306. “Parte de la dificultad de este idioma consiste en la syncopa, pues el no syncopar los principiantes artistas, es causa de que sus periodos y oraciones sean tan rispidos, y faltos de harmonia, por cuyo motivo los nativos los murmuran, y tienen (como vulgarmente decimos), por quartreros.” Reglas de Orthographia, etc., p. 146.

307. “L’Othomi nous a tout l’air d’une langue primitivement incorporante, et qui, parvenu au dernier degré d’usure et délabrement, a fini par prendre les allures d’un dialecte à juxtaposition.” Melanges de Philologie et de Paléographie Américaine. Par le Comte de Charencey, p. 80 (Paris, 1883).

308. Neve, Reglas etc., pp. 159, 160.

309. Pimentel, Cuadro Descriptivo, Tom. iii, p. 424.

310. Pimentel, Cuadro Descriptivo, Tomo iii, p. 462.

311. Wm. M. Gabb, On the Indian Tribes and Languages of Costa Rica, in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for 1875, p. 532.

312. “Dessen einfacher Bau die über die Amerikanischen Sprachen im Allgemeinen verbreiteten Theorien zu widerlegen im Stande ist.” Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, ii Band, s. 318 (Wien, 1882).

313. Le Taensa a-t-il été forgé de toutes Piéces? Réponse à M. Daniel G. Brinton, Par Lucien Adam, p. 19 (Paris, Maisonneuve et Cie, 1885).

314. Apuntes Lexicograficos de las Lenguas y Dialectos de los Indios de Costa-Rica. Por Bernardo Augusto Thiel, Obispo de Costa-Rica, (San José de Costa-Rica, 1882. Imprenta Nacional).

315. Gabb, ubi supra, p. 539.

316. “Especial dificultad ofrecen los verbos.” Apuntes Lexicograficos, etc. Introd. p. iv. This expression is conclusive as to the incorrectness of the opinion of M. Adam, and Prof. Müller above quoted, and shows how easily even justly eminent linguists may fall into error about tongues of which they have limited means of knowledge. The proper course in such a case is evidently to be cautious about venturing positive assertions.

317. Transactions of the American Philological Association, 1872, p. 58.

318. Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. ii, p. 387.

319. The Brazilian Language and its Agglutination. By Amaro Cavalcanti, LL. B., etc., p. 5 (Rio Janeiro, 1883).

320. The most valuable for linguistic researches are the following:

Arte de Grammatica da Lingua maís usada na Costa do Brazil. By Joseph de Anchieta. This is the oldest authority, Anchieta having commenced as missionary to the Tupis in 1556.

Arte, Vocabulario y Tesoro de la Lengua Guarani, ó mas bien Tupi. By Antonio Ruiz de Montoya. An admirable work representing the southern Tupi as it was in the first half of the seventeenth century.

Both the above have been republished in recent years. Of modern writings I would particularly name:

Apontamentos sobre o Abañeénga tambem chamado Guarani on Tupi. By Dr. B. C. D’A. Nogueira (Rio Janeiro, 1876).

321. Notes on the Lingoa Geral, as above, p. 71.

322. James Howse, A Grammar of the Cree Language (London, 1844). A remarkable production which has never received the attention from linguists which it merits.

323. Anchieta, Arte de Grammatica, etc., p. 75.

324. The Brazilian Language, etc., pp. 48–9.

325. See Anchieta, Arte de Grammatica, etc., p. 52.

326. The Brazilian Language, etc., p. 111.

327. “Kein polysynthesis und keine incorporation,” says Dr. Heinrich Winkler (Uralaltaische Völker und Sprachen, p. 149), who apparently has obtained all his knowledge of it from the two pages devoted to it by Professor Friedrich Müller, who introduces it as “äusserst einfach.” Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. ii, p. 257.

328. Grammatica Mutsun; Por el R. P. F. F. Arroyo de la Cuesta; and Vocabulario Mutsun, by the same, both in Shea’s “Library of American Linguistics.”

329. Read before the American Philosophical Society in 1888, and published in their Proceedings under the title “The Language of Palæolithic Man.”

330. “L’homme chelleen n’ avait pas la parole,” Mortillet, La Prehistorique Antiquité de l’ Homme, p. 250 (Paris, 1883).

331. See Dr. H. Steinthal, Der Ursprung der Sprache, s. 264, et seq. (Berlin, 1888), who rehearses the discussion of the point with sufficient fullness.

332. See, for instance, Plate X of Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique: Cartailhac, Ages Préhistoriques de l’ Espagne, plate on p. 27.

333. I have collected the evidence for this in an Essay on Prehistoric Archæology, in the Iconographic Encyclopedia, Vol. ii.

334. See his address on “The Origin of Languages and the Antiquity of Speaking Man,” in the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Vol. xxxv, p. 279.

335. Dix-huit Ans chez les Sauvages, p. 85.

336. Petitot, Dictionnaire de la Langue Déné Dindjié, Introduction.

337. On the astonishingly wide distribution of the n and k sounds as primitive demonstratives, compare H. Winkler, Uralaltaische Völker und Sprachen, s. 86, 87, (Berlin, 1884). For other comparisons, see Tolmie and Dawson, Vocabularies of Inds. of British Columbia, p. 128.

338. “Es hat offenbar eine Zeit gegeben, in der ka alleiniges Pron. pers. für alle drei Personen war, erst allmählig entwickelten sich ño ka, ego, ka m, tu, ka y, ille.” J. J. von Tschudi, Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 184 (Leipzig, 1884). In the language of the Baures of Bolivia when the verb takes the negative termination apico, the pronominal signs are discarded; thus, era, to drink, a drink; erapico—I, thou, he, we, you, they, do not drink. Magio, Arte de la Lengua de los Indios Baures, p. 82 (Paris, 1880). This reveals a time when both affirmative and negative verbals dispensed with pronouns altogether.

339. Apuntes sobre la Lengua Chapaneca, MS.

340. Arte de la Lengua Guarani, p. 93.

341. La Lengua Araucana, p. 15 (Santiago de Chile, 1888).

342. Albornoz, Arte de la Langua Chapaneca, p. 10.

343. Principes de la Langue des Sauvages appellés Sauteux. Introd.

344. Arte de la Lengua Guarani, ó mas bien Tupi. Por el P. Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, p. 100.

345. Grammatica de la Lengua Chibcha. Introd.

346. See Howse. Grammar of the Cree Language, pp. 16, 134, 135, 169, etc.

347. The Religious Sentiment; Its Source and Aim. A Contribution to the Science of Religion. By D. G. Brinton, p. 31 (New York, 1876). The statement in the text can be algebraically demonstrated in the mathematical form of logic as set forth by Prof. Boole, thus: A=not (not-A); which, in its mathematical expression becomes, x=x². Whence by transposition and substitution we derive, x²=1; in which equation 1=A. See Boole. An Investigation into the Laws of Thought (London, 1854).

348. On Polysynthesis and Incorporation, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1885. (See the preceding essay.)

349. On the Grammatical Construction of the Cree Language, p. 12 (London, 1875).

350. Steinthal, Gramatik, Logik und Psychologie, s. 325.

351. In Maya the conjunction “and” is rendered by yetl, a compound of the possessive pronoun, third person singular y, and etl, companion. The Nahuatl, ihuan, is precisely the same in composition.

352. “Die meisten amerikanischen Sprachen haben die Eigenthümlichkeit, dass in der Regel die Haupttempora in Auwendung kommen und unter diesen besonders das Präsens, selbst wenn von einer bestimmten, besonders aber von einer unbestimmten Vergangenheit gesprochen wird.” J. J. von Tschudi, Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 189. The same tense is also employed for future occurrences. What classical grammarians call “the historical present,” will illustrate this employment of a single tense for past and future time.

353. The Chiquita of Bolivia is an extreme example. “La distinction du passé, du présent et du futur n’existe pas dans cette langue étrange.” Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Chiquita. Por. L. Adam, y V. Henry, p. x.

354. On the Verb in American Languages. By Wilhelm von Humboldt. Translated by D. G. Brinton, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1885.

355. A striking example is the Chiquita of Bolivia. “No se puede en chiquito, ni contar dos, tres, cuatro, etc., ni decir segundo, tercero, etc.” Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Chiquita, p. 19 (Paris, 1880).

356. Those distinctions, apparently of sex, called by M. Lucien Adam anthropic and metanthropic, arrhenic and metarrhenic, found in certain American tongues, belong to the material, not the formal part of the language, and, strictly speaking, are distinctions not really based on sexual considerations. See Adam, Du Genre dans les Diverses Langues (Paris, 1883).

357. Washington Matthews, Grammar and Dictionary of the Language of the Hidatsa (New York, 1873) In a letter received since the first publication of this essay, Dr. Matthews writes that the analysis in the text is quite correct.

358. Extract from a paper read before the American Philosophical Society in 1886.

359. Linguistic Essays, by Carl Abel, Ph. D. (London, 1882).

360. I scarcely need say that I refer to the marvelous words of St. John: ὁ μη αγαπων. ουκ εγνω τον θεον, οτι ὁ θεος αγαπμ εστιν (1 John iv, 8); and to the amor intellectualis, the golden crown of the philosophy of Spinoza as developed in the last book of his Ethica.

361. Chipeway: nin sagiiwin, I love; sagiiwewin, love; saiagiiwed, a lover.

Cree: sâkihituwin, friendship; manitowi sâkihewewin, the love of God. The words from the Chipeway are from Baraga’s Otchipwe Dictionary; those from the Cree from Lacombe’s Dictionnaire de la langue des Cris, except when otherwise noted.

362. Chipeway: sagibidjigan, a string or cord.

Cree: sakkappitew, he fastens, he ties; sakkahigan, a nail; sakkistiwok, coeunt, copulati sunt.

363. See Joseph Howse, Grammar of the Cree Language, p. 165.

364. See the remarks in Andrew’s Latin Lexicon, s. v.

365. Cree: espiteyimit kije-manito, for the love of God; espiteyimatijk, for the love of the children.

366. Cree: ni wittjiwâgan, my friend; wi’chettuwin, a confraternity, or society.

367. Chipeway: inawema, I am his relative, or, his friend.

Cree: ijinákusiw, he has such an appearance. This particle of similarity is considered by Howse to be “one of the four primary generic nouns” of the Algonkin language. Grammar of the Cree Language, p. 135.

368. Chipeway: nin minenima, I like (him, her, it).

369. See Howse, Grammar of the Cree Lang., p. 157. Keche (kees) as an interjection of pleasure, he considers in antithesis to ak (compare German ach!) as an interjection of pain, and cites abundant examples.

370. Chipeway: nin kijewadis, I am amicable, benevolent; kijewadisiwin, charity, benevolence, benignity, compassion; kije manitowin, God-head, divine nature.

Cree: kisatew, he is devoted to (him, her); kisew, she loves (her children); kisewatisiwin, charity, the highest virtue; kise manito, “l’esprit charitable, Dieu,” and numerous others.

371. The following words and meanings are from Carochi’s Grammar and Molina’s Dictionary of this tongue:

The original meaning of zo, a pointed tool or awl, is not given by Molina, but is repeatedly expressed in the phonetic picture-writing of the Aztecs.

372. Estudio de la Filosofia y Riqueza de la Lengua Mexicana. Par Agostin de la Rosa, p. 78 (Guadalajara, 1877).

373. There is another word in Nahuatl of similar derivation. It is pohui, to make much of a person, to like one. The root is po, which carries with it the idea of sameness, similarity or equality; as itelpocapo, a boy like himself. (Paredes, Promptuario Manual Mexicano, p. 140.)

374. Thus:

375.

376. Thus:

All from the Diccionario de Motul (MS.).

377. Thus:

378. A number of examples are given in the Diccionario de Motul (MS.).

379. “Der blosse Begriff derjenigen Liebe, welche das lateinische Zeitwort amare ausdrückt, dem Cakchiquel Indianer fremd ist.” Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala. Von Otto Stoll, M. D., p. 146 (Zürich, 1884).

380. Xelogox ka chiri ruma Akahal vinak, “they were loved by the Akahal men.” Annals of the Cakchiquels, p. 126 (Vol. VI of Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature). In the Quiche Popol Vuh the word has the same meaning, as (page 102):

In fact, the word Dr. Stoll gives as that now usual among the Cakchiquels for “to love”—to desire, in the Popol Vuh is applied to the price paid for wives (p. 304):

This word may be a derivative from the Maya ya, above mentioned.

381. De Naturâ Deorum, I, 44.

382. Gramática Quechua, por Dr. J. D. Anchorena, pp. 163–177 (Lima, 1874).

383. Ollanta: Drame en vers Quechuas du Temps des Incas. Traduit et commenté par Gavino Pacheco Zegarra (Paris, 1878).

384. Thus, from the Ollanta:

Holguin, in his Vocabulario de la Lengua Qquichua, gives:

385. Holguin (u. s.) gives the definitions:

386. From the Ollanta:

These lines show both the word and its derivation.

387. From the Ollanta:

388. From the Ollanta:

389. See the Qquichua love songs, harahui and huaynu, as they are called, given by Anchorena in his Gramática Quechua, pp. 131–135.

390. See Holguin, Vocabulario Qquichua, s. v. mayhuay and mayhuayccuni.

391. Thus:

392. yecotiaha, friend; compounded of coti, a dwelling, and aha, to go,—a goer to a dwelling, a visitor. This, and the other Guarani words given, are taken from Ruiz de Montoya’s Tesoro de la Lengua Guarani (ed. Vienna, 1876).

393. Another possible derivation would be from ahii, desire, appetite (Spanish, gana); and hu, in the sense of being present. This would express a longing, a lust, like love (see above).

394. I find çaiçu given by Dr. Couto de Magalhaes in his Cours da Lingoa Geral segundo Ollendorf (Rio de Janeiro, 1876); saisu by Dr. Amaro Cavalcanti in The Brazilian Language and its Agglutination (Rio Janeiro, 1883); çauçub by Dias, Diccionario da Lingua Tupy (Leipzig, 1858), and by Dr. E. F. França in his Chrestomathia da Lingua Brasilica (Leipzig, 1859).

395. “Ani, es gehört, ist eigen; ta ani, nach seiner Art.” Arawackisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary, published anonymously at Paris, in 1882, in Tome viii of the Bibliotheque Linguistique Américaine, is the production of the Moravian Missionary, Rev. T. S. Schuhmann. See The Literary Works of the Foreign Missionaries of the Moravian Church. By the Rev. G. H. Reichelt. Translated and annotated by Bishop Edmund de Schweinitz, p. 13 (Bethlehem, 1886).

396. The Religious Sentiment, its Source and Aim; a Contribution to the Science and Philosophy of Religion, p. 60 (New York, 1876).

397. From the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for 1885.

398. Diccionario del Convento de Motul, MS., s. v.

399. Acanceh Cheltun. Titulo de un solar y Monte in Acanceh, 1767, MS.

400. Geografia Maya. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, Tomo ii, p. 435.

401. “The metre is the only measure of dimension which agrees with that adopted by these most ancient artists and architects.”—Dr. LePlongeon. Mayapan and Maya Inscriptions, in Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, April, 1881.

402. “Nearly all the monuments of Yucatan bear evidence that the Mayas had a predilection for the number seven,” etc. LePlongeon, Vestiges of the Mayas, p. 63 (New York, 1881). Of course, this may have other symbolic meanings also.

403. Coto, Diccionario de la Lengua Cakchiquel, MS.

404. Coto, Diccionario, MS., s. v. “Ploma de albañil.”

405. “Cuanto se mide con el pulgar y el indice.” Molina, Vocabulario de la Lengua Mexicana.

406. Carochi, Arte de la Lengua Mexicana, p. 123.

407. Orozco y Berra, Historia Antigua de la Conquista de Mexico, Tomo i, pp. 557–8, (Mexico, 1880).

408. Memoria de los Trabajos ejecutados por la comision scientifica de Pachuca en el año de 1861, p. 357, quoted by Orozco. Almaraz’s words are not at all precise: “la unidad lineal, con pequeñas modificaciones, debió ser cosa de o, m 8, ó cuatro palmos próximamente.”

409. The Metrical Standard of the Mound-Builders. Reduced by the Method of Even Divisors. By Col. Chas. Whittlesey (Cleveland, 1883).

410. Notes on Mitla, in Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, April, 1882, p. 97.

411. See Herrera, Decadas de Indias, Dec. ii, Lib. vii, cap. xvi, and Dec. iii, Lib. iv. cap. xvii. “Castigaban mucho alque falseaba medidas, diciendo que era enemigo de todos i ladron publico,” etc.

412. “Habian terminos señalados de cuantas leguas habian de acudir á los mercados,” etc. Diego Duran, Historia de la Nueva España, Vol. ii, pp, 215, 217. Both the terms in the text are translated legua in Molina’s Vocabulary, so that it is probable that the resting places were something near two and a half to three miles apart.

413. “Todo lo venden por cuenta y medida, excepto que fasta agora no se ha visto vender cosa alguna por peso.” Cartas y Relaciones de Hernan Cortes, p. 105. (Ed. Gayangos.)

414. “Tenian medida para todas las cosas; hasta la ierva, que era tanta, quanta se podia atar con una cuerda de una braza por un tomin.” Herrera, Decadas de Indias, Dec. ii, Lib. vii, cap. xvi. In another passage where this historian speaks of weights (Dec. iii, Lib. iv, cap. xvii), it is one of his not infrequent slips of the pen.

415. A copy of this curious production called Cancionero Americano is in the Library of the Bureau of Ethnology at Washington. The introductory note is as follows:

“Esos cantos, escogidos en el año mil y ocho cientos veinte y siete, ó veinte y ocho, por un viagero en America, y despues hallados en sus papeles, no vinieron jamás, siquiera por lo que podemos saber, conocidos del publico sabio. Estos son los mismos cantos del Pueblo Taensa, para las orillas del Misisipi ó del Alabama, todos escritos en el dulce y pulido dialecto de aquel pueblo. Todos los amigos de la ciencia han de sentir el precio de esta pequeña colleccion.”

It will be noticed that the Spanish is full of errors, as esos for estos, hallados for encontrados, para las orillas for por las orillas; and sentir el precio does not mean appreciate, as the author would say, but “regret the price.”

416. The discussion elicited the following additional brochures from M. Adam: Le Taensa n’a pas été forgé de toutes piecès. Lettre de M. Friedrich Müller á Lucien Adam, pp. 4.

Dom Parisot ne produira pas le Manuscrit Taensa. Lettre á M. Victor Henry, pp. 13.