[1004] Sir T. Browne, Hydriotaphia, ed. S. Wilkins, 1884, III. p. 25.

[1005] Sir R. Phillimore, Eccles. Law, 2nd edition, 1895, p. 1407. Brand, Pop. Antiq., II. p. 256. G. White, Selborne, p. 421. Statutes of the Realm, 1810, I. p. 221. The date of the Act said to be uncertain.

[1006] Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, p. 54. C. G. Prideaux, Prac. Guide to the Duties of Churchwardens, ed. F. C. Mackarness, 1895, p. 331. H. W. Cripps, Laws relating to the Church and Clergy, 1886, pp. 433-4.

[1007] Yew-Trees, p. 101. The error was apparently due to a misunderstanding of the reference in Brand’s Popular Antiquities, 1849, II. p. 256 n.

[1008] Notes and Queries, 5th Ser., XII. p. 113.

[1009] G. White, Selborne, pp. 421-2.

[1010] Daines Barrington, Observations on the more ancient Statutes, 1785, p. 191. See also J. Vaughan, Lighter Studies of a Country Rector, 1909, ch. xii. pp. 121-8.

[1011] Cedars and cypresses are common in Sussex churchyards.

[1012] Yew-Trees, pp. 131-2.

[1013] Yew-Trees, pp. 112-113. C. J. Longman and H. Walrond, Archery (Badminton Library), 1894, p. 28.

[1014] Archery, p. 28. G. A. Hansard, Book of Archery, 1840, pp. 226-7.

[1015] Archery, p. 103. Ency. Brit., 11th edition, under Archery. J. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes of the People of England (1801), Bk II. chap. i., gives several facts to prove that the Saxons were acquainted with the bow and arrow. For a more guarded view, see Baron J. de Baye, Industrial Arts of the Anglo-Saxons, trans. T. B. Harbottle, 1893, pp. 30-1.

[1016] New Oxford Dict., under “Bow” and “Arrow.”

[1017] Ency. Brit., l.c.

[1018] Sir J. Evans, Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain, 2nd edition, 1897, p. 411.

[1019] Archery, p. 16.

[1020] Archery, pp. 10-11. For a full account of the construction and distribution of the different kinds of bows, see H. Balfour, in Jour. Anthrop. Inst. XIX. 1889, pp. 220-254. See also Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, Evolution of Culture, ed. J. L. Myres, 1906, pp. 45-184. A useful, concise account of the bow is contained in Dr H. S. Harrison’s Handbook to the Weapons of War and the Chase (Horniman Museum), 1908, pp. 39-43.

[1021] Yew-Trees, p. 110. Sir John Evans possessed a flint flake, hafted in yew wood, which was found at Nussdorf, in Switzerland (see Anc. Stone Impts., p. 292).

[1022] Archery, p. 115.

[1023] Ibid. p. 115.

[1024] Archery, pp. 109-10. Yew-Trees, pp. 131-2. Daines Barrington, in Archaeologia, 1785, VII. pp. 46-48.

[1025] Chambers’s Cyclopaedia, Art. “Archery.”

[1026] Archery, p. 141.

[1027] The authorities for the facts given in this paragraph are very numerous. Most important is Archery (Badminton Series), especially chs. vii. and ix. The bibliography given on pp. 472-499 is exhaustive, and a concise list of the statutes is presented on pp. 500-1. See also F. Grose, Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons, 1786, pp. 37-8. Ency. Brit., Art. Archery; J. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes of the People of England (1801), ed. J. C. Cox, 1903, Book ii.

[1028] Sir A. C. Doyle, The Song of the Bowmen.

[1029] R. Ascham, Toxophilus, 1545, Arber’s reprint, p. 113.

[1030] Archery, p. 144.

[1031] J. Brady, Clavis Calendaria, 1812, I. p. 257.

[1032] R. Warner, Collections for a History of Hampshire, 1795, I. p. 104.

[1033] Yew-Trees, p. 103. Hansard, Book of Archery, p. 330. I cannot find any such legislation mentioned in Statutes of the Realm. The statement seems to be copied from Strutt (W. J.).

[1034] J. G. Strutt, Sylva Britannica, 1826, p. 28. Mr W. Adamson Foulis informs me that the island referred to must be Inchlonaig (= Yew Island).

[1035] Yew-Trees, p. 103. Cf. J. G. Strutt, Sylva Brit., 1826, p. 4, where the same statement is made.

[1036] Yew-Trees, p. 155.

[1037] Book of Archery, p. 330. Cf. T. S. Knowlson, Origins of Pop. Superstitions and Customs, 1910, pp. 222-5. (General question discussed.)

[1038] R. Warner, Collections for a History of Hampshire, 1795, I. p. 105 n.

[1039] Book of Archery, p. 332.

[1040] Ibid. p. 329.

[1041] Pop. Antiquities, II. p. 263.

[1042] Giraldus Cambrensis, Topog. Hiberniae, dist. III. c. 10, p. 739 in Camden’s edition, 1602. Cf. D. Rock, Church of our Fathers, ed. G. W. Hart and H. Frere, 1903, II. pp. 262-3.

[1043] Cf. Translation by T. Forester, in T. Wright’s edition of Topog. Hiber., 1887, p. 125; also J. F. Dimock’s edition of Giraldus’s works, 1867, V. pp. 135, 280.

[1044] Topog. Hiber. dist. II. c. 54. Camden’s edition, p. 734; Wright’s edition, p. 109.

[1045] Elton, Origins, p. 221 n. Some species of rhododendrons and azaleas are said to be productive of poisonous honey. (F. R. Cheshire, Bees and Bee-keeping, 1886, p. 291.) Laurel and ivy, though probably agreeable to bees, are similarly sources of bad honey. (A. Neighbour, The Apiary, 1878, pp. 297-8.)

[1046] R. Turner, Botanologia, 1664, pp. 362-3.

[1047] Tyack, Lore and Legend, p. 77.

[1048] W. Henderson, Folk-Lore of Northern Counties, 1879, p. 226.

[1049] W. G. Black, in Antiquary, VI. 1882, pp. 12-15. Among the Anglo-Saxons, it was customary to consecrate charms by bringing them in contact with the church. See Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore, XXII. 1909, p. 153.

[1050] Macbeth, Act. iv. Sc. I.

[1051] Cent. Dict., s.v.

[1052] Milton, Lycidas, ll. 100-1.

[1053] M. D. Conway, Demonology and Devil-lore, 1879, I. pp. 44-45.

[1054] W. G. Black, l.c.

[1055] Notes and Queries, 5th Ser., XII. p. 191; Folk-Lore, XIII. p. 96.

[1056] Notes and Queries, 1st Ser., VIII. p. 244.

[1057] Rock, Church of Our Fathers, II. pp. 262-3.

[1058] J. T. B. Syme and J. E. Sowerby, Eng. Bot., VIII. p. 281.

[1059] W. H. Ablett, Eng. Trees, 1880, p. 154.

[1060] Notes and Queries, 6th Ser., II. pp. 184-5.

[1061] C. H. Coote, The Romans of Britain, 1878, p. 427.

[1062] Statius, Thebaïd, VIII. vv. 9, 10.

[1063] Cf. Coote, p. 427.

[1064] Notes and Queries, 5th Ser., XII. p. 8.

[1065] T. Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, 1861, p. 328.

[1066] Yew-Trees, p. 101.

[1067] Brand, Pop. Antiquities, II. p. 312; Hansard, Archery, p. 331. Pepys mentions a churchyard near Southampton where the graves were “sowed with sage” (Diary, ed. Richard, Lord Braybrooke, 1887, p. 98).

[1068] G. Allen, Evolution of the Idea of God (R. P. A. edition, 1903), p. 55.

[1069] Gentleman’s Magazine, LI. p. 10.

[1070] J. Macpherson, Poems of Ossian, 8th edition, I. p. 240, quoted by Lowe and others. (I cannot discover the passage. W. J.)

[1071] Notes and Queries, 8th Ser., IX. p. 77; Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Soc., XVII. 1896, pp. 135, 138-140. The earthworks are described by A. H. Allcroft, Earthwork of England, 1908, pp. 564, 566.

[1072] Sir J. Rhŷs, Celtic Folklore, 1891, II. p. 424.

[1073] E. O’Curry, Manners and Customs of the Irish, 1873, II. pp. 193-4. Cf. J. B. Bury, Life of St Patrick, 1905, p. 76.

[1074] Gomme, Ethnology in Folklore, p. 60.

[1075] R. Forby, Vocab. of East Anglia, 1830, I. p. 413.

[1076] Manners and Customs of the Irish, l.c. Buckets made of yew have been discovered in Anglo-Saxon graves at Linton Heath (Cambs.) and Roundway Down (Wilts.). Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons, p. 102. Cf. Folk-Lore, XIII. p. 96.

[1077] Naturalists’ Journal, 1895, p. 99.

[1078] Nat. Jour., l.c.; J. G. Strutt, Sylva Britannica, 1826, p. 28. Strutt gives a fine illustration of the Fortingal yew.

[1079] Murray, Handbook for Derbyshire, 3rd edition, 1892, p. 30.

[1080] Sir G. L. Gomme, Primitive Folk-Moots, 1880, p. 133.

[1081] Murray, Handbook for Surrey, 5th edition, 1898, p. 67.

[1082] Church of Our Fathers, p. 178.

[1083] I have not yet observed a yew growing on a British burial mound, but Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, in describing a British barrow which he opened on Winkelbury Hill, seems to supply an instance. He states that he found no relics within the mound, and that this absence was probably due to a dead yew, locally called a “scrag,” which he removed. Gen. Pitt-Rivers calls the yew an “insertion,” but was the tree “inserted” alive or dead? A dead yew would scarcely work much havoc. He continues—and the addition is noteworthy—“I afterwards learnt that the people of the neighbourhood attached some interest to it, and it has since been replaced by Sir Thomas Grove.” (Excav. in Cranborne Chase, II. 1888, p. 258.) Cf. Folk-Lore, XIII. p. 96; Prof. H. Conwenz, in Brit. Assoc. Report, 1901, p. 839.

[1084] W. Watson, The Father of the Forest, V. I.

[1085] J. Cossar Ewart, in Ency. of Agriculture, ed. by C. E. Green and C. Young, 1908, II. p. 427. W. Watts, Geology for Beginners, 2nd edition, 1907, p. 300. H. A. Nicholson, Manual of Palaeontology, 1889, II. pp. 1360-3, claims Phenacodus, a fossil animal from the lowest Eocene of North America, as representing the five-toed ancestor of the horse. On the general question of ancestry, see p. 411 n. infra. An acute criticism of the modern theory is offered in J. Gerard’s The Old Riddle and the Newest Answer, 5th edition, 1908, pp. 93-106.

[1086] J. Cossar Ewart, op. cit. II. p. 426.

[1087] W. Watts, op. cit. p. 300.

[1088] Ibid. p. 300.

[1089] R. Lydekker, Guide to the Specimens of the Horse Family (Brit. Mus.), 1907, p. 5.

[1090] Lydekker, loc. cit. Ewart, op. cit. II. p. 428.

[1091] Guide ... Horse Family, pp. 8-9.

[1092] The following authorities may also be consulted: W. Ridgeway, The Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse, 1905, pp. 1-12. E. Ray Lankester, Extinct Animals, 1905, pp. 134-42. C. W. Saleeby, Organic Evolution, 1905, pp. 56-64. R. Lydekker, in Knowledge, XXV. 1902, pp. 100-2, and N.S. III. 1906, pp. 472-4. Guide to Fossil Mammals and Birds (Nat. Hist. Mus., South Kensington), 8th edition, 1904, pp. 22-6. R. S. Lull, “Evolution of the Horse Family,” in Amer. Jour. Science, 4th Ser., XXIII. pp. 161-82. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. LXV. 1909, pp. cxix-cxx, where there is an allusion to gaps in the pedigree.

[1093] C. H. Read, Guide to the Stone Age, 1902, pp. 48, 49. Many representations of horses and horse-heads have been detected among the coloured drawings (ochre and black) on the walls of two Palaeolithic caves at Combarelles and Font-de-Gaune, explored in 1901. (See Ridgeway, op. cit. p. 85.)

[1094] B. C. A. Windle, Life in Early Britain, 1897, pp. 28, 29. Cavernes du Périgord, by MM. E. Larty and H. Christy, 1864, should be specially consulted.

[1095] Guide to Stone Age, p. 65. W. Boyd Dawkins, Early Man in Britain, 1880, p. 184.

[1096] Ewart, in Ency. of Agric. II. p. 434. Ridgeway, op. cit. p. 82, claims two distinct species, “at least,” of Palaeolithic horses.

[1097] Ewart, Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc. of Scotland, 5th Ser., XVI. 1904, pp. 230-68. A. C. Haddon, Nat. Home-Reading Union Mag. (Gen. Course), XV. p. 114.

[1098] T. Rice Holmes, Anc. Brit. and the Invas. of Jul. Caes., 1907, p. 56 n.

[1099] Herodotus, History, l. vii., c. 15.

[1100] G. Rawlinson, translation of Hist. of Herodotus, 4th edition, 1880, IV. p. 72 n. Ridgeway, op. cit. pp. 23, 117, 130, 192, gives particulars of the use of the lasso by other peoples.

[1101] A. Doigneau, Nos Ancêtres Primitifs, 1905, pp. 129-30.

[1102] Ibid. pp. 129-30.

[1103] Guide to Stone Age, pp. 39-40. S. Baring-Gould, Deserts of Southern France, 1894, I. p. 151. Ridgeway, op. cit. pp. 83-4.

[1104] Baring-Gould, loc. cit. The exploration of the Kesserloch cavern, at Thaingen, Baden, showed that the horse had been used for food in the Magdalenian period. See Nature, LXXIX. 1909, p. 343.

[1105] N. Joly, Man before Metals, 4th edition, 1887, p. 265 and note.

[1106] Ewart, Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc. of Scotland, 5th Ser., XVI. pp. 237-42. For a contrary English view, see Ridgeway, op. cit. pp. 89-91.

[1107] B. Tozer, The Horse in History, 1908, p. 4.

[1108] Guide to Horse Family, p. 14. Mr R. Lydekker, in a letter to the author, dated Jan. 6, 1909, stated that little is known of the Walthamstow skull exhibited in the Zoological Department (S. Kensington). There are other horse skulls from Pleistocene river-gravels to be seen, however, in the Geological Department. Most of our bone-caves (e.g. Kent’s Cavern, near Torquay) have yielded horse remains; and many specimens have been obtained from brick-earths and raised beaches. J. Cossar Ewart, Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc. of Scotland, 5th Ser., XVI. 1904, p. 233.

[1109] Lord Avebury, Pre-historic Times, 6th edition, 1900, pp. 160-1.

[1110] Ridgeway, op. cit. pp. 91-2.

[1111] W. Greenwell, British Barrows, 1877, p. 750.

[1112] Ibid. p. 136.

[1113] Ibid. p. 220.

[1114] Ibid. p. 262 n.

[1115] J. R. Mortimer, Forty Years’ Researches, 1905, pp. 25, 26, 37, 41 etc.

[1116] British Barrows, pp. 122, 127-9, 482, 543, 549. Dr W. Wright, in Jour. of Anatomy, N.S. XIX. 1905, esp. pp. 441-2.

[1117] W. Boyd Dawkins, Cave Hunting, 1874, p. 166. Rev. R. A. Gatty has recorded the discovery of bones of a young horse in Neolithic pit-dwellings near Hornsea, Yorkshire (Chambers’s Journal, 6th Ser., Feb. 1909, p. 109). For the Whitepark Bay discoveries, see Jour. Roy. Hist. and Archaeol. Assoc. of Ireland, 4th Ser., VII. pp. 122-3, 123 n. Professor J. Cossar Ewart thinks that “it is extremely probable that in Neolithic, as in Pleistocene times, Britain possessed several species of wild horses.” (Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc. of Scotland, 5th Ser., XVI. p. 242.) W. F. Gwinnell, in S.E. Naturalist, 1907, p. L. F. Keller, Lake Dwellings of Switzerland, 2nd edition, 1878, I. pp. 592, 595, records, with reserve, the discovery of iron horseshoes at the Early Iron lake settlement at Starnberger See, Bavaria.

[1118] Nature, LXXXI. p. 223; LXXXV. p. 22. Naturalist, 1911, p. 174.

[1119] Forty Years’ Researches, p. 198.

[1120] Ridgeway, op. cit. p. 478. Cf. O. Schrader, Prehist. Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples, 1900, p. 263.

[1121] W. E. Gladstone, Homer (Macmillan, 1889), pp. 137-8. Homer’s references to chariots are discussed by A. Lang, in Anthropology and the Classics, ed. R. R. Marett, 1908, pp. 55-6. Cf. Athenaeum, May 7th, 1910, pp. 557-8.

[1122] Herodotus, Hist. l. V. c. 9. Cf. Rawlinson’s translation, III. p. 215, and Ridgeway, op. cit. p. 94. For a discussion concerning Herodotus as an observer and speculator on ancient customs see J. L. Myers, in Anthropology and the Classics, ed. R. R. Marett, 1908, pp. 121-68.

[1123] Ridgeway, op. cit. p. 94. V. Hehn, Wanderings of Plants and Animals, ed. J. S. Stallybrass, 1885, pp. 35-68, has some valuable information on this phase of the subject.

[1124] Rawlinson, op. cit. II. pp. 352-3.

[1125] Job xxxix. 19-25.

[1126] 2 Sam. viii. 4.

[1127] Guide to Bronze Age, p. 104.

[1128] Ibid. pp. 140-1.

[1129] Spectator, Sept. 19, 1908, p. 407. See also, especially, Ridgeway, op. cit. Chap. V. (“The Development of Equitation”).

[1130] Caesar, De Bell. Gall., l. IV. cc. 24, 33; l. V. cc. 8, 11, 12, 13, 15. Cf. E. Conybeare, Roman Britain, 1903, pp. 93, 99.

[1131] De Bell. Gall., l. V. c. 16. On the question of early chariots see Ridgeway, op. cit. pp. 215, 217, 481-2. Tozer, op. cit. pp. 20-1, 24-6.

[1132] Schrader, Prehist. Antiquities, p. 263.

[1133] C. T. Lewis and C. Short, Lat. Dict., under the words cited.

[1134] P. H. Newman, in Social England, ed. Traill, 1894, I. p. 225.

[1135] The Horse in History, pp. 75-6.

[1136] Chambers’s Encyclopaedia, 1906, Art. “Horse.”

[1137] Gulielmus Malmsburiensis, Gesta Regum Anglorum, l. II. c. 135.