325 Montfaucon, Les monumens de la monarchie Française. Paris, 1729, p. 15.

326 Montfaucon, l. c.

327 Cochet, “Le tombeau de Childeric Ier roi des Francs,” Paris, 1859, pp. 16 sqq.

328 Cochet, op. cit., p. 305.

329 Cochet, op. cit., p. 302; figure.

330 Cochet, op. cit., p. 303, No. 1.

331 Simon, “Observations sur les sépulchres antiques découverts dans plusieures contrées des Gaules,” p. 5; pl. ii, fig. 14.

332 See Wylie’s “Fairford Graves,” pl. iv, fig. 1, pl. v, fig 2; Akerman’s “Remains of Pagan Saxondom,” Roach Smith’s “Collectanea antiqua”; Douglas’ “Nenia Brittanica,” and Hillier’s “Antiquities of the Isle of Wight.”

333 Akerman, op. cit., p. 10.

334 Journal of the Archæological Institute, vol. ix, p. 179.

335 Akerman, op. cit., pp. 39, 40.

336 Miscellanies upon various subjects, by John Aubrey, to which is added “Hydrotaphia, or Urn Burial,” by Sir Thomas Browne, London, 1890, p. 244; chap, ii.

337 Lady Wilde, “Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland,” Boston, 1888, p. 209.

338 Life Work of Sir Peter le Page Renouf, Paris, 1907, vol. iv, p. 342. In the vignette to chapter 93, to illustrate the protection afforded, a buckle with human hands seizes the arm of the deceased and prevents him from going toward the East, the inauspicious direction for departed souls, pl. xxv (Papyrus, Louvre iii, 93).

339 Budge, “The Mummy,” Cambridge, 1894, p. 259.

340 Budge, “The Mummy,” Cambridge, 1894, p. 261.

341 The deceased was identified with Osiris.

342 Budge, “The Mummy,” Cambridge, 1894, p. 263.

343 Birch, Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in Alnwick Castle, London, 1880, p. 224.

344 Pierret, “Le livre des Morts,” Paris, 1882, p. 138.

345 “Life Work of Sir Peter le Page Renouf,” Paris, 1907, vol. iv, p. 76, note.

346 Ibid., Paris, 1907, vol. iv, p. 295.

347 Æliani, “Varia historia,” lib. xiv, cap. xxxiv, Lug. Bat., 1731, Pars altera, p. 977.

348 Fossey, “La Magie Assyrienne,” Paris, 1902, p. 301; see Rawlinson, “Cun. insc. of West. Asia,” vol. iv, 18, No. 3.

349 Delitzsch, “Assyrisches Wörterbuch,” Leipzig, 1896, p. 74, s. v. elmêshu.

350 Jensen, “Assyrisch-Babylonische Mythen und Epen,” Berlin, 1900.

351 Ward, “Seal Cylinders of Western Asia,” Carnegie Institution Pub., Washington, D. C., 1910, pp. 232, 234.

352 For a fuller description of this valuable relic, and a discussion of the meaning of the inscription, see “On the ancient inscribed Sumerian (Babylonian) axe-head for the Morgan Collection in the American Museum of Natural History,” by George Frederick Kunz, with translation by Prof. Ira Maurice Price and discussion by Dr. William Hayes Ward. Bulletin of the Museum, vol. xxi, pp. 37-47, April 6, 1905.

353 Montfaucon, “L’antiquité expliquée,” vol. ii, Pt. II, 1719, pp. 324, 325; Plate 136.

354 “The Questions of King Milinda,” tr. from the Pâli by T. W. Rhys Davids, vol. ii, Oxford, 1894, p. 128.

355 Buddha.

356 Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. II, Calcutta, 1881, pp. 715, 717.

357 Bhuddist Suttas, trans. from Pali by T. W. Rhys Davids; “Sacred Books of the East,” vol. xi, Oxford, 1881.

358 Lib. ii, cap. 11. Luciani Opera, ex recog. C. Jacobitz, vol. i, Leipzig, 1884, p. 56.

359 Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. II, Calcutta, 1881, p. 79.

360 Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. II, Calcutta, 1881, pp. 645, 647.

361 Heuen Tsang, “Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales,” French trans. by Stanislas Julien, Paris, 1857, vol. i, p. 461.

362 Gaina Sutras, trans. from Prakrit by Hermann Jacobi; “Sacred Books of the East,” vol. xxii, Oxford, 1884, pp. 227, 233.

363 Hendley, “Indian Jewellery,” London, 1909, p. 33.

364 Hendley, “Indian Jewellery,” London, 1909, pp. 33, 34.

365 Finot, “Les lapidaries indiens,” Paris, 1896, p. 175.

366 Morales, “De las piedras preciosas,” Valladolid, 1604 (fol. 16 verso).

367 Philostrati, “De Vita Apollonii,” lib. iii, cap. 36.

368 Personal communication from Taw Sein Ko.

369 The Bishop Collection: “Investigations and Studies in Jade,” New York, 1906, vol. i, p. 54, The “Yushuo” of T’ang Jing-tso, trans. by Stephen W. Bushnell.

370 The Bishop Collection: “Investigations and Studies in Jade,” New York, 1906, vol. i, p. 36.

371 Kobert, “Ein Edelstein der Vorzeit,” Stuttgart, 1910, p. 26.

372 Alfred Marston Tozzer, “Navajo Religious Ceremonials,” Putnam Anniversary Volume, New York, 1909, pp. 323-326, 329, Plate II.

373 Sahagun, “Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España,” Mexico, 1830, vol. iii, p. 297.

374 Sahagun, l. c., 1829, vol. i, p. 18; lib. i, cap. xiii.

375 Garcilasso de la Vega, “Histoire des Incas.” Fr. trans. by Jean Baudoin, Amsterdam, 1715, vol. ii, pp. 255-257.

376 Ibid., p. 347.

377 “A Remarkable Jadeite Adze,” American Association for the Advancement of Science. Kunz, “Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” New York, 1890, pp. 278-280.

378 “Nephrit und Jadite,” Stuttgart, 1880.

379 The Bishop Collection, “Investigations and Studies in Jade,” New York, 1906, vol. i, pt. iii, “Jade as a Mineral,” by George Frederick Kunz, p. 177. This immense mass of nephrite which forms part of the Heber Bishop Collection loan of jade is now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York.

380 Kunz, “Chalchiuitl: a note on the jadeite discussion,” Science, vol. xii, No. 298.

381 Gesneri, “De figuris lapidum,” Tiguri, 1565, fol. 107 verso, 108 recto.

382 “De ornatu oris, nasi et aurium,” Gottingæ, 1832, p. 43.

383 “Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico,” ed. by Frederick Webb Hodge; Smithsonian Inst., Bur. of Am. Ethn. Bull. 30. Pt. I, p. 458; Washington, 1910.

384 “Historia de las Indias,” in “Bib. de autores españoles,” vol. xxii, Madrid, 1852, p. 202.

385 Sahagun, “Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España,” Mexico, 1829, vol. ii, pp. 389-391, lib. ix, cap. xvii.

386 Klot, “Ueber den Nützen und Gebrauch der alten geschnittenen Steine,” Altenburg, 1768, p. 57.

387 Erasmi Stellæ, “Interpretamentum Gemmarum,” 3d ed., Erfurti et Lipsiæ, 1736, p. 27.

388 Agricolæ, “De natura fossilium,” lib. vi, Basileæ, 1546, p. 289.

389 Gesner, “De figuris lapidum,” Tiguri, 1565, ff. 112v, 113r.

390 “Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier,” La Haye, 1718, vol. i, p. 48; Voyages en Perse, liv. i, chap. iv.

391 José Ignacio Miró, “Estudio de las piedras preciosas,” Madrid, 1870, pp. 135, 136.

392 Lassels, “The Voyage of Italy,” Paris, 1670, Pt. II, p. 344.

393 Lassels, l.c., p. 339.

394 Scotto, “Itinerario d’Italia,” Roma, 1747, p. 314.

395 José Ignacio Miró, “Estudio de las piedras preciosas,” Madrid, 1870, pp. 136, 137, 229.

396 Cartularium abbathiæ de Whiteby, Surtees Soc. Pub., vol. lxix, pp. xvi-xx.

397 Cardani, “De subtilitate,” lib. v, Basileæ, 1560, p. 370.

398 Dr. Baelz, of the Imperial University of Tokyo, in Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1904, pp. 523-547.

399 Mason, “Burmah, its People and Natural Productions,” Rangoon, 1860, pp. 109, 110.

400 Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour, trans. by Clement R. Markham, London, 1859, p. 38, Hakluyt Soc. Pub.

401 Chiocci, “Museum Calceolarium,” Veronæ, 1622, p. 251.

402 Kircher, “Mundus Subterraneus,” Amstelodami, 1665, p. 36; Tabula IV, Fig. 6.

403 Creuzer, “Antik geschnittene Steine vom Grabmahl der heiligen Elizabeth,” Leipsic and Darmstadt, 1834, p. 25.

404 Barbier de Montault, “Le Trésor de l’Abbaye de Sainte-Croix de Poitier”; in Mém. de la Soc. d’Antiq. de l’Ouest, Sec. Ser., vol. lv, 1881, pp. 105, 106; Poitiers, 1882.

405 Italian MS. of the fourteenth century in the author’s library; fol. 41 b.

406 Ravenshaw, “Antiente Epitaphs,” London, 1878, p. 110.

407 Ravenshaw, “Antiente Epitaphs,” London, 1878, p. 113.

408 See Audsley, “Handbook of Christian Symbolism,” London, 1865, pp. 135-137.

409 Flavii Josephi, “De Antiq. Jud.,” lib. iii, cap. viii, 9; Opera, ed. Dindorf, Parisiis, 1845, vol. i, pp. 100, 101.

410 “Ant. Jud.,” lib. iii, cap. vii, 5, Flavii Josephi Opera, Basileæ, 1544, p. 75.

411 Sancti Patri Epiphanii, “De XII Gemmis,” Tiguri, 1566, ff. 12-14. Edited by Conrad Gesner from a unique MS. in his possession.

412 Ginsburg, “Legends of the Jews,” Eng. trans., Phila., 1909, vol. i, p. 34.

413 See J. L. Myers in the “Encyclopædia Biblica,” vol. iv, pp. 4799-4812.

414 See Gimma, “Della storia naturale delle gemme,” Napoli, 1730, vol. i, pp. 208, 209.

415 Hommel, “Altisraelitische Ueberlieferung,” pp. 281, sqq.; Erman, “Aegypten,” Tübingen, 1885, p. 402.

416 Aureli Augustini, “Opera Omnia,” vol. iii, Part I, col. 637; Patrologiæ Latinæ, ed. Migne, vol. xxxviii, Paris, 1864.

417 “Natural History of Precious Stones,” London, 1870, p. 333.

418 Procopius, ed. Dindorf, Bonnae. 1833, vol. i, p. 445; “De bello Vandalico,” lib. ii, cap. 9.

419 Procopius, ed. Dindorf, Bonnae, 1833, vol. i, p. 445; “De bello Vandalico,” lib. ii, cap. 9.

420 For an account of the immense booty taken by the Arabs, under Sa’ad, on this occasion, see Rawlinson, “Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy,” London, 1876, pp. 564-566. The total value has been placed as high as $125,000,000.

421 C. H. Emerson, “Psychocraft” [Portland, Me., 1911].

422 “Der Midrasch Bemidbar Rabba,” German transl. by Dr. Aug. Wünsche, Leipzig, 1885, pp. 15, 16. Parasha II. Of the tarshish it is said the color resembled that of “the costly stone with which women adorn themselves,” possibly the pearl is signified. Hebrew text in “Sepher Midrash Rabba,” Vilna, 1845, pt. iii, “Sepher Bemidbar,” p. 23.

423 There are two evident transpositions in the text of Josephus between the fifth and sixth and the eighth and ninth stones respectively.

424 Alford, “The Greek Testament,” vol. iv, Pt. 2, p. 594.

425 Rabani Mauri, “Opera Omnia,” vol. v, col. 470. Patrologiæ Lat., vol. cxi, Parisiis, 1864.

426 “New Edition of the Babylonian Talmud,” ed. and trans. by Michael L. Rodkinson, vol. v (xiii), New York, 1902, p. 210. Baba Batra.

427 Brückmann, “Abhandlung von Edelsteinen,” 2d ed., Braunschweig, 1773, p. 358.

428 Flavii Josephi, ed. Dindorf, Parisii, 1847, vol. ii, p. 97; “Antiq. Jud.,” lib. iii, cap. 7, paragraph 7. In the second century, Clemens Alexandrinus (lib. v, cap. 6) repeats this idea of Josephus, adding that the four rows in which the gems were disposed signified the four seasons of the year.

429 Sancti Hieronymi, “Opera Omnia,” ed. Migne, Parisiis, 1877, vol. i, col. 616; Epistola lxiv, paragraph 16.

430 Lücke, “Versuch einer Einleitung in die Offenbarung Johannes,” Bonn, 1852, p. 964.

431 Patrologiæ Græcæ, ed. Migne, vol. cvi, Parisiis, 1863, cols. 433-438.

432 Georgius Vitringa, “Nauwkeurige onderzoek van de goddelyke Openbaring der H. Apostels Johannes,” Dutch trans. of Latin by M. Gargon, Amsterdam, 1728, vol. ii, p. 681.

433 Sancti Patris Epiphanii episcopi Cypri ad Diodorum Tyri episcopum, “De XII. Gemmis, quæ erant in veste Aaronis,” ed. Gesner, Tiguri, 1565.

434 Rabani Mauri, “Opera Omnia,” vol. v, col. 465; in Patrologiæ Latinæ, ed. Migne, vol. xvi, Paris, 1864.

435 Poujet fils, “Traité des pierres précieuses,” Paris, 1762, p. 4.

436 Poujet fils, l.c.

437 Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt II, Calcutta, 1881, pp 619, 621

438 The star-sapphire has already been described on pp. 106, 107.

439 Eliphas Lévi, “Rituel de la haute magie,” Paris, 1861.

440 For this number, and for the succeeding multiples of thirteen, the gem is believed to counteract the malign influence of the number.

441 Wilhelmus Eo, “Coronæ Gemma Nobilissima,” Newheusern, 1621, pp. 38-9.

442 Gaffarelli, “Curiositates inauditæ,” Hamburgi, 1706, pp. 146, 147.

443 Schindler, “Der Aberglaube des Mittelalters,” Breslau, 1858, p. 131.

444 Reichelti, “De amuletis,” Argentorati, 1676, p. 45; citing Ficini, “De vita coelit.,” cap. 13.

445 Mairan, “Lettres au R. P. Parrenin,” Paris, 1770, pp. 275 sqq.

446 Mairan, l.c., pp. 199, 211.

447 “Collection of Engraved Gems,” Metropolitan Museum of Art, Handbook No. 9, pp. 53, 54.

448 Garbe, “Die indische Mineralien,” Naharari’s Râjanighantu, Varga XIII, Leipzig, 1882, p. 80.

449 Garbe, “Die indische Mineralien,” Naharari’s Râjanighantu, Varga XIII, Leipzig, 1882, p. 83.

450 Garbe, “Die indische Mineralien,” Naharari’s Râjanighantu, Varga XIII, Leipzig, 1882, p. 84.

451 Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. II, Calcutta, 1881, p. 883.

452 Morales, “De las virtudes y propiedades marvillosas de las piedras preciosas,” Valladolid, 1604, fols. 15a, 15b.

453 Rantzau, “Tractatus de genethliacorum thematum judiciis,” Francofurti, 1633, pp. 46-55.

454 Lapidario del Rey D. Alfonso X; codice original, Madrid, 1881, fols. 101-109.

455 Lane, “Arabian Society in the Middle Ages,” ed. by Stanley Lane-Poole, London, 1883, p. 98.

456 Pantagruel, liv. v, chap. xlii, Paris, 1833, p. 341.

457 Morales, “De las Piedras Preciosas,” Valladolid, 1604.

458 Morales, “De las piedras preciosas,” Valladolid, 1604, pp. 16a-16b.

459 Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum Lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, f. liv-lvi.

460 Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum Lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, f. liii.

461 Butler, “Hudibras,” Part II, Canto III, 11, 1096-1103.

462 Artemidori Daldiani et Achametis Sereimi Oneirocritica, ed. Regaltius, Lutetiæ, 1603, pp. 86, 87.

463 Ibid., p. 228.

464 Venice, 1602, p. 254.

465 “The Hermetic and Alchemical writings of Aureolus Philippus Theophrastus Bombast of Hohenheim, called Paracelsus the Great,” trans. by Arthur Edward Waite, London, 1894, Vol. I, pp. 14, 225, Vol. II, p. 218.

466 Plutarchi, “Vitæ,” ed. Sinteris, Lipsiæ, 1884, p. 339; Pericles, 38.

467 Eusebii Pamphili, “De laudibus Constantini,” cap. v; in Eusebii, “Opera Omnia,” ed. Migne, Parisiis, 1857, cols. 1337, 1340; Patrologiæ Græcæ, vol. xx.

468 The Travels of Sir Jerome Horsey, Hakluyt Society, London, 1856, pp. 199, 200.

469 The Fuggers of Augsburg, the jeweller bankers of the 15th and 16th centuries.

470 Wolffii, “Curiosus amuletorum scrutator,” Francofurti et Lipsiæ, 1692, p. 363; citing Rodolphus Goclenius (De peste, p. 70).

471 Olaus Borrichius, in the Collection Académique, Paris, 1757, tome iv, p. 338.

472 Lapidario del Rey D. Alfonso X, Codice Original, Madrid, 1881, f. xi.

473 “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, f. 8.

474 New edition of the Babylonian Talmud, ed. and trans. by Michael L. Rodkinson, vol. v (xiii), Baba Barat, New York, 1902, p. 53. See also Beer, “Leben Abraham’s,” Leipzig, 1859, p. 79.

475 Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. I, Calcutta, 1879, pp. 137, 139, 141.

476 Andrea Spigello, “De semitert.”; cited in Gimma, “Della Storia naturale delle gemme,” Napoli, 1730, vol. i, p. 208.

477 Raumer, “Historisches Taschenbuch,” I Ser., vol. vi, Leipzig, 1835, p. 370.

478 Josephi Gonelli, “Thesaurus philosophicus, seu de gemmis,” Neapoli, 1702, pp. 76, 77.

479 Lapidario del Rey D. Alfonso X, Codice Original, Madrid, 1881, f. xv.

480 Marbodus, l. c., f. 48.

481 Rueus, l. c., p. 36.

482 Morales, “De las piedras preciosas,” Valladolid, 1604, f. 101.

483 Andreæ Bacci, “De gemmis et lapidibus pretiosis,” Francofurti, 1603, pp. 63, 64 (annotation of Gabelchover to his Latin version).

484 Plinii, “Naturalis historia,” lib. xxxvii, cap. 16.

485 Psellus, “De lapidum virtutibus,” Lug. Bat., 1745, p. 32.