[1138] See edition of Fitzstephen’s work, edited by “An Antiquary” (S. Pegge), 1772, pp. 37-8, 67-8. Cf. H. Morley’s translation, prefixed to the edition of Stow’s Survey of London, 1890, pp. 26-7.

[1139] Chambers’s Encyclopaedia, loc. cit.

[1140] Tozer, op. cit. pp. 207, 236. For the question of horse-breeding generally, see Ridgeway, op. cit., especially pp. 358-60.

[1141] Ridgeway, op. cit. p. 502. Tozer, op. cit. pp. 42, 83.

[1142] Tozer, op. cit. p. 73. The iron shoes of mules were detachable (Catullus, Carm., XVII. ll. 25-6).

[1143] Ridgeway, op. cit. p. 502. J. Beckmann, History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins, tr. W. Johnston, 4th edition, 1846, I. p. 444. See Pliny, Nat. Hist. l. XXXIII. c. 49.

[1144] Ridgeway, op. cit. p. 502.

[1145] Ibid. p. 503. Cf. Syer Cumming, in Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., VI. p. 411.

[1146] R. Berenger, Hist. and Art of Horsemanship, 1771, p. 322. [I have not seen the original drawing by Father B. De Montfaucon, but have read his remarks on horseshoes, in L’Antiquité expliquée, tr. D. Humphreys, 1722, IV. pp. 50-1.] J. Beckmann, op. cit. I. pp. 451-2, gives several reasons against the genuineness of the Childeric shoe.

[1147] Tozer, op. cit. p. 83. Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, Excavations in Cranborne Chase, I. pp. 83-4, 97, 247; II. p. 139; III. pp. 84, 138, 141. The hippo-sandal is discussed in I. pp. 77-9. C. Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, III. pp. 128-9; also his Illustrations of Roman London, 1859, pp. 145-6. F. Keller, Lake Dwellings of Switzerland, I. pp. 592, 595. G. Payne, in Archaeologia Cantiana, 1897, XXII. p. 73. Cf. W. Youatt, The Horse, 1888, pp. 440-1. For the Northumberland horseshoe see H. M. Neville, A Corner in the North, 1909, pp. 110-11. For the merits of shoeing horses see Encyclopaedia of Agriculture, ed. C. E. Green and D. Young, 1908, Art. “Horse shoeing.” A somewhat popular account of the horse’s foot is given in Sir Charles Bell’s The Hand, 8th edition, 1885, pp. 61-64.

[1148] Ridgeway, op. cit. p. 503. Mr L. Jewitt, Grave-Mounds and their Contents, 1870, asserts (p. 201) that horseshoes are occasionally met with in burials of the Roman-British period and (p. 264) that they have been recorded from Anglo-Saxon graves in Berkshire. The conclusions reached by Prof. T. McKenny Hughes, in Proc. Camb. Antiq. Soc., X. 1904, pp. 249-58, should be consulted; they vary somewhat from those given in the text. On the general question, see Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., VI. pp. 406-18; Antiquary, 1911, N.S., VII. p. 275.

[1149] This form was also formerly used around Cerne Abbas, Dorsetshire.

[1150] See list of references, p. 424 supra.

[1151] J. G. Keysler, Antiquitates Selectae Septentrionales et Celticae, 1720, pp. 115, 168-9, 518.

[1152] Virgil, Aeneid, l. VI. ll. 885-7.

[1153] J. R. Allen, Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times, 1904, pp. 64-5, 94-5, R. A. Smith, Guide to Early Iron Age (Brit. Mus.), 1905, pp. 50, 73, 90 etc. L. Jewitt, op. cit. pp. 201, 264-5. J. R. Mortimer, Forty Years’ Researches, pp. 358, 359. Ridgeway, op. cit., deals fully with the subject. The Naturalist, 1905, pp. 264-5, also gives a list of chariot-burials. Archaeologia, 1906, LX. pp. 281 et seqq., pp. 311-2. R. Munro, Prehistoric Scotland, 1899, pp. 247-50.

[1154] British Barrows, pp. 454, 455.

[1155] Ibid. p. 456.

[1156] B. C. A. Windle, Remains of the Prehistoric Age in England, 1904, p. 287.

[1157] J. J. A. Worsaae, Pre-history of the North, tr. H. F. M. Simpson, 1886, p. 192; also (by the same writer), Industrial Arts of Denmark, 1882, pp. 190-2.

[1158] Baron J. de Baye, Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons, p. 18. Prof. É. Metchnikoff, who cites the case of Duguesclin, gives an additional instance from Treves, A.D. 1781. See Nature of Man, tr. P. Chambers Mitchell, 1906, p. 141. See also Prim. Culture, I. p. 474.

[1159] Notes and Queries, 8th Ser., XII. p. 158. See, especially, E. P. Squarey, The “Moot” and its Traditions, 1906, pp. 34-5.

[1160] R. Southey, Letters of Espriella, 1st edition, 1807, I. pp. 52-3.

[1161] Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., VI. p. 73.

[1162] G. Rawlinson, in his edition of Herodotus, 1880, III. p. 63 n.

[1163] Pliny, Nat. Hist., l. VIII. c. 64.

[1164] E. Howlett, in Curious Church Customs, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 129.

[1165] G. S. Tyack, Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church, 1899, p. 245. M. H. Bloxam, Monumental Architecture of Great Britain, 1834, pp. 96, 102.

[1166] Tacitus, De Moribus Germaniae, c. 10.

[1167] J. Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, trans. J. G. Stallybrass, 1883, II. p. 655.

[1168] Herodotus, Hist., l. I. c. 189; l. VII. c. 55. Grimm, op. cit. IV. p. 1483, concerning sacred horses alluded to by Plutarch.

[1169] Herodotus, Hist., l. IV. c. 52.

[1170] Rev. vi. 2, and xix. 11.

[1171] See the authorities cited by J. Timbs, Curiosities of Science, 6th edition, 1862, p. 191.

[1172] See the details collected in Folk-Memory, 1908, pp. 323, 325.

[1173] Folk-Memory, pp. 323-6; Archaeologia, XXI. 289-98; Vict. Hist. of Berks., 1906, pp. 188-92.

[1174] Guide to Early Iron Age, p. 29.

[1175] Ibid. pp. 115-6.

[1176] J. Stevens, in Jour. Archaeol. Assoc., XL. 1884, pp. 64-6.

[1177] Concerning the development of the interlacing ornament from animal forms, and the further question of the supposed Scandinavian origin of some of these animal figures, see J. Romilly Allen, Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times, 1904, pp. 249-50.

[1178] Grimm, Teut. Myth., I. p. 49.

[1179] Ibid. II. p. 664.

[1180] J. M. Kemble, The Saxons in England, 1876, II. p. 429.

[1181] Keysler, op. cit. p. 326. Dufour’s French translation gives the number of each kind of victim as 89, but this is evidently an error.

[1182] Kemble, op. cit. II. p. 429.

[1183] Bede, Eccles. Hist., l. II. c. 13.

[1184] Ibid.

[1185] Grimm, Teut. Myth., II. p. 665.

[1186] Grant Allen, Evolution of the Idea of God, R.P.A. edition, 1903, p. 122. J. G. Frazer, Golden Bough, 1890, II. pp. 24-5; Frazer, Totemism and Exogamy, 1910, III. p. 391. Cf. Folk-Lore, XI. pp. 257-8.

[1187] Keysler, op. cit. pp. 322-48.

[1188] Ibid. pp. 322-3.

[1189] Ibid. p. 348.

[1190] W. Boyd Dawkins, Cave Hunting, 1874, p. 132.

[1191] Keysler, op. cit. p. 339.

[1192] Ibid. p. 340.

[1193] W. Boyd Dawkins, op. cit. p. 132.

[1194] Ibid. pp. 132, 133.

[1195] Grimm, Teut. Myth., III. p. 1049; IV. pp. 1302, 1304, 1619.

[1196] Grimm, op. cit. IV. p. 1050.

[1197] Ibid. p. 1619.

[1198] L’Abbé V. Dufour, Une Question Historique, 1868, translated from Keysler’s Antiquitates, p. 65.

[1199] Dufour, op. cit. p. 66.

[1200] Ibid. p. 67.

[1201] Notes and Queries, 10th Ser., X. 1908, p. 245.

[1202] A. de Gubernatis, Zoological Mythology, 1872, I. pp. 283-357.

[1203] Doigneau, Nos Ancêtres Primitifs, p. 127. Dr J. G. Frazer, Golden Bough, II. pp. 64-5, refers to the Roman custom, at the October chariot-race, of cutting off the tail of the right-hand horse of the victorious team, and states that this was done to ensure a good crop: the horse represented the corn spirit.

[1204] Herodotus, Hist., l. II. c. 39. For superstitions respecting the sanctity of the human head, see Golden Bough, I. pp. 187-93.

[1205] Teut. Myth., IV. p. 1483.

[1206] Ibid. II. p. 661.

[1207] Zool. Myth., I. p. 303.

[1208] Teut. Myth., II. p. 661.

[1209] Ibid. p. 660.

[1210] Ibid. p. 660.

[1211] M. Braitmaier, in Folk-Lore, XI. pp. 322-3, and plates II-VI.

[1212] Notes and Queries, 3rd Ser., VII. p. 10.

[1213] Notes and Queries, 10th Ser., XI. pp. 71-2, 395.

[1214] P. Maylam, “The Hooden Horse,” an East Kent Christmas Custom, 1909, pp. 72-91, 110-20. Athenaeum, Feb. 19, 1910, p. 214. In Folk-Lore, XXI. 1910, pp. 248-9, it is argued that the “hoodening horse” dates, at least, earlier than the Robin Hood period. Cf. W. Henderson, Folk-Lore of the N. Counties, 2nd edition, 1879, pp. 70-1.

[1215] Daily Chronicle, Jan. 2, 1908. Much horse lore of a similar kind may be found in the volumes of Folk-Lore, especially XI. and XIII.

[1216] Virgil, Aeneid, lib. I. ll. 144 et seqq.

[1217] J. Conington, in a note in Works of Virgil, ed. G. Long, 1884, II. p. 52 n.

[1218] Zool. Myth., I. p. 333.

[1219] At Burpham, Sussex, the paws of a fox were nailed on the door of the blacksmith’s shop “for luck” (1911).

[1220] Sir G. L. Gomme, Ethnology in Folk-Lore, 1892, pp. 35-6. (Many instances cited.) Mr Baring-Gould’s experience is related in Folk-Lore, IV. p. 6.

[1221] Notes and Queries, 1st Ser., V. p. 274.

[1222] Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., N.S. III. 1897, pp. 89-103, 192-206.

[1223] Notes and Queries, 8th Ser., VIII. p. 248.

[1224] Ibid. Additional instances are given in Folk-Lore, XII. 1901, pp. 348-9.

[1225] Notes and Queries, 4th Ser., III. p. 564.

[1226] Sir G. L. Gomme, Folk-Lore Relics in Early Village Life, 1883, pp. 34-7. (Other examples given.)

[1227] Notes and Queries, 4th Ser., IV. p. 66.

[1228] Ibid. 4th Ser., III. p. 500.

[1229] Ibid. 6th Ser., I. p. 424.

[1230] Grant Allen, Evol. of the Idea of God, p. 122.

[1231] Sir E. Beckett, Book on Building, 2nd edition, 1880, p. 281.

[1232] G. M. Hills, in Jour. Archaeol. Assoc., XXXV. p. 97.

[1233] L’Abbé Cochet, in Gentleman’s Magazine, N.S., XV. pp. 540-3.

[1234] For confirmatory evidence, see E. E. Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonné de l’Architecture française du xi^e au xvi^e siècle, 1865, s.v. “Pot” (t. VI. pp. 471-2).

[1235] É. Didron, Annales archéologiques, 1862, t. XXI. p. 297.

[1236] Didron, loc. cit.

[1237] Notes and Queries, 6th Ser., III. p. 168.

[1238] Bygone Hertfordshire, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 157.

[1239] Papers read at the Royal Institute of British Architects, 1853-4, pp. 133-4.

[1240] Jour. Archaeol. Assoc., 1873, XXIX. p. 306; 1879, XXXV. p. 95.

[1241] Notes and Queries, 6th Ser., III. pp. 412-3. Rept. Norfolk and Norwich Archaeol. Soc. 1861, p. iii.

[1242] Jour. Archaeol. Assoc., XXXV. pp. 95 et seqq.; cf. XXXVIII. pp. 218-21; see also XVI. pp. 359-63. There is an interesting article on “Acoustic jars,” by G. C. Yates, in Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church, ed. W. Andrews, 1897, pp. 34-43.

[1243] Jour. Archaeol. Assoc., 1882, XXXVIII. pp. 218-21.

[1244] Quoted from the 1770 edition of A. Young’s Six Months’ Tour through the North of England, I. pp. 162-3, in Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., II. p. 266.

[1245] W. Marshall, Rural Econ. of Yorkshire, 1788, I. p. 261.

[1246] Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., II. p. 266.

[1247] Ibid., 7th Ser., II. p. 354.

[1248] Ibid., 8th Ser., VII. p. 470.

[1249] Ibid., 7th Ser., II. p. 318.

[1250] Ibid., 8th Ser., VII. p. 396.

[1251] Ibid., 8th Ser., VII. p. 469.

[1252] A. Young, Six Weeks’ Tour through the Southern Counties, 1769, pp. 73-4.

[1253] Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., II. pp. 372-3.

[1254] Ibid., 7th Ser., II. p. 317. A good description of Sussex oxen is given by W. H. Hudson, in Nature in Downland, 1900, Chap. III.

[1255] W. de Gray Birch, Domesday Book, 1887, p. 222; P. H. Newman, in Social England, ed. H. D. Traill, 1894, I. p. 214.

[1256] Another probable mode was to employ four yoke of two each.

[1257] Bartholomew Anglicus, Mediaeval Lore, ed. R. Steele, 1905, p. 143. For “langhaldes,” see Cent. Dict.; for “spanells,” Eng. Dial. Dict. and Funk’s Standard Dict. (1906), s.v.

[1258] Social England, ed. H. D. Traill, 1894, I. p. 128.

[1259] Seneschaucie, reprinted with Walter de Henley’s Le Dite de Hosebondrie, tr. E. Lamond, 1890, p. 113.

[1260] King Henry IV., 2nd Pt, Act iii. Sc. 2.

[1261] R. Burns, My ain Kind Dearie O, v. 2.

[1262] R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall, 1769, p. 23.

[1263] Fitzstephen’s Descrip. of the City of London, ed. by “An Antiquary” [S. Pegge], 1772, pp. 39, 70. Cf. Translation by H. Morley, in his edition of Stow’s Survey of London, 1890, p. 27. See also P. Vinogradoff, Eng. Society in the Eleventh Century, 1908, p. 154.

[1264] Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser., II. p. 195. Cf. Piers the Plowman, VI. 289-90: “and a cart-mare to drawe a-fielde my donge.”

[1265] Le Dite de Hosebondrie, p. 11.

[1266] W. J. Corbett, in Social England, II. p. 545. Note, however, that towards the end of the sixteenth century (A.D. 1577) William Harrison, in Holinshed’s Chronicle, speaks of “our cart or plough horses (for we use them indifferently),” Bk. III. c. 1 (edition 1807, 1. p. 370).

[1267] W. L. Rham, Dict. of the Farm, new edition, 1858, p. 202.

[1268] On this theory, a bovate represents one-eighth of a carucate.

[1269] Birch, Domesday Book, pp. 225-6. For contrary view, see J. H. Round, Feudal England, 1909, pp. 35-36. Dr Round argues that not only was the caruca a plough team of eight oxen, but that the number was fixed. Also P. Vinogradoff, Villainage in England, 1892, pp. 252-3. The number of oxen was perhaps partly dependent upon the practice of co-aration, or co-operative ploughing. See G. Slater, in Geogr. Jour., 1907, XXIX. p. 39. P. Vinogradoff, Eng. Society in the Eleventh Century, 1908, pp. 154, 164-5. See also F. Seebohm, Eng. Vill. Community, 1896, pp. 62-5, 74, 85, 123.

[1270] Publications of Surtees Society, No. 83, p. 65.

[1271] Ibid., No. 87 (Life of St Cuthbert in Eng. Verse), p. 170.

[1272] Ibid., p. 176.

[1273] G. Roberts, Social Hist. of the People of the Southern Counties of England, 1856, p. 487. Cf. D. Defoe, Tour thro’ the whole Island of Great Britain, 1724, I. pp. 59-60. Timber taken by road from Sussex to Maidstone, and thence by river to Chatham, sometimes required three years for the journey.

[1274] R. E. Prothero, in Social England, V. p. 455. Cf. N. J. Hone, The Manor and Manorial Records, 1906, pp. 41-3. See Addenda, p. 497 infra.

[1275] Birch, Domesday Book, p. 225.

[1276] Rham, Dict. Farm, p. 202.