[163] See above, note 157.

[164] This tale is translated and abridged from van Coll, in Anthropos, ii, 682-89; Roth, chh. vii, xviii, affords an excellent commentary.

[165] Brett [a], ch. x, pp. 377-78.

[166] Humboldt [b] (Ross), ii. 182-83, 473-75. Descriptions of the petroglyphs are to be found in Sir Richard Schomburgk, i. 319-21, and im Thurn, ch. xix.

[167] Boddam-Whetham, Folk-Lore, v. 317 (im Thurn, p. 376, misquoting Brett, calls this an Arawakan tale); for other creation legends, see Roth, ch. iv.

[168] Van Coll, Anthropos, iii. 482-86.

[169] Humboldt [b] (Ross), iii. 362-63; other citations from Humboldt in this section are, id. op., iii. 70; ii. 321; iii. 293, 305; ii. 259-60, in order.

[170] Boddam-Whetham, Folk-Lore, v. 317-21.

[171] Sir Richard Schomburgk, i. 239-41; im Thurn, p. 384. Other quotations are from Ruiz Blanco, pp. 66-67; Brett [a], pp. 278, 107, 356.

[172] For contemporary beliefs about Lope de Aguirre, see Mozans (J. A. Zahm), [a], pp. 264-67.

[173] The myth of the Amazons is not only the earliest European legend to become acclimated in America (cf. Ch. I, ii [with Note 5], iv; Ch. VIII, iii), it is also one of the most obstinate and recurrent, and a perennial subject of the interest of commentators. For general discussions of the question, see Chamberlain, "Recent Literature on the South American Amazons," in JAFL xxiv. 16-20 (1911), and Rothery, The Amazons in Antiquity and Modern Times (London, 1910), which reviews the world-wide scope and forms of the myth, chh. viii, ix, being devoted to the South American instances. Still more recent is Whiffen, The Northwest Amazons (New York, 1916), pp. 239-402.

[174] Markham [e], p. 122. Carvajal is cited in the same work, pp. 34, 26.

[175] Magalhães de Gandavo, ch. x (TC, pp. 116-17); Schmidel (Hulsius), ch. xxxiii; Raleigh (in Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. x), pp. 366-68.

[176] Humboldt [b] (Ross), ii. 395 ff.; iii. 79. Lore pertaining to the Amazon stone is hardly second to that dealing with the Amazons themselves. Authorities here cited are La Condamine, pp. 102-113; Spruce, ii, ch. xxvi (p. 458 quoted); Ehrenreich [b], especially pp. 64, 65, with references to Barbosa Rodrígues and to Brett [b]. Others to consult are Rothery, ch. ix; T. Wilson, "Jade in America," in CA xii (Paris, 1902); J. E. Pogue, "Aboriginal Use of Turquoise in North America," in AA, new series, xiv (1912); and I. B. Moura, "Sur le progrès de l'Amazonie," in CA xvi (Vienna, 1910).

[177] See Mythology of All Nations, x. 160, 203, 205, 210, and Note 64.

[178] Netto, CA vii (Berlin, 1890), pp. 201 ff.

[179] Acuña (Markham [e]), p. 83. The literature of a region so vast as that of the basin of the Amazon and the coasts of Brazil is itself naturally great and scattered. The earlier narratives—such as those of Acuña, Cardim, Carvajal, Orellana, Ortiguerra, de Léry, Ulrich Schmidel, and Hans Staden—are valuable chiefly for the hints which they give of the aboriginal prevalence of ideas studied with more understanding by later investigators. Among the more important later writers are d'Orbigny, Couto de Magalhães, Ehrenreich, Koch-Grünberg, von den Steinen, Whiffen, and Miller; while Teschauer's contributions to Anthropos, i, furnish the best collection for the Brazilian region as a whole.

[180] Kunike, "Der Fisch als Fruchtbarkeitssymbol," in Anthropos vii (1912), especially section vi; Teschauer [a], part i, texts (mainly derived from Couto de Magalhães); Tastevin, sections iii, vi; Garcilasso de la Vega, bk. i, chh. ix, x (quoted).

[181] Cook, p. 385; cf. Whiffen, chh. xv, xvi, xviii; and von den Steinen [b], pp. 239-41.

[182] Whiffen, pp. 385-86. The myths of manioc and other vegetation are from Teschauer [a], p. 743; Couto de Magalhães, ii. 134-35; Whiffen, loc. cit.; and Koch-Grünberg [a], ii. 292-93.

[183] The legends of St. Thomas are discussed by Granada, ch. xv, especially pp. 210-15 (cf. also, ch. xx, "Origen mítico y excelencias del urutaú," with accounts of the vegetation-spirit Ñeambiú). The suggested relationship of Brazilian and Peruvian myth is considered by Lafone Quevado in RevMP iii. 332-36; cf., also, Wissler, The American Indian, pp. 198-99. It may be worth noting that there is a group of South American names of mythic heroes or deities which might, in one form or another, suggest or be confounded with Tomás, among them the Guarani Tamoi (same as Tupan, and perhaps related to Tonapa), the Tupi Zume. The legend has been discussed in the present work in Ch. VII, iv.

[184] Koch-Grünberg [a], ii. 173-34; for details regarding the use of masks and mask-dances, see also Whiffen; Tastevin; M. Schmidt, ch. xiv; Cook, ch. xxiii; Spruce, ch. xxv; von den Steinen [b]; and Stradelli.

[185] Cardim (Purchas, xvi), pp. 419-20; Thevet [b], pp. 136-39; Keane, p. 209; Ehrenreich [c], p. 34; Hans Staden [b], ch. xxii.

[186] Frič and Radin, p. 391; Ignace, pp. 952-53; von Rosen, pp. 656-67; Pierini, pp. 703 ff.

[187] D'Orbigny, vii, ch. xxxi, pp. 12-24; iv, 109-15; cf. also pp. 265, 296-99, 337, 502-10.

[188] Whiffen, ch. xvii (p. 218 quoted); Church, p. 235. The subject here is a continuation of that discussed in Ch. VIII, ii (with Note 160); in connexion with which, with reference to Brazil, the comment of Couto de Magalhães is significant (part ii, p. 122): "Como quer que seja, a idéa de un Deus todo poderoso, e único, não foi possuida pelos nossos selvagens ao tempo da descoberta da America; e pois não era possival que sua lingua tivesse uma palvra que a podesse expressar. Ha no entretanto um principio superior qualificado com o nome de Tupan a quem parece que attribuiam maior poder do que aos outras." The real question to be resolved is what are the necessary attributes of a "supreme being." Cf. Mythology of All Nations, x, Note 6.

[189] On wood-demons and the like, in addition to Cardim, see Teschauer [a], pp. 24-34; Koch-Grünberg, [a], i. 190; ii. 157; and Granada, ch. xxxi, "Demonios, apariciones, fantasmas, etc."

[190] On ghosts and metamorphoses, see Ignace, pp. 952-53; Frič and Radin; Frič [a]; von Rosen, p. 657; and Cook, p. 122.

[191] On were-beasts, see Ambrosetti [b]; cf. Garcilasso de la Vega, bk. i, ch. ix.

[192] Loci citati touching cannibalism are Haseman, pp. 345-46; Staden [a], ch. xliii; [b], chh. xxv, xxviii; Cardim (Purchas), ii. 431-40; and Whiffen, pp. 118-24.

[193] Von den Steinen [b], p. 323.

[194] Couto de Magalhães, part i, texts.

[195] Steere, "Narrative of a Visit to the Indian tribes on the Purus River," in Report of the U. S. National Museum, 1901 (Washington, 1903).

[196] Loci citati are Ehrenreich [b], pp. 34-40; [c], p. 34; Markham [d], p. 119; von den Steinen [a], p. 283; [b], pp. 322 ff.; Teschauer [a], pp. 731 ff. (citing Barbosa Rodrígues and others); Koch-Grünberg [b], no. 1.

[197] Feliciano de Oliveira, CA xviii (London, 1913), pp. 394-96.

[198] Teschauer [a], p. 731. The Kaduveo genesis is given by Frič, in CA xviii, 397 ff. Stories of both types are widespread throughout the two Americas.

[199] Couto de Magalhães, part i, texts. This is among the most interesting of all American myths; it is clearly cosmogonic in character, yet it reverses the customary procedure of cosmogonies, beginning with an illuminated world rather than a chaotic gloom. Possibly this is an indication of primitiveness, for the conception of night and chaos as the antecedent of cosmic order would seem to call for a certain degree of imaginative austerity; it is not simple nor childlike.

[200] Cardim (Purchas), p. 418.

[201] Adam [b], p. 319. Other sources for tales of the deluge are Borba [b], pp. 223-25; Kissenberth, in ZE xl. 49; Ehrenreich [b], pp. 30-31; Teschauer; and von Martius.

[202] D'Orbigny, iii. 209-14; von den Steinen [a], pp. 282-85; [b], pp. 322-27; and cf. the Kapoi legends in Koch-Grünberg [a]. The Yuracara tale narrated by d'Orbigny is one of the best and most fully reported of South American myths.

[203] On the physical and ethnological conditions of the Chaco and the Abiponean districts the important authorities are Dobrizhoffer; Grubb [a], [b]; Koch, "Zur Ethnographie der Paraguay-Gebiete," in MitAGW xxxiii (1903); for the southern region important are, Voyages of the Adventure and the Beagle; the publications of the Mission scientifique du Cap Horn; Cooper, Analytical and Critical Bibliography of the Tribes of Tierra del Fuego and Adjacent Territory (63 BBE), with map; and El Norte de la Patagonia, with map, published by the Argentine Ministry of Public Works, Buenos Aires, 1914.

[204] D'Orbigny, L'Homme américain, p. 233; J. Guevara, Historia, pp. 32, 265 (citing Fernandez, Relación historial, p. 39).

[205] Dobrizhoffer, ii, ch. viii (pp. 57-59, 64-65 quoted); ch. x (p. 94 quoted).

[206] Grubb [b], chh. xi, xii, xiv (pp. 139-41 quoted), xvi (p. 163 quoted); cf. Karsten, sections i, iii.

[207] T. Guevara [a], i, ch. viii, "Los mitos y las ideas relijiosas de los Indios," pp. 223-25. Latcham, JAI xxxix, gives an account of Araucanian ideas, in general corresponding to Guevara, to whom he is apparently indebted.

[208] Molina, ch. v (pp. 84, 86, 91 quoted).

[209] Vicuña Cifuentes, especially sections vi-xi, xiv-xvi, xxi-xxiii. This work is particularly valuable in that it collects the statements of many authorities in regard to the creatures of Chilean folk-lore.

[210] Dobrizhoffer, ii. 89-90.

[211] The cosmogony is in Molina, ch. v; the tale of the two brothers in Lenz, p. 225.

[212] Pigafetta, in The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan (HS, series i, 1874), pp. 50-55.

[213] Ib., p. 5.

[214] Dobrizhoffer, ii. 89-90.

[215] Prichard, pp. 85-86, 97-98. To Prichard's evidence may be added that of Captain R. N. Musters, another recent traveller, quoted by Church, Aborigines of South America, pp. 294-95: "The religion of the Tehuelches is distinguished from that of the Araucanians and Pampas by the absence of any trace of sun worship.... There is no doubt that they do believe in a good Spirit, though they think he lives 'careless of mankind'"; Captain Musters regards the gualichu as a class of daemonic powers—an altogether probable interpretation.

[216] D'Orbigny, L'Homme américain, pp. 220, 225; Voyage of the Beagle, ii. 161-62; cf. also i, ch. vi.

[217] Deniker [b] gives the myth of El-lal, after Lista.

[218] Darwin, pp. 240-42; Bridges, in RevMP iii, p. 24.

[219] Fitzroy, ch. ix, pp. 180-81.

[220] Hyades and Deniker, ch. v, pp. 254-57.

[221] Cooper, 63 BBE, pp. 145 ff., summarizes the scanty gleanings from the notes of travellers and missionaries touching Fuegian religious conceptions. The reference to the Salesian fathers (p.147) is quoted from Cojazzi (p. 124); that to Captain Low is from Fitzroy (p. 190).

[222] Cooper, op. cit., pp. 162-64, citing various authorities.

[223] Despard, quoted by Cooper, op. cit., p. 148.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. ABBREVIATIONS
AAAmerican Anthropologist.
AnMBAnales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires.
AnMM Anales del Museo Nacional de México.
AnMGAnnales du Musée Guimet.
ARBEAnnual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington.
BBEBulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington.
CAComptes rendus du Congrès des Américanistes.
EREEncyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.
HSWorks issued by the Hakluyt Society.
JAFLJournal of American Folklore.
JAIJournal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
JSAPJournal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris.
MitAGW  Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
MPMMemoirs of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge.
PaPMPapers of the Peabody Museum.
RevMPRevista del Museo de La Plata.
SocAAMemorias y Revista de la Sociedad científica "Antonio Alzate."
TCVoyages, Relations et Mémoires originaux pour servir à l'histoire de la découverte de l'Amérique. H. Ternaux-Compans, editor.
ZEZeitschrift für Ethnologie.
II. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDES

Analytical and Critical Bibliography of the Tribes of Tierra del Fuego and Adjacent Territory (63 BBE). By John M. Cooper. Washington, 1917.

A Study of Maya Art, "Bibliography." By H. J. Spinden. In MPM vi (1913).

Bibliografía Mexicana del siglo XVI. By Joaquín García Icazbalceta. Mexico, 1860.

Bibliography of the Anthropology of Peru. By Geo. A. Dorsey. Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Anthropological Series, ii, 1898.

Bibliography of Peru. A.D. 1526-1907. By Sir Clements Markham. HS, series ii, Vol. xxii. Cambridge, 1907.

Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima. By H. Harisse. New York, 1866. Additions, Paris, 1872.

Bibliothèque américaine ou catalogue des ouvrages relatifs à l'Amérique qui ont paru depuis sa découverte jusqu'à l'an 1700. By H. Ternaux-Compans. Paris, 1837.

Catalogue de livres rares et précieux, manuscrits et imprimés, principalement sur l'Amérique et sur les langues du monde entier, composant la bibliothèque de M. Alph.-L. Pinart. Paris, 1883.

Dictionary of Works Relating to America from the Discovery to the Present Time. By Joseph Sabin. Vols. i-xx. New York, 1868-92.

Die Mythen und Legenden der südamerikanischen Urvölker. "Literaturverzeichnis." By Paul Ehrenreich. Berlin, 1905.

Ensayo bibliográfico Mexicano del siglo XVII. By Vincente de P. Andrade. Mexico, 1900.

"Ergebnisse und Aufgaben der mexikanistischen Forschung." By Walter Lehmann. In Archiv für Anthropologie, neue Folge, Band vi (1907). Tr. Seymour de Ricci, Methods and Results in Mexican Research, Paris, 1909.

Essai sur les sources de l'histoire des Antilles française (1492-1664). By Jacques de Dampierre. Paris, 1904.

Historiadores de Yucatan. By Gustavo Martínez Alomía. Campeche, 1906.

History of Spanish Literature. By George Ticknor. 3 vols. Boston, 1854. 4th ed., Boston, no date.

Idea de una nueva historia general de la America septentrional, with Catálogo del Museo Histórico Indiano. By Lorenzo Boturini Benaducci. Madrid, 1746; also, Mexico, 1887.

Las Publicaciones del Museo Nacional de Arqueología. By Juan B. Iguínez. Mexico, 1913.

List of Publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology (58 BBE). Washington, 1914.

Manuel d'archéologie américaine. "Bibliographie." By H. Beuchat. Paris, 1912.

"Museo Mitre," Catálogo de la biblioteca. Published by the Ministerio de Justicia é Instrucción Pública. Buenos Aires.

Narrative and Critical History of America. By Justin Winsor. Vol. i, Aboriginal America, "Bibliographical Appendix." Boston, 1889.

Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. By H. H. Bancroft. Vol. i, "Authorities Quoted." New York, 1785.

"Notes on the Bibliography of Yucatan and Central America." By A. F. Bandelier. In American Antiquarian, new series, i (1882).

"Recent Literature on the South American Amazons." By A. F. Chamberlain. In JAFL, xxiv (1911).

Note.—Where important bibliographies are attached to works here below listed the fact is indicated: ¶Bibliography.

III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL GUIDES

Aborigines of South America. By Col. G. E. Church. London, 1912.

"A list of the Tribes of the Valley of the Amazons." By Sir Clements Markham. In JAI xl (1910).

Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America (American Museum of Natural History, Handbook Series, No. 3). By H. J. Spinden. New York, 1917.

"Areas of American Culture." By W. H. Holmes. In AA, new series, xvi (1914). Also in Anthropology in North America, by F. Boas and others; New York, 1915. With map.

A Study of Maya Art. By H. J. Spinden. In MPM vi (1913).

Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas. By C. P. von Martius. Leipzig, 1867.

Biología Centrali-Americana. Archaeology. By A. P. Maudsley. 4 vols. London, 1889-1902.

Catálogo de la colección de Antropología del Museo Nacional. By Alonso Herrera and Ricardo E. Cicero. Mexico. 1895.

Central and South America. By A. H. Keane. 2 vols. London, 1901.

Early Man in South America (52 BBE). By Ales Hrdlicka. Washington, 1912.

Familias linguísticas de Mexico. By Nicolás León. Mexico, 1877; 2d éd., 1902. Also in AnMM vii (1903). With map.

Geografía, de las lenguas y carta etnográfica de México. By Manuel Orozco y Berra. Mexico, 1864. With map.

Indian Languages of Mexico and Central America (44 BBE). By Cyrus Thomas and John R. Swanton. Washington, 1911. ¶Bibliography and map.

In Indian Mexico. By Frederick Starr. Chicago, 1908. Also, Notes Upon the Ethnography of Southern Mexico (Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Science, ix). Davenport, 1902.

Introduction to the Study of North American Archeology. By Cyrus Thomas. Cincinnati, 1903.

"Kulturkreise und Kulturschichten in Südamerika." By W. Schmidt. In ZE xlv (1913). ¶Bibliography and map.

L'Homme Américain. By Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny. Tome iv of Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale ... éxecuté pendant les années 1826-1833; 9 vols., Paris, 1835-47.

"Linguistic Stocks of South American Indians." By A. F. Chamberlain. In AA, new series, xv (1913). Also, "South American Linguistic Stocks," in CA xv. 2 (1908).

Manuel d'archéologie américaine. By H. Beuchat. Paris, 1912.

Moseteno Vocabulary and Treatises. By Benigno Bibolotti; with introduction by R. Schuller. Evanston and Chicago, 1917. ¶Bibliography and map (Bolivian Indians).

"Orígenes Etnográficos de Colombia." By Carlos Cuervo Márquez. In Proceedings of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, Vol. i. Washington, 1917.

Pre-Historic America. By the Marquis de Nadaillac; ed. W. H. Dall, London and New York, 1884.

South American Archaeology, London, 1912; Mexican Archaeology, London, 1914; Central American and West Indian Archaeology, London, 1916. By T. A. Joyce.

The American Indian. An Introduction to the Anthropology of the New World. By Clark Wissler. New York, 1917.

"The Indian Linguistic Stocks of Oaxaca, Mexico." By Wm. H. Mechling. In AA, new series, xiv (1912). ¶Bibliography.

"The Origin and Distribution of Agriculture in America." By H. J. Spinden. In CA xix (Washington, 1917).

IV. GENERAL WORKS
(a) Critical and Comparative

Bancroft, H. H., The Native Races of the Pacific States. 5 vols. New York, 1875.

Bastian, A., Die Culturländer des Alten America. 3 vols. Berlin, 1878-89.

Boas, Franz, The Mind of Primitive Man. New York, 1911.

Brinton, Daniel G., [a], Myths of the New World. 3d ed. Philadelphia, 1896.
  ——[b], American Hero Myths. Philadelphia, 1882.
  ——[c], Essays of an Americanist. Philadelphia, 1890.

Ehrenreich, Paul, [a], Die allgemeine Mythologie und ihre ethnologischen Grundlagen. Leipzig, 1910.

Faliés, Louis, Études historiques et philosophiques sur les civilisations. 2 vols. Paris, no date.

Graebner, Fritz, Methode der Ethnologie. Heidelberg, 1911.

Lafitau, J. F., Mœurs des sauvages amériquains. Tomes i-ii. Paris, 1724. (An edition in 4 vols. was issued simultaneously.)

Müller, J. G., Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen. Basel, 1867.

Nuttall, Zelia, [a], The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations (PaPM ii). Cambridge, 1901.

Payne, Edward J., History of the New World called America. 2 vols. Oxford and New York, 1892, 1899.

Sapir, E., Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture, A Study in Method (G. S. C., Anthropological Series, No. 13). Ottawa, 1916.

Thevet, André, Cosmographie universelle. Paris, 1575.

(b) Important Collections

Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires. Vols. i-iii, 1864-91; second series, Vols. i-iv, 1895-1902; third series, Vols. i ff., 1902 ff. Buenos Aires.

Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico. Vols. i-vii, 1877-1903; second series, Vols. i-v, 1903-09; third series, Vols. i ff., 1909 ff. Mexico.

Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Smithsonian Institution). Washington, 1881 ff.

Anthropological Publications, University of Pennsylvania, The Museum. Vols. i ff., 1909 ff. Philadelphia.

Antiquities of Mexico, comprising facsimiles of Ancient Mexican Paintings and Hieroglyphics ... together with the Monuments of New Spain, by M. Dupaix ... the whole illustrated by many valuable inedited manuscripts, by Lord Kingsborough. Vols. i-ix. London, 1831-48.

Biblioteca marítima española. Ed. Martín Fernández de Navarrete. 2 vols. Madrid, 1851.

Bibliothèque de linguistique et d'ethnographie américaines. Ed. A. Pinart. Vols. i-iv. San Francisco, 1876-82.

Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Smithsonian Institution). Washington, 1887 ff.

Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España y de sus Indias. Vols. i-xlii, 1864-84; second series, Vols. i-xiii, 1885-1900. Madrid. Also, Nueva colección, etc., Vols. i-vi, 1892-96. Madrid.

Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista, y organización de las antiguas posesiones españolas de América y Oceania. Vols. i.-xlii. Madrid, 1864-84. Second series [Colección de documentos inéditos ... de ultramar], Vols. i ff., 1885 ff.

Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España. Vols. i-cxii. Ed. M. F. de Navarrete and others. Madrid, 1842-95.

Colección de libros raros ó curiosos que tratan de América. Vols. i ff. Madrid, 1891 ff.

Colección de los viages y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los Españoles desde fines del siglo XV. Ed. Martín Fernández de Navarrete. 5 vols. Madrid, 1835-37.

Colección de documentos para la historia de México. Ed. J. García Icazbalceta. 2 vols. Mexico, 1858, 1866. Also, Nueva Colección, etc., 4 vols., Mexico, 1886-1892; and ed. A. Peñafiel, Colección de documentos para la historia mexicana, Vols. i-vi. Mexico, 1897-1903.

Comptes rendus du Congrès international des Américanistes. Paris and elsewhere (biennially), 1878 ff.

Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Ed. Jas. Hastings. Vols. i ff., 1908 ff. Edinburgh and New York.

Hakluyt's Voyages. Vols. i-xii. Glasgow, 1904.

Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes. Vols. i-xx. Glasgow, 1905-1907.

Historiadores de las Indias. (Nueva biblioteca de autores Españoles, Nos. 13, 14.) Ed. Manuel Serrano y Sanz. 2 vols. Madrid, 1909. Tomo i, Apologética historia de las Indias, de Fr. Bartolomé de las Casas. Tomo ii, Guerra de Quito, de Cieza de León; Jornada del Rio Marañón, de Toribio de Ortiguera; Jornada de Omagua y Dorado; Descripción del Perú, Tucumán, Rio de la Plata y Chile, de Fr. Reginaldo de Lizárraga.

Historiadores primitivos de las Indias Occidentales. Ed. A. G. Barcia. 3 vols. Madrid, 1749.

Historiadores primitivos de Indias (Biblioteca de autores Españoles). Ed. Enrique de Vedia. 2 vols. Madrid, 1852, 1862. Tomo i, Cartas de relación, de Cortés; Hispania Victrix, de López de Gómara; Natural historia de las Indias, de Oviedo y Valdés; etc. Tomo ii, Verdadera historia, de Bernal Diaz del Castillo; Conquista del Perú, de Francisco de Jerez; Crónica del Perú, de Cieza de León; Historia ... del Perú, de Augustin de Zárate.

Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris. Vols. i-v, 1895-1904; new series, Vols. i ff., 1908 ff. Paris.

Library of Aboriginal American Literature. Ed. Daniel G. Brinton. 8 vols. Philadelphia, 1882-90.

Memoirs of the Peabody Museum. Cambridge, 1896 ff.

Papers of the Peabody Museum. Cambridge, 1888 ff.

Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. New series. Worcester, 1882 ff.

Proceedings of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress. Vol. i. Section I, Anthropology. Washington, 1917.

Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Anthropological Series. Vols. i ff. Chicago, 1895 ff.

Relaciones históricas de América. Primera mitad del siglo XVI. With introduction by Manuel Serrano y Sanz. Madrid, 1916.

Relaciones históricas y geográficas de América Central. With introduction by Manuel Serrano y Sanz. Madrid, 1908.

Revista del Museo de la Plata. La Plata, 1890 ff.

Voyages, relations et mémoires originaux pour servir à l'histoire de la découverte de l'Amérique. Ed. H. Ternaux-Compans. Vols. i-xx. Paris, 1837-41. Also, with other editors, Nouvelles annales des Voyages, etc., in six series, Paris, 1819-65.

Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society. Vols. i-c. London, 1847-98. Second series, Vols. i ff., 1899 ff.

V. SELECT AUTHORITIES
CHAPTER I

Abbad y Lasierra, Fray Iñigo, Historia geográfica, civil y natural de la isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico. With notes by José Julián de Acosta y Calbo. Porto Rico, 1866.

Adam, Lucien, [a], Le parler des hommes et des femmes dans la langue Caraïbe. Paris, 1890.

Ballet, J., "Les Caraïbes," in CA i. I (Nancy, 1875).

Bachiller y Morales, Antonio, Cuba primitiva. 2d ed. Havana, 1883.

Benzoni, Girolamo, Historia del Mondo Nuovo. Venice, 1565. Tr. W. H. Smyth, History of the New World (HS). London, 1857.

Booey, Theodoor de, [a], "Lucayan Remains on the Caicos Islands," in AA, new series, xiv (1912).
  ——[b], "Pottery from Certain Caves in Eastern Santo Domingo," in AA, new series, xvii (1915).

Charlevoix, Pierre François Xavier de, Histoire de l'Isle Espagnole ou de Saint-Domingue. 2 vols. Paris, 1730-31; also, Amsterdam, 1733.

Coll y Tosté, Cayetano, Colón en Puerto Rico. Porto Rico, 1893.

Columbus, Christopher, Letters, Journal, etc.—Editions, complete or in part: M. F. de Navarrete, Colección de los viages y descubrimientos de los Españoles, Vol. i, Madrid, 1825; H. Harisse, Christophe Colomb, Vol. ii, Appendix, Paris, 1885; R. H. Major, Select Letters of Christopher Columbus (HS), 2d ed., London, 1870 (contains critical bibliography); Clements Markham, Journal of Christopher Columbus (HS), London, 1893; John Boyd Thacher, Christopher Columbus, 2 vols., New York, 1903-04; Edward Gaylord Bourne, "The Voyages of Columbus and John Cabot," in The Northmen and Columbus (Original Narratives of Early American History), New York, 1906 (with bibliographical notes). For bibliography, see Beuchat, Manuel, pp. xiii-iv.

Columbus, Fernando, Historie del S. D. Fernando Colomb: Nelle quali s'ha particolare, e vera relatione della vita, e de' fatti dell' Ammiraglio D. Christoforo Colombo suo padre: Et dello scoprimento, ch' egli fece dell' Indie Occidentali, dette Mondo-Nuovo, hora possedute dal Sereniss. Re Católico: Nuovamente di lingua Spagnuola tradotte nell' Italiana dal S. Alfonso Ulloa. Venice, 1871. English tr. in Churchill's Voyages, London, 1704, (3d ed., 6 vols., 1744-46), and in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, Vol. xii, London, 1812; Spanish tr., 2 vols., Madrid, 1892.

Cornilliac, J. J. J., "Anthropologie des Antilles," in CA i. 2 (Nancy, 1875).

Currier, Chas. W., "Origine, progrès et caractères de la race caraïbe," in CA xi (Mexico, 1897).

Davies, J., The History of the Caribby Islands. London, 1666.

Douay, Léon, [a] "Affinités lexicologiques du Haïtien et du Maya," in CA x (Stockholm, 1897).

Du Tertre, Jean Baptiste, [a], Histoire générale des îles de Saint-Christophe, de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique et autres, dans l'Amérique. Paris, 1654.
  ——[b], Histoire générale des Antilles habitées par les Français. 4 vols. Paris, 1667-71.

Edwards, Bryan, Histoire civile et commerciale des colonies anglaises dans les Indes Occidentales. Paris, 1801.

Fewkes, J. W., [a], "Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Trip to the West Indies," in Smithsonian Institution: Miscellaneous Publications, xlv (Washington, 1903).
  ——[b], "Aborigines of Porto Rico," in 25 ARBE (Washington, 1907).
  ——[c], "Prehistoric Porto Rican Pictographs," and "Precolumbian West Indian Amulets," in AA, new series, v (1903).
  ——[d], "Further Notes on the Archaeology of Porto Rico," in AA, new series, x (1908).
  ——[e], "An Antillean Statuette with Notes on West Indian Religious Beliefs," in AA, new series, xi (1909).
  ——[f], "A Prehistoric Collar from Porto Rico," and "Porto-Rican Elbow-Stones," in AA xv, new series (1913).

Fontaneda, Hernando d'Escalente, Mémoire sur la Floride (TC). Paris, 1840.

Gómara, Francisco López de, [a], Hispania Victrix. Primera y segunda parte de la historia general de las Indias. Medina del Campo, 1553; also, Historia de las Indias, Anvers, 1554; and in Historiadores primitivos de Indias, Tomo i (ed. Vedia), Madrid, 1858.

Harisse, H., The Discovery of America. London, 1892.

Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de, Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas y tierra firme del mar Océano.... En quatro decadas desde el año de 1492 hasta el de 1531. 4 vols. Madrid, 1601-15; also, Madrid, 1726-30.

Hucherby, Thomas, "Petroglyphs of St. Vincent, British West Indies," in AA xvi, new series (1914).

Im Thurn, Everard, Among the Indians of Guiana, London, 1883.

Joyce, T. A., [a], Central American and West Indian Archaeology. London, 1916.

Labat, Jean Baptiste, Nouveau voyage aux Isles de l'Amérique. The Hague, 1724; also, Paris, 1743.

La Borde, le Sieur de, Voyage qui contient une relation exacte de l'origine, mœurs, coutumes, réligion,** guerres et voyages des Caraïbes. Amsterdam, 1704.

Las Casas, Bartolomé de, [a], Historia de las Indias. 5 vols. Madrid, 1875-76. (The first complete edition of this work. An account of editions of this and other works of Las Casas will be found in the preface to Bartholomew de las Casas, by Francis MacNutt, New York and London, 1909; which also contains an English tr. of the Brevissima relación de la destruycion de las Indias.)
  ——[b], Apologética historia de las Indias (Historiadores de las Indias, Tomo i). Ed. Manuel Serrano y Sanz. Madrid, 1909.

Ling Roth, H., "Aborigines of Hispaniola," in JAI xvi (1887).

MacNutt, Francis Augustus. See Las Casas [a]; Martyr d'Anghiera.

Martyr d'Anghiera, Peter, De Orbe Novo. Alcalá de Henares, 1516. Francis Augustus MacNutt, De Orbe Novo: The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera, 2 vols., New York, 1912 (with bibliography of previous editions); also, ed. Joaquín Torres Asensio, 2 vols., Madrid, 1892; Paul Gaffarel, French tr. with notes, Paris, 1907.

Ober, F. A., "The Aborigines of the West Indies," in Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society (1894).

Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo Fernández de, Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y tierra-firme del mar Océano. 4 vols. Madrid, 1851-55; also, Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias, in Historiadores primitivos de Indias, Tomo i (ed. Vedia), Madrid, 1858.

Pane, Ramón. Pane's Narrative is incorporated in Fernando Columbus, Historie, ch. lxxii.

Report of the Census of Porto Rico. Washington, 1899.

Rochefort, H. de, Histoire naturelle et morale des îles Antilles de l'Amérique. Rotterdam, 1658.

Roth, Walter E., "An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-lore of the Guiana Indians," in 30 ARBE (Washington, 1915).

Stahl, Augustin, Los Indios Borinqueños. Porto Rico, 1889.

Stoddard, Florence Jackson, As Old as the Moon: Cuban Legends: Folklore of the Antilles. New York, 1909. (Not critical.)

CHAPTERS II-III

Acosta, José de, S. J., Historia natural y moral de las Indias. Seville, 1590; also, 2 vols., Madrid, 1894. Tr. Clements Markham, The Natural and Moral History of the Indies (HS), 2 vols., London, 1880.

Alvarez, Manuel Francisco, Las ruinas de Mitla y la arquitectura. Mexico, 1900.

Anales de Cuauhtitlan, or Annals of Quauhtitlan. See Historia de los Reynos de Colhuacan, infra.

Anales del Museo Nacional de México. Vols. i-vii, Mexico, 1877-1903; second series, Vols. i-iv, Mexico, 1903-09; third series, Vols. i ff., Mexico, 1909 ff.

"Anónimo Mexicano," in AnMM vii (Mexico, 1903). (Nahuatl historical fragment, in part with Spanish tr.)

Antigüedades Mexicanas, publicadas por la Junta Columbina de México. Mexico, 1892. See Codex, infra.

Aubin, J. M. A., [a], Mémoires sur la peinture didactique et l'écriture figurative des anciens Mexicains. (Mission scientifique au Mexique, etc.) Paris, 1885. With reproductions of codices.
  ——[b], Histoire de la nation mexicaine depuis le départ d'Aztlan jusqu'à l'arrivée des conquérants espagnols. Manuscrit figuratif accompagné de texte en langue náhuatl ou mexicaine, suivi d'une traduction en français. Paris, 1893. See Codex, infra.

Balsalobre, Gonçalo de, Relación autentica de las idolotrías, supersticiones, vanas observaciónes de los Indios del obispado de Oaxaca. In AnMM vi (Mexico, 1892). (Written in 1654.)

Bancroft, H. H., The Native Races of the Pacific States. 5 vols. New York, 1875.

Bastían, A., Die Culturländer des alten America. 3 vols. Berlin, 1875-89.

Batres, Leopoldo, Teotihuacán, ó la ciudad sagrada de los Tolteca. Mexico, 1906. (Spanish and English; the author has produced also guides to Mitla, Palenque, etc.)

Beyer, Hermann, [a], "Tamoanchan, das altmexikanische Paradies," in Anthropos, iii (1908); "Uber die mythologischen Affen der Mexikaner und Maya," in CA xviii (London, 1913); etc.
  ——[b], El México Antiguo: Disertaciones sobre arqueología, etnología, folklore, prehistoria, historia antigua y lingüística mexicanas, Tomo i, num. 1: "Explicación de un fragmento de un antiguo plato decorado de Cholula." Mexico, 1919.

Boturini, Lorenzo Benaducci, Idea de una nueva historia general de la America septentrional, fondada sobre material copioso de figuras, symbolos, caracteres y geroglíficos, cantares y manuscritos de autores Indios. Madrid, 1746.

Brasseur de Bourbourg, Abbé Étienne Charles, [a], Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique et de l'Amérique-centrale, durant les siècles antérieurs à Christophe Colomb. 4 vols. Paris, 1857-59.
  ——[b], Collection de documents dans les langues indigènes pour servir à l'étude de l'histoire et de la philologie de l'Amérique ancienne. Tomes i-iv. Paris, 1861-68.
  ——[c], Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatémalienne, précédée d'un coup d'œil sur les études américaines. Paris, 1871.

Brinton, Daniel G., [d], Ancient Nahuatl Poetry (Library of Aboriginal American Literature, vii). Philadelphia, 1887.
  ——[e], Rig Veda Americanus (Library of Aboriginal American Literature, viii). Philadelphia, 1890.

Brühl, Gustav J., Die Culturvölker Alt-Amerikas. Cincinnati, 1875-87.

Buelna, Eustaquio, Peregrinación de los Aztecas. 2d ed. Mexico, 1892.

Burgoa, Francisco de, [a], Palestra historial de virtudes, y exemplares apostólicos. Mexico, 1670.
  ——[b], Geográfica descripcion de la parte septentrional del polo artico de la America. 2 vols. Mexico, 1674.

Butler, John W., Sketches of Mexico in Prehistoric, Primitive and Colonial Times. New York, 1894. ¶Bibliography.

Capitan, le Docteur, "Les sacrifices dans l'Amérique ancienne," in AnMG xxxii (1909).

Castellanos, Abraham, [a], El rey Iukano y los hombres del oriente, Leyenda indígena inspirada en los restos del "Codice Colombino." Mexico, 1910.
  ——[b], Al Caer el Sol. Desde mi calsa. Teogonias Mexicanas. Mexico, 1914.

Castillo, Cristóbal del, (1526-1606). See León y Gama; Paso y Troncoso [a].

Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco, Crónica de la Nueva España. Madrid, 1914.

Charency, le Comte de, [a], "Des ages ou Soleils d'après la mythologie des peuples de la Nouvelle Espagne," in CA iv. 2. Author of numerous other studies of Mexican religion in CA, JSAP, Actes de la Société philologique, etc.

Charnay, Désiré, [a], Ancient Cities of the New World. New York, 1887.
  ——[b], Manuscrit Ramirez. Histoire de l'origine des Indiens. Paris, 1903.

Chavero, Alfredo, [a], "La Piedra del Sol," in AnMM ii (1882).
  ——[b], "Los Dioses Astronómicos de los Antiguos Mexicanos, Apéndice á la interpretación del Códice Borgiano," in AnMM v (1899).

Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo Francisco de San Anton Muñon. See Simeon [b].

Clavigero, Francisco Xavier, Storia antica del Messico. 4 vols. Cesena, 1780-81. Tr. Charles Cullen, The History of Mexico, 2 vols., London, 1787.

Codex. Mexican codices include, (a) hieroglyphic manuscripts, pre- and post-Columbian, chiefly (1) mytho-historical and (2) calendric and divinatory, and (b) post-Columbian writings, Nahuatl and Spanish, sometimes accompanied by drawings. References to codices and expositions of them in the present bibliography are: Antigüedades Mexicanas (containing reproductions of Manuscripts in the Mexican National Museum); Aubin ("Codex Aubin"); Buelna; Durán ("Album"); Fábrega; García Cubas [b] (reproductions); Hamy [a]; Historia de los Mexicanos por sus pinturas; Historia de los Reynos de Colhuacan y de México; Humboldt [a]; Kingsborough; Loubat; Nuttall [b]; Orozco y Berra [d]; Peñafiel [b]; Seler, passim; Sotomayor; Tobar. A bibliography of the more important reproductions of Mexican codices will be found in M. H. Saville, "Mexican Codices, a List of Recent Reproductions," in AA, new series, iii (1901), and in Lehmann [a], below; while a detailed bibliography, covering the earlier collections and publications, is given by Jesús Galindo y Villa, "Las Pinturas y los Manuscritos Jeroglíficos Mexicanos," in AnMM, segunda época, ii (Mexico, 1903): cf. Brasseur de Bourbourg [a], Introduction, for analysis of sources and account of his own discoveries.

Códice Ramirez. See Tobar, infra

Cortés, (Cortez) Hernando, Cartas de relación (Historiadores primitivos de Indias, Tomo i). Madrid, 1858. Tr. F. MacNutt, Letters of Cortés to Charles V, London, 1908.

Córdoba, Juan de, Arte del idioma Zapoteca. Mexico, 1578; also, Morelia, 1886.

Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Madrid, 1632. Tr. A. Jourdanet, Histoire véridique de la conquête de la Nouvelle-Espagne, 2d éd., Paris, 1877; tr. A. P. Maudsley, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain (HS, series ii, Vols. xxiii-v, xxx, xl), London, 1908-16.

Durán, Diego, Historia de las Indias de Nueva España y islas de tierra firme. 2 vols. and album. Mexico, 1867-1880.

Fábrega, José Lino, S. J., Interpretación del códice Borgiano. Italian text with Spanish tr. and notes by A. Chavero and F. del Paso y Troncoso, in AnMM v (Mexico, 1899).

Fewkes, J. W., [g], "Certain Antiquities of Eastern Mexico," in 25 ARBE (Washington, 1907).
  ——[h], "Ancient Pueblo and Mexican Water Symbol," and "A Central American Ceremony which suggests the Snake Dance," in AA vi (1893).

Gamio, Manuel, "Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Mexico, 1914-15," in CA xix (Washington, 1917).

García, Gregorio, Origen de los Indios del Nuevo Mundo y Indias occidentales. Ed. Barcia. Madrid, 1729.

García Cubas, Antonio, [a], Atlas geográfico, estadístico y histórico de la República Mexicana. Mexico, 1858.
  ——[b], "Estudio comparativo de dos documentos históricos," in CA xvii. 2 (Mexico, 1912).

García Icazbalceta, Joaquín, [a], Colección de documentos para la historia de México. 2 vols. Mexico, 1858-1866. (Contains writings of Cortés, Las Casas, Motolinia, and other sixteenth-century authors.)
  ——[b], Nueva colección de documentos para la historia de México. 5 vols. Mexico, 1886-1892. (Writings of early missionaries, of Pomar, Zúrita, and Mendieta, native manuscripts, etc.)

Génin, Auguste, "Notes sur les danses, la musique et les chants des Mexicains anciens," in Revue d'Ethnographie et de Sociologie, (1913).

Gómara, Francisco López de, [b], Historia de México, con el descubrimiento de la Nueva España, conquistada por el muy illustre y valeroso principe Don Fernando Cortés, marques del Valie. Anvers, 1554. Also, Segunda parte de la crónica general de las Indias, que trata de la conquista de Méjico (Historiadores primitivos de Indias, Tomo i). Madrid, 1858.

Haebler, Konrad, Die Religion des mittleren Amerika. Münster in Westfalen, 1899.

Hagar, Stansbury, [a], "Elements of the Maya and Mexican Zodiacs," in CA xvi (Vienna and Leipzig, 1910).
  ——[b], "Zodiacal Symbolism of the Mexican and Maya Month and Day Signs," in CA xvii. 2 (Mexico, 1912).

Hamy, E. T., [a], Codex Borbonicus. Paris, 1899.
  ——[b], "Croyances et pratiques religieuses des premières Mexicains," and "Le culte des dieux Tlaloques," in AnMG xxv (1907).

Helps, Arthur, The Spanish Conquest in America. 4 vols. New York, 1856.

Herrera, Antonio de. See Bibliography to Chapter I.

Historia de los Mexicanos por sus pinturas. Published by Icazbalceta in AnMM ii (Mexico, 1882), and in Nueva colección de documentos para la historia de México, Tomo iii (Mexico, 1897), from a manuscript entitled Libro de oro y thesoro Indico, and also known as Codex Zumárraga and Codex Fuenleal. Tr. Henry Phillips, "History of the Mexicans as Told by their Paintings," in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, xxi (1884).

Historia de los Reynos de Colhuacan y de México. Nahuatl text with Latin tr. by Walter Lehmann, in JSAP, new series, iii (1906). The first part of this important document was published with Spanish trs. by José Fernando Ramírez in AnMM iii (Mexico, 1885), under the title Anales de Cuauhtitlan (The Annals of Cuauhtitlan is the usual English form) by which it is usually cited. The Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg gives the text and translation of a small portion of the document, called by him, Codex Chimalpopoca, in [b], Tome I, Appendice. An analysis and bibliographical discussion of the document is given by Lehmann in ZE xxxviii (1906), pp. 752-60.

Holmes, Wm. H., [a], Archaeological Studies Among the Ancient Cities of Mexico (Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Anthropological Series, i). Chicago, 1895-97.

Humboldt, Alexander von, [a] Vues des Cordillères. Paris, 1802. Tr. by Helen M. Williams, Researches Concerning the Institutions and Monuments of the Ancient Inhabitants of America. 2 vols. London, 1814.

Icazbalceta. See García Icazbalceta, supra.

Ixtlilxochitl, Hernando de Alva, Historia Chichimeca and Relaciones. In Kingsborough, ix; also, ed. A. Chavero, Mexico, 1891-92. Tr., Histoire des Chichimèques (TC xii, xiii), Paris, 1840.

Jonghe, E. de, "Le calendrier mexicain," in JSAP, new series, iii (1906); also in ZE xxxviii (1906).

Jourdanet, A. See Díaz del Castillo, supra; Sahagun, infra.

Joyce, T. A., [b]. Mexican Archaeology. London, 1916.

Kingsborough, Lord, Antiquities of Mexico,9 vols. London, 1830-48. (Reproductions of Mexican codices, among them Codex Boturini, C. Vaticanus A (3738), C. Telleriano-Remensis, together with explications and other writings by early authors.)

Krumm-Heller, Arnolfo, "El Zodíaco de los Incas en comparación con el de los Aztecas," in CA xvii. 2 (Mexico, 1912).

La Serna, Jacinto de, Manual de ministros de Indios para el conocimiento de sus idolotrias, y extirpación de ellas. In AnMM vi, Mexico, 1892; also, in Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, civ, Madrid, 1892. (Written in 1656.)

Las Casas. See Bibliography to Chapter I.

Larrainzar, Manuel, Estudios sobre la historia de America, sus ruinas y antigüedades. 5 vols. Mexico, 1875-78.

Lehmann, Walter, [a], "Ergebnisse und Aufgaben der mexikanistischen Forschung," in Archiv für Anthropologie, neue Folge, vi (1907).
  ——[b], "Traditions des anciens Mexicains," in JSAP, new series, iii (1906). See Historia de los Rey nos de Colhuacan, supra.

León, Nicolás, [a], Familias lingüísticas de México. Mexico, 1902.
  ——[b], Compendio de la historia general de México, desde los tiempos prehistóricos hasta el año de 1900. Mexico, 1902.
  ——[c], Los Tarascos. Notas históricas, étnicas y antropológicas. Mexico, 1904. Also in Boletín del Museo Nacional, segunda época, i-ii, with continuation in AnMM, segunda época, i (Mexico, 1903).
  ——[d,] Lyobsa ó Mictlan, Guía histórico-descriptiva. Mexico, 1901. (Handsomely illustrated; Spanish and English text.) Also articles in AnMM, CA, and elsewhere, dealing with the antiquities of the Zapotec and Tarascan regions.

León y Gama, Antonio de, Descripción histórica y cronológica de las dos piedras que con ocasión del nuevo empedrado que se está formando en la plaza principal de México, se hallaron en el año de 1790. Mexico, 1792.