[1277] W. Youatt, Cattle, their Breeds, Management, and Diseases, new edition, 1876, p. 42.

[1278] Notes and Queries, 8th Ser., VII. p. 470.

[1279] Reliquary, 1905, XI. p. 223.

[1280] Rham, Dict. Farm, p. 385.

[1281] Reliquary, XI. p. 223.

[1282] Youatt, Cattle, p. 42.

[1283] Marshall, Rural Econ. Yorks., I. pp. 266-7.

[1284] Rham, Dict. Farm, p. 250.

[1285] Cf. Country Life, 1911, XXX. pp. 719-20.

[1286] J. E. Thorold Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 1889, p. 77. Rham, Dict. Farm, p. 203.

[1287] A. Fitzherbert, Boke of Husbandry (1534), ed. Skeat, 1882, p. 16. Concerning the academic question whether the Boke of Husbandry is the work of Anthony or of John Fitzherbert, see the Dict. of Nat. Biog., under “Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony”—decision in favour of Sir Anthony.

[1288] Rham, Dict. Farm, p. 385. Rogers, Six Centuries, p. 76. N. J. Hone, The Manor and Manorial Records, 1906, p. 81.

[1289] Rogers, Six Centuries, p. 76.

[1290] Youatt, Cattle, p. 42.

[1291] Le Dite de Hosebondrie, pp. 10-13.

[1292] A. Young, Six Months Tour, N. of England, 1771, IV. pp. 116-137.

[1293] Ibid., p. 144.

[1294] Boke of Husbandry, p. 15.

[1295] Ibid., p. 15.

[1296] Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., II. p. 317.

[1297] W. J. Corbett, in Social England, II. p. 545.

[1298] Gen. A. L. Pitt-Rivers, Excavations in Cranborne Chase, 1887, etc., I. p. 84. Figure given on Plate XXVII.

[1299] E. Conybeare, Rom. Brit. 1903, p. 177 n. (authorities given). W. Ridgeway, The Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse, 1905, p. 504. Cf. T. McKenny Hughes, in Proc. Camb. Antiq. Soc., X. 1904, pp. 256-7.

[1300] J. Beckmann, Hist. of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins, tr. W. Johnston, 4th edition, 1846, I. p. 443. Cf. Pliny, Nat. Hist., l. XI. c. 105.

[1301] Beckmann, l.c. This writer, and the authorities whom he quotes, deserve careful study. On the whole, Beckmann sums up somewhat against the theory that horses were usually shod in classical times. This conclusion is in practical agreement with that of Professor Hughes, loc. cit. See Aristotle, Hist. Animal. l. II. c. 2, § 6.

[1302] Catullus, Carm. xvii. ll. 25-6. Cf. Beckmann, I. p. 445.

[1303] P. Vinogradoff, Villainage in England, 1892, p. 15.

[1304] Rogers, Six Centuries, p. 76.

[1305] Le Dite de Hosebondrie, p. 13.

[1306] Boke of Husbandry, p. 16.

[1307] Ibid., p. 16.

[1308] Pub. Surtees Soc., No. 65, p. 250 n.

[1309] Ibid., No. 65, p. 250 n.

[1310] Isa. v. 28. Cf. Smith, Dict. of the Bible, Art. “Horse.”

[1311] T. McKenny Hughes, in Proc. Camb. Antiq. Soc., X. 1904, pp. 256-7. J. J. Hissey, Over Fen and Wold, 1898, p. 127.

[1312] The number of nails required for an ox-shoe varied locally. See, e.g., the illustration in Youatt’s Cattle, p. 569, where three nails only are shown.

[1313] Youatt, Cattle, pp. 569-70. On the general question, see also T. McKenny Hughes, loc. cit.

[1314] Marshall, Rural Econ. Yorks., II. p. 182. Arthur Beckett, in The Spirit of the Downs, 1909, pp. 285-290, has a good description of a South Down ploughing match, in which oxen competed.

[1315] Rural Econ. Yorks., I. pp. 262-3. Cf. H. M. Neville, A Corner in the North, 1909, pp. 247-50.

[1316] H. E. Forrest, in Naturalist, 1908, p. 330.

[1317] Caesar, De Bell. Gall., l. VI. c. 28. The value of this passage is seriously questioned by Professor J. Wilson, in Evolution of British Cattle, 1909, Ch. I.

[1318] Naturalist, 1908, p. 330. Chambers’s Cyclopaedia, Art. “Cattle.” Lord Avebury, Pre-hist. Times, 6th edition, 1900, p. 286, says that the urus survived in Germany until the sixteenth century.

[1319] Lord Avebury, l.c.

[1320] Naturalist, 1908, p. 361.

[1321] W. Boyd Dawkins, Early Man in Britain, 1880, p. 261.

[1322] R. Hedger Wallace, “White Cattle,” in Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, v., N.S. Pt 2 (1897-8), pp. 220-273. Mr Wallace gives twenty-one pages of bibliography. This excellent paper may be referred to on many points. J. Wilson, Evol. of Brit. Cattle, especially pp. 22-3, 38-40, 61-9, and the whole of Chap. iii. See also R. Lydekker, in Knowledge, XXV. pp. 101-2; H. Woodward, Guide to Fossil Mammals and Birds (S. Kensington), 8th edition, 1904, pp. 43-4. An article on Park Cattle appeared in Nature Notes, IX. 1898, pp. 46-9.

[1323] Chambers’s Cyclopaedia, Art. “Cattle.” Cf. J. Wilson, Evol. of Brit. Cattle, p. 17. (The view taken is in harmony with that of Professor T. McKenny Hughes.)

[1324] H. A. Nicholson, Manual of Palaeontology, 3rd edition, 1889, II. p. 1352.

[1325] Ibid., 3rd edition, 1889, II. p. 1352.

[1326] H. A. Nicholson, Manual of Palaeontology, 3rd edition, 1889, II. p. 1352. Naturalist 1908, p. 332.

[1327] N. Joly, Man before Metals, 4th edition, 1887, p. 268.

[1328] T. Rice Holmes, Anc. Brit. and the Invas. of Jul. Caesar, 1907, p. 152 n.

[1329] J. Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, tr. J. S. Stallybrass, 1883, IV. p. 1302.

[1330] Ibid., l.c.

[1331] 1 Sam. vi. vv. 7 et seqq.

[1332] Teut. Myth., IV. p. 1302.

[1333] Ibid., I. p. 49.

[1334] Bede, Ecclesiastical Hist., l. I. c. 30.

[1335] Teut. Myth., II. p. 665.

[1336] S. Baring-Gould, A Book of Brittany, 1901, pp. 231-3.

[1337] Teut. Myth., II. p. 664.

[1338] A. de Gubernatis, Zoological Mythology, 1872, I. p. 258. The whole of Chap. 1, Section 5, will repay attention.

[1339] Zool. Myth., I. p. 247.

[1340] J. M. Kemble, The Saxons in England, 1876, II. p. 429.

[1341] Greenwell, British Barrows, pp. 168, 230. References are also given to Bateman’s discoveries of ox skulls in Derbyshire barrows. J. R. Mortimer, Forty Years’ Researches, pp. 9, 10, 18, 22, etc. A barrow near Bridlington yielded a dagger-knife of bronze, with two plates of ox-horn, of which the hilt had been composed (Evans, Anc. Stone Impts, p. 265).

[1342] R. Colt Hoare, Anc. Hist. of South Wilts, 1812, I. p. 199.

[1343] Pliny, Nat. Hist., l. VIII. c. 70.

[1344] Virgil, Georg., l. II. line 537. Pliny, Nat. Hist., l. VIII. c. 70. For parallel practices see Westermarck, Origin and Devel. of the Moral Ideas, II. pp. 330-1, 493, 494.

[1345] W. Smith, Dict. Greek and Roman Antiq., Art. “Nummus.” For the Athenian sacrifice of the ox, see J. G. Frazer, Golden Bough, II. pp. 38, 39, 41; and for the sacred cattle of Egypt, see II. pp. 59-61.

[1346] Grimm, Teut. Myth., II. p. 665.

[1347] Ibid., II. p. 664.

[1348] D. Defoe, A Tour thro’ the whole Island of Great Britain, 1724, I. p. 60. It will be well to note the reference, since the passage is incorrectly ascribed to other writers. G. Roberts, Soc. Hist. of the S. Counties of England, 1856, p. 487, cites Fuller as the author; and Lord Avebury, Scenery of England, 1902, pp. 440-7, attributes the statement to Arthur Young. About the close of the seventeenth century, carriage-teams of oxen were popular among Roman Catholics, who were prevented by the Penal Laws from possessing a horse (Tozer, The Horse in History, p. 264). Such a carriage-team was used by Lord Sheffield so late as the close of the eighteenth century (Notes and Queries, 10th Ser., XI. p. 136). See also L. V. Lucas, Highways and Byways in Sussex, 3rd edition, 1907, p. 286, where another instance is recorded from Sussex.

[1349] Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., II. p. 317.

[1350] E. C. Brewer, Dict. of Phrase and Fable, under “Ox.”

[1351] T. Percy, Reliques of Anc. Eng. Poetry, ed. H. B. Wheatley, 1891, III. p. 112.

[1352] Zoological Mythology, I. p. 258.

[1353] Survey of Cornwall, p. 24.

[1354] Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., XI. p. 62. R. Southey, Commonplace Book, ed. J. W. Warter, 1876, Ser. IV. p. 388.

[1355] Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., XI. p. 236.

[1356] J. Ingelow, High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, vv. 5, 23. Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian, chs. xxxix., xlv. See also Notes and Queries, 11th Ser., IV. p. 466.

[1357] E. Thomas, The South Country, 1909, p. 129.

[1358] Deut. xxv. 4.