[11] By associating with them a number of alien genera.

[12] The third kingdom of nature was taken from the alchemists.

[13] The binomial nomenclature had been gradually coming in ever since the time of the Bauhins.

[14] This discovery is usually attributed to Bonnet, but the testimony of Réaumur (Hist. des Insectes, Vol. VI., p. lvi.) and of Trembley (Hist. des Polypes d'eau douce, p. 323) is decisive in favour of Lyonet.

[15] Reden, Vol. I., pp. 109, 154.

[16] Traité d'Insectologie, première partie. Two vols. 12 mo. Paris, 1745.

[17] In circles untouched by general European thought such beliefs lasted much later. Sir Francis Galton (Memories of My Life, p. 67) says: "The horizon of the antiquarians was so narrow at about the date (1840) of my Cambridge days that the whole history of the early world was literally believed, by many of the best-informed men, to be contained in the Pentateuch. It was also practically supposed that nothing more of importance could be learnt of the origin of civilisation during classical times than was to be found definitely stated in classical authors."

[18] "If anything could disentitle Montesquieu's Esprit des Lois to the proud motto, Prolem sine matre creatam, it would be its close relationship to the Politics." (A. W. Benn's Greek Philosophers, Vol. II., p. 429.)

[19] For an account of other early hypotheses of the same kind the reader may refer to Edward Clodd's Pioneers of Evolution.

[20] Life and Letters, Vol. II., p. 212.

[21] Origin of Species, ed. i., p. 484.

[22] White uses anecdote in the old sense, meaning by it a piece of unpublished information.

[23] Réaumur, Hist. des Insectes, Vol. V., Mém. viii.

[24] Darwin, Origin of Species, chap. vii.

[25] Vol. III., Mém. iv.

[26] Hist. Nat., Vol. IV.

[27] The first edition of the Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles (1792) was the work of François Huber alone; the second (1814) was prepared by Pierre with the co-operation of his father, and is here credited to the son.

[28] Hist. Animalium, VIII., i.

[29] Huxley's Hume, chap. v. Some few naturalists, who are entitled to respectful attention, such as Father Wasmann, author of The Psychology of Ants, do not even now receive the conclusions of Hume.

[30] Lloyd Morgan, Habit and Instinct, Introduction.

[31] Phil. Trans., 1904.