149 Harris Papyrus, No. 500, British Museum; Maspero, Études Égyptiennes.

150 F. Chabas, Œuvres Divers, tome i., pp. 183–214.

151 A. Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 150.

152 J. H. Breasted, History of Egypt, p. 86.

153 W. M. Flinders Petrie, Egyptian Tales.

154 L. W. King and H. R. Hall, Egypt and Western Asia in the Light of Recent Discoveries, p. 71.

155 Porphyry, De Abstin., book ii., chapter lv.

156 King and Hall, Egypt and Western Asia in the Light of Recent Discoveries, p. 73.

157 The Historical Library of Diodorus, the Sicilian, vol. i., par. 6, p. 79, trans. by G. Booth.

158 The Historical Library of Diodorus, trans. by G. Booth, vol. i., p. 82.

159 Terme et Malfalcon, p. 34.

160 Maspero, p. 215.

161 Diodorus Siculus, i., 90; E. A. W. Budge, The Mummy, p. 180.

162 Maspero, p. 216.

163 Adolf Erman, Egyptian Religion, p. 139.

164 Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Grenfell & Hunt, vol. iv., p. 244; Adolf Deissman, Light from the Ancient East, p. 154.

165 Isaac Taylor, The Origin of the Aryans, p. 182.

166 M. M. Kunte, Aryan Civilization, p. 124.

167 F. A. Steel, India Through the Ages, p. 15.

168 Sankhayana-Grihya-Sutra, Khanda 20.

169 Manu, ix., 96.

170 Sir Monier-Williams, Brahmanism and Hinduism, p. 387.

171 Anaryan, Early Ideas, p. 11.

172 Journal of the Asiatic Society, vol. xiii., p. 104.

173 Monier-Williams, Brahmanism and Hinduism, p. 24.

174 Satapatha-Brahmana, intro. xxxvi.

175 Manava-dharma-castra, Lect. iv., Nos. 184 and 185.

176 A. C. Burnell, intro. to the Ordinances of Manu, p. xxiv.

177 Q. Curtius Rufus, book 9, chapter i.

178 Ibid.

179 Diodorus Siculus, book 17, chapter xci.

180 Strabo, book xv., c. i. par. 30.

181 Asiatic Researches, vol. iv., p. 342.

182 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, p. 318.

183 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxviii., part 1, p. 323.

184 Ibid., No. xxxix., part 2, p. 324. Letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.

185 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, p. 327. Letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.

186 Ibid., No. xxxix., part 2, p. 328, par. 66. Letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.

187 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, p. 329, par. 72. Letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.

188 Ibid., No. xxxix., part 2, p. 340, par. 171. Extract from the letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.

189 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, pp. 361–362. Extract from the letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.

190 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, p. 374. Letter from Futteh Mahommed Jemadar to Lieut.-Col. A. Walker, received on the 21st of October, 1807.

191 Records of Government, Allahabad, 1871, vol. v., no. 2, p. 116.

192 Keane, Man Past and Present, p. 499.

193 George Aaron Barton, A Sketch of Semitic Origins, p. 269.

194 Archibald Duff, The Theology and Ethics of the Hebrews, p. 17.

195 D. Chwolson, The Semitic Nations, p. 25.

196 Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. i., p. 43.

197 Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. ii., p. 362.

198 M. L. Milloue, Le Sacrifice, Conférences faites au Musée Guimet, p. 3.

199 Lord Avebury, Marriage, Totemism, and Religion, preface, p. vi.

200 R. Campbell Thompson, Semitic Magic, p. xiii.

201 Wm. Mariner, The Natives of the Tonga Islands, vol. ii., p. 220.

202 Mariner, The Natives of the Tonga Islands, vol. i., p. 229.

203 Father Joseph de Acosta, The Natural and Moral History of the Indies, vol. ii., p. 344.

204 Francisco de Jerez, Conquista del Peru, under cover of Biblioteca ed Aurores Españoles, vol. xxvi., part 2, p. 327.

205 P. Lafaitau, quoting Le Moyne in Mœurs des Sauvages Américains, vol. i., p. 181.

206 Narrative of Le Moyne, transl. from the Latin of De Bry, p. 13, Boston, 1875.

207 Antonio de Herrera, The General History of the Vast Continent and Islands of America, commonly called the West Indies, vol. ii., pp. 347–348.

208 Wm. Strachey, The History of Travaile into Virginia Britannia, p. 84.

209 R. Brough Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, vol. ii., p. 311

210 W. Crooke, The Popular Religion and Folk-Lore of Northern India, vol. ii., p. 169.

211 Ibid., vol. ii., p. 172.

212 W. H. Sleeman, Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official, vol. i., p. 133.

213 R. Cain, “Bhadrachellam and Rekapalli Taluquas,” the Indian Antiquary, vol. viii., p. 219, Bombay, 1879.

214 J. J. M. de Groote, The Religious System of China, vol. ii., book i., p. 679.

215 R. A. S. MacAlister, The Excavation of Gezer, pp. 405–6, 432.

216 Ernest Sellin, “Tell Ta’Annek,” Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vols. l.-li., 1904–1906.

217 Driver, Modern Research as Illustrating the Bible, p. 68.

218 W. K. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 128.

219 H. C. Trumbull, Threshold Covenant, p. 49.

220 Jacob Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. iii., p. 1144.

221 Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. i., p. 96.

222 Theodor Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvolker, vol. ii., p. 197.

223 H. C. Trumbull, The Threshold Covenant, p. 146.

224 Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. i., p. 96.

225 Jacob Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. iii., p. 1142.

226 Jacob Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. iii., p. 1142.

227 W. Crooke, The Religion, etc., Northern India, vol. ii., p. 174.

228 The Journal of American Folk-Lore, vol. vi., p. 51, Boston, New York, and London, 1893.

229 E. Renan, History of the People of Israel, vol. i., preface, p. viii.

230 J. F. McCurdy, Jewish Encyclopædia.

231 A. Kuenen, The Religion of Israel, p. 102.

232 Genesis xxii., 13.

233 Renan, History of the People of Israel, p. 63.

234 Genesis xvii., 10.

235 P. C. Remondino, History of Circumcision, p. 31. Remondino cites Benjamin—David brought 200 prepuces to Saul to show the number of slain Philistines.

236 Remondino, p. 32.

237 Exodus, chap. xii.

238 Joshua, chap. xxiv., v. 14.

239 Renan, History of the People of Israel, vol. i., p. 149.

240 Judges, chap. ix.

241 Renan, History of the People of Israel, vol. i., p. 150.

242 Judges, chap. xii., v. 38–39.

243 Renan, History of the People of Israel, vol. i., p. 278.

244 2 Samuel, chap. xxi.

245 Ewald, History of Israel, vol. iv., p. 90.

246 2 Kings, chap. xvi., v. 3; and 2 Chronicles, chap. xxviii., v. 3.

247 2 Kings, chap. xxi., v. 6.

248 Hosea, chap. vi., v. 6.

249 Ibid.

250 Jeremiah, chap. vii., v. 21 et seq.

251 Micah, chap. vi., v. 6 et seq.

252 R. A. Nicholson, Literary History of the Arabs, p. xvi.

253 The Sabeans were inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Sheba, located in south-western Arabia. According to the records of Mohammed Abu-Taleb Dimeshqi, the Sabeans’ sacrifices were made to the planets when they reached their point of culmination. They sacrificed either a man or a woman according to the divinity who was being worshipped. To the Sun, a selected girl was sacrificed; to the Moon, a man with full face. To Jupiter, a boy three days old, the child of the girl who was sacrificed to the Sun. To Mercury they sacrificed a young man of brownish colour who was a scribe and well educated; to Mars, a very red man with a red head; to Venus, a beautiful woman. These sacrifices were connected with various preparations and mysterious ceremonies.

The following passage, showing the extreme of horrible barbarism, describes one of their sacrificial ceremonies; it is from Dr. D. Chwolsohn’s Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus (vol. ii., pp. 28–29).

“On the 8th of August the Sabeans pressed the wine for the gods and called it by many different names. On this day they sacrificed to the gods, in the middle of the forenoon, a new-born male child. First the child was slaughtered, then boiled until it became very soft, when the flesh was taken off (the bones). The flesh was then kneaded with fine flour, oil, saffron, spikenard and other spices, and, according to some, with raisins. It was then made into small cakes of the size of a fig, and baked in a new oven. This was used by the participants in the mystery of Shemal.... No woman, no slave or son of a slave, or no idiot was allowed to eat of it. To the killing and the preparation of the child only three priests were admitted. Everything remaining, such as the bones and other things not eatable, the priests offered as a burnt sacrifice to the gods.”

[Ab (August) Den 8. dieses Monats pressen sie neuen Wein für die Götter und legen ihm viele verschiedene Namen bei. An diesem Tage opfern sie in der Mitte des Vormittags den durch Standbilder dargestellten Göttern ein neugeborenes männliches Kind. Zuerst wird der Knabe geschlachtet und dann gesotten, bis er ganz weich wird, dann wird das Fleisch abgenommen und mit feinem Mehl, Safran, Spikenard, Gewürznelken und Oel (nach der andern Lesart: Rosinen) zusammengeknetet, daraus werden kleine Brode, von der Grösse einer Feige, gemacht (oder geknetet) und in einem neuen (oder eisernen) Ofen gebacken. Dies dient den Theilnehmern an dem Mysterion des Schemal (zur Speise) für das ganze Jahr. Es darf aber kein Weib, kein Sklave, kein Sohn einer Sklaven und kein Wahnsinniger etwas davon essen. Zu dem Schlachten und Zurichten dieses Kindes werden blos drei Priester zugelassen. Alles aber, was von seinen Knochen, Gliedmassen, Knorpeln, Arterien und Nerven übrig geblieben ist, verbrennen die Priester den Göttern zum Opfer.]

254 R. A. Nicholson, Literary History of the Arabs, p. xxvii.

255 George Sale, Introduction to the Koran, p. 93.

256 George Sale, Introduction to the Koran, p. 93.

257 Aghani, vii., 150, quoted by W. Robinson Smith, Kinship and Marriage, p. 222.

258 Sale, Introduction to Koran.

259 Koran, chapter 5, p. 86.

260 Nicholson, Literary History of the Arabs, p. 243.

261 E. W. Lane, Selections from the Kur-an, Introduction, p. xxi.-xix.

262 Hamasa, quoted by W. Robinson Smith in Kinship and Marriage, p. 293.

263 Porphyry, book 2, chap. lvi.

264 Ammianus, book xxxi., chapter xvi.

265 Procopius, Bell. Pers., part i., chap. xix.

266 W. Robinson Smith, Kinship and Marriage, p. 296.

267 Trans. by George Sale, Al Koran, chap. vi., p. 114.

268 Ibid., chap. xvi., p. 218.

269 Ibid., chap. lxxxi., pp. 480–481.

270 “Al Hedaya Fil Foroo,” by Sheik Burhan-ad-deen Alee, trans. by Charles Hamilton, vol. i., p. xxxiii.

271 Id., book x., vol. ii.

272 “Al Hedaya Fil Foroo,” vol ii., book x., par. 3.

273 Id., vol. ii., book x., par. 6.

274 The commentary of Ahmed Ben Mohammed Khadooree, published A.H. 420 and an authoritative work on the duties of a magistrate.

275 The Hidaya, trans. by Charles Hamilton, vol. ii., book ix., chap. ii.

276 The Hidaya, trans. by Charles Hamilton, vol. i., book iv., chap. xiv., pp. 385, 386.

277 J. P. Mahaffy, Social Life of the Greeks.

278 Andrew Lang, Homeric Studies.

279 Thomas D. Seymour, Life in the Homeric Age, p. 139.

280 Id., p. 139.

281 Hesiod, Theogony, 483–4; Daremberg and Saglio, art. Exposito.

282 Pausanias, book 8, chap. viii.

283 Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, book i., caput 3, par. 5.

284 Pausanias, book 8, chap. xxviii.

285 Ibid., book i., chap. xlvi.

286 Apollodorus, book ii, caput 7, par. 4. Pausanias, book viii., chap, xlviii.

287 Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography.

288 Apollodorus, book iii., caput 5.

289 Plato, B. Jowett, vol. iv., p. 216.

290 Ibid., vol. i., p. 91.

291 Gortyniorum Leges, Daremberg and Saglio.

292 “Law Code of the Cretan Gortyna,” American Journal of Archæology, vol. i., p. 335.

293 Euripides, transl. by Arthur S. Way, vol. iii., p. 345.

294 Wm. Botsford, Development of the Athenian Constitution, p. 10.

295 Plutarch, Life of Alcibiades.

296 Heliodorus, Ethiopica.

297 G. Glotz, Daremberg and Saglio, art. Exposito.

298 Longus, Daphnis and Chloë, book iv.

299 Hesiod, Works and Days.

300 Terence, Adelphi, act v., scene iii.

301 Musonius, quoted by Glotz.

302 Longus, Daphnis and Chloë, book iv.

303 Heaut., Terence., act iv., scene i.

304 Aristophanes, Thesmophor., act v.