroft, Earthwork of England, 1908, pp. 337, 564, 589, &c.

[630] See Sir J. N. Lockyer’s contributions to Nature, LXXIX., LXXX. passim.

[631] Sir J. N. Lockyer’s theories have been adversely criticized by T. Rice Holmes, Ancient Britain, pp. 472-82; by C. W. Dymond, in Antiquary, N.S., IV. pp. 447-9; Edinburgh Review, CLXXX. 1894, pp. 418-432; A. R. Hinks in Nineteenth Century, LIII. 1903, pp. 1002-9. Among papers upholding the theory, see J. Griffith, in Nature, LXXIX. pp. 36-7; LXXX. pp. 69-72; J. Gray, in Nature, LXXIX. pp. 236-8. Mr Gray thinks that our stone circles were raised by a race which came from Asia during the Bronze Age—probably that of Akkadian type. See also A. L. Lewis, in Jour. Royal Anthrop. Inst., XXIX. 1909, pp. 517-29, dealing with Irish Cromlechs; E. Plunket, in Nineteenth Century, 1911, pp. 1036-53.

[632] Sir J. N. Lockyer, article in Times, 30th July, 1906.

[633] C. W. Dymond, in Antiquary, N.S., IV. pp. 447-9.

[634] T. Rice Holmes, op. cit. p. 473.

[635] J. Griffith, in Nature, LXXX. p. 71.

[636] G. Allen, Evol. of Idea of God, p. 41; cf. T. Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, 2nd ed., 1861, p. 406. A similar view is taken by G. Baldwin Brown, in The Arts in Early England, 1903, I. pp. 266-7. See also T. Hearne, Coll. of Curious Discourses, 1775, I. p. 225.

[637] T. Rice Holmes, op. cit. pp. 178-9.

[638] Guide to Early Iron Age, p. 103.

[639] Sir A. J. Evans in Archaeologia, LII. pp. 315-88; Guide to Early Iron Age, pp. 114-16.

[640] J. de Baye, Indus. Arts of Anglo-Saxons, p. 123.

[641] B. C. A. Windle, Life in Early Britain, 1897, pp. 112-13.

[642] Guide to Early Iron Age, pp. 111-12; J. R. Mortimer, in Trans. E. Riding Antiq. Soc., III. 1895, pp. 53-62.

[643] T. Rice Holmes, op. cit. p. 178.

[644] J. Douglas, Nenia Britannica, 1793, p. 126.

[645] Tyack, Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, p. 78; G. Baldwin Brown, The Arts in Early England, I. pp. 257-8.

[646] Douglas, op. cit. p. 126; Tyack, op. cit. p. 78; The Arts in Early England, 1903, I. pp. 266-7.

[647] J. J. A. Worsaae, Pre-History of the North, tr. H. F. M. Simpson, 1886, p. 192.

[648] J. de Baye, op. cit. p. 119 n.; The Arts in Early England, I. p. 263 n.; J. C. Keysler, Antiq. Selectae, 1720, pp. 108-9.

[649] Keysler, loc. cit.

[650] O. Olufsen, Through the unknown Pamirs, 1904, p. 151.

[651] Mortimer, Forty Years’ Researches, 1905, pp. xix, xx, lxxviii, &c.

[652] G. Allen, op. cit. p. 31.

[653] E. Howlett, in Curious Church Customs, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 134. See also list of references given in Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., VIII. pp. 158, 491.

[654] E. Howlett, op. cit. pp. 133-4. Authority cited. For general examples, consult Notes and Queries, references supra.

[655] E. Howlett, loc. cit.

[656] O. Manning and W. Bray, Hist. and Antiquities of Surrey, 1809, II. p. 146. This example is valuable as illustrating the growth of myth. A legend of the district, dating perhaps nearly as far back as the time of Manning and Bray, states that Mr Hull was “buried on horseback, upside down,” because he believed that, at the last day, the world would be “turned topsy-turvy.” (See Murray, Handbook for Surrey, 5th edition, 1898, p. 114; Black, Guide to Surrey, 5th edition, 1898, p. 126.)

[657] J. Earle, Microcosmographie, 1628, p. 31.

[658] W. Johnson, Folk-Memory, 1908, pp. 134-5; S. Baring-Gould, A Book of Dartmoor, 1900, pp. 64-6. The “statue-menhirs” are described in La Revue préhistorique, 5^e Année, 1910, pp. 129-37.

[659] J. Romilly Allen, Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times, 1905, p. 186.

[660] Folk-Memory, pp. 132, 134, 136; S. Baring-Gould, loc. cit.

[661] E. Clodd, Story of Primitive Man, 1898, p. 136; Evol. of Idea of God, p. 41.

[662] Evol. of Idea of God, pp. 50-1.

[663] Ibid. p. 55. (See ch. VII. generally.)

[664] Ibid. p. 55. For information on Tree-worship and Tree-spirits generally see J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, 1890, pp. 56-108.

[665] New Oxford Dict. and Cent. Dict. under “Bury,” “Barrow,” “Bergh.”

[666] Sir R. Phillimore, Eccles. Law of the Church of England, 1873, I. p. 857; E. Howlett, in Curious Church Customs, pp. 134-5; Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, p. 84; M. H. Bloxam, Monumental Architecture, 1834, p. 54.

[667] J. Romilly Allen, op. cit. p. 182. A description of stone coffin lids is given by G. Clinch, in Old Eng. Churches, 1903, pp. 180-3. Very small coffin lids of stone, probably memorials of children, and assigned to the late 13th or early 14th century, have been recorded from Deddington, Oxford, and from Houghton-le-Spring, Durham. (Gent. Mag., N.S., XVIII. 1865, pp. 327, 488-9.)

[668] G. Maynard, in Memorials of Old Essex, ed. A. Clifton Kelway, 1908, p. 37. For Roman coffins of clay and lead, see The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, 2nd edition, 1861, pp. 313-5. The 4th edition, 1885, pp. 370-5, contains a fuller account of wooden coffins.

[669] Guide to Bronze Age, p. 54.

[670] Sir J. Evans, Anc. Stone Impts of Gt Britain, 2nd edition, 1897, p. 185; W. Greenwell, British Barrows, 1877, p. 376 n., gives a summary of discoveries of this kind.

[671] Sir J. Evans, op. cit. p. 398; J. R. Mortimer, Forty Years’ Researches, p. xxvii and note.

[672] Sir J. Evans, op. cit. p. 398.

[673] L. Jewitt, Grave Mounds and their Contents, 1870, pp. 143-7. Cf. Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, Excavations in Cranborne Chase, II. pp. 3, 32, 40; III. pp. 15, 17, 321, etc.

[674] Sir A. Mitchell, The Past in the Present, 1889, pp. 242-3.

[675] Folk-Memory, p. 134.

[676] J. Romilly Allen, Monumental Hist. of the Early Brit. Church, 1889, p. 65.

[677] Archaeologia, XXXVII. p. 456-7.

[678] De Macrobii Saturnaliorum fontibus, L. vii. ch. 7.

[679] Folk-Lore, XII. 1901, pp. 361-2; 468-9.

[680] Sir A. J. Evans, in Archaeologia, LII. pp. 386-7.

[681] Ibid. p. 386. The exploration of “King Bjorn’s Tumulus,” near Upsala, afforded still another phase of transition. The mound, which belonged to the 4th period of the Northern Bronze Age, contained an oak stem, hollowed to serve as a coffin, but intended, as the relics proved, to hold the cremated remains of the deceased person. (Reliquary, XV. 1909, p. 148.) Cf. Vict. Hist. of Kent, I. pp. 434-5.

[682] Mon. Hist. of the Early Brit. Church, p. 65. Cf. D. Rock, Church of our Fathers, 1903, II. pp. 252-3.

[683] Curious Church Customs, p. 132; Mon. Architecture, p. 76.

[684] Guide to Bronze Age, p. 43.

[685] E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, 3rd edition, 1891, I. pp. 424, 425.

[686] Tylor, op. cit. I. p. 424. Cf. Lord Avebury, Marriage, Totemism, and Religion, 1911, passim.

[687] Ibid. p. 487.

[688] Cf. Tylor, op. cit. I. p. 485 with Evol. of Idea of God, pp. 30-31. See also J. J. A. Worsaae, Pre-history of the North, H. F. M. Simpson, 1886, p. 37.

[689] Evol. of Idea of God, p. 156.

[690] Ibid. p. 6. On the general question, reference should be made to Chapter iv. of the same work, and to H. Spencer, Principles of Sociology, III. ch. i. et passim. Cf. J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, 1890, 2 vols., passim; Totemism and Exogamy, I. p. 204; II. pp. 148 n., 327; IV. p. 32 etc.; Lord Avebury, Origin of Civilisation, 6th edition, 1902, chaps. vi., vii., viii.; E. Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, 1908, II. ch. xlvii.; A. Lang, Origins of Religion, R.P.A. edition, 1908, ch. xii.; G. Tyrrell, The Faith of the Millions, 1901, pp. 215-76; L. Hopf, The Human Species, authorized English edition, 1909, pp. 308-313; E. Metchnikoff, Nature of Man, tr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, 1906, ch. vii. See also Athenaeum, 5 June 1909, pp. 665-6. For a criticism from the mythological standpoint, see J. M. Robertson, Christianity and Mythology, 1900, pp. 40-51, 71-8; A. E. Crawley, Origin and Function of Religion (Sociological Papers: Sociol. Soc.), 1907, pp. 243-277. The report of a valuable discussion is appended. S. Reinach, Orpheus, Histoire Générale des Religions, 1909, ch. i.; W. Crooke, in Nature, LXXXIV. pp. 414-5.

[691] Tylor, op. cit. I. pp. 483-4.

[692] Ibid. p. 501.

[693] W. Greenwell, British Barrows, p. 51.

[694] Anc. Stone Impts., p. 144.

[695] Ibid.

[696] Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc. XL. 1884, p. 63.

[697] Anc. Stone Impts, pp. 282-3, 397.

[698] Ibid. pp. 144-5.

[699] J. Macpherson, Ossian, 1773, I. p. 290.

[700] Metchnikoff, op. cit. p. 130.

[701] Hamlet, Act IV. Sc. 5.

[702] 2 K. Henry VI., Act IV. Sc. 10.

[703] J. C. Cox, in Curious Church Customs, pp. 174-181.

[704] Notes and Queries, 8th Ser., XII. p. 474; see also same volume, pp. 29, 112, 193, 517.

[705] E. A. Kilner, Four Welsh Counties, 1891, p. 129.