The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Child in Human Progress by George Henry Payne

311 Poetarum Comicorum Græcorum Fragmenta. Ed. Didot, p. 57; Athenæus, Trans. C. D. Yonge, vol. ii., p. 804.

312 Poet. Comic. Græc. Frag., p. 687; Athenæus, vol. ii., p. 794.

313 Ibid., p. 710; Ibid., p. 575.

314 Thesmophoriazusæ, 502, 516.

315 Euripides, Ion, line 144.

316 Xenophon, Œconomicus, chapter iv., par. 5.

317 Ælian, liber ii., caput vii.

318 Plutarch, Lycurgus (Dryden trans.), vol. i., p. 82.

319 Dionysius Halic., bk. ii., par. vii.

321 Thos. Collett Sandars, Institutes of Justinian, p. 3.

323 Gibbon, vol. iv., p. 341: “The law of nature instructs most animals to cherish and educate their youthful progeny. The law of reason inculcates to the human species the returns of filial piety. But the exclusive, absolute and perpetual dominion of the father over his children is peculiar to the Roman jurisprudence and seems to be coeval with the foundation of the city.”

324 Dionysius Halic., bk. ii., par. 15.

325 W. A. Hunter, Roman Law, p. 190, calls the conclave of neighbours a “humane and interesting exception.” John P. McLennon, in Primitive Marriage, says it is a “fine example of good old savage law.” According to Hunter, infanticide receives its first customary check when the destruction of males and the eldest female is forbidden: the ancient tribes preferring rather to steal their wives than to rear them.

326 Dionysius Halic., bk., ii., par. 26.

327 “Numa Pompilius,” Plutarch, Dryden’s Translations, vol. ix., p. 106: “He is also much to be commended for the repeal, or rather amendment, of that law which gives power to fathers to sell their children; he exempted such as were married, conditionally that it had been with the liking and the consent of their parents; for it seems a hard thing that a woman who had given herself in marriage to a man she judged free, should afterwards find herself living with a slave.”

328 Valerius Maximus, edition of 1678, lib. v., cap. viii. According to Niebuhr, the story was disbelieved, and the historian himself says it is an invention by those who found it difficult to believe that after three consulships and as many triumphs, Cassius was still in his father’s potestas. Hist. of Rome, vol. ii., p. 167.

329 Stephen, Hist. of the Criminal Law of England, p. 1.

331 Madame Dacier observes upon this passage, that the ancients thought themselves guilty of a heinous offence if they suffered their children to die without having bestowed on them some of their property; it was consequently the custom of the women, before exposing children, to attach to them some jewel or trinket among their clothes, hoping thereby to avoid incurring the guilt above mentioned, and to ease their consciences.

332 Madame Dacier says that the meaning of this passage is this: Chremes tells his wife that by having given this ring, she has done two good acts instead of one—she has both cleared her conscience and saved the child; for had there been no ring or token exposed with the infant, the finder would not have been at the trouble of taking care of it, but might have left it to perish, never suspecting it would be inquired after, or himself liberally rewarded for having preserved it. (Bohn trans.) See chapters xii. and xiii.

333 This he says by way of palliating the cruelty he was guilty of in his orders to have the child put to death.

334 Greenidge, Roman Public Life.

335 Becker’s Gallus, p. 178.

336 According to Festus (De Verborum Significatione), there was a celibate fine. Cicero, De Leg., iii., 3, and Val. Max., ii., 9, i.

337 Becker’s Gallus, p. 179.

Apæcides—“I’ faith, money’s a handsome dowry.” Periphanes—“Indeed it is, when it isn’t encumbered with a wife.”—Plautus, Epidicus, act ii., scene i.

338 Becker’s Gallus, pp. 42 to 46; Suetonius, Claudius, p. 25; Horace, Epistle, ii., 2, 27; Martial, xii., 57, 14; Plautus, Merc., iii., 4, 78; Roman Life Under the Cæsars, Emile Thomas, p. 59.

339 M. Dezobry, Rome au Siècle d’Auguste, Plautus, Hecyra, Prologue.

340 “Those funerals with their horns and trumpets meeting in the Forum” was Horace’s idea of the height of noise.

341 Becker’s Gallus, p. 46; Martial, vii., 61.

342 Gaius, ii., 286: “Unmarried persons who by the lex Julia are debarred from taking inheritances and legacies were in olden times considered capable of taking fideicommissa. Likewise childless persons, who by the lex Papia lose half their inheritance and legacies because they have no children, were in the olden time considered capable of taking fideicommissa in full. But afterward by the senatus consultum Pegasianum they were forbidden to take fideicommissa as well as inheritances and legacies. And those were transferred to those persons named in the testament who had children, or if none of them had children, to the populus, just as the rule is regarding legacies and inheritances.”

343 Tacitus, Ann., iii., p. 28.

344 Suetonius, Octavius, par. 65.

345 Suetonius, Life of Claudius, par. 27.

346 Velia was a town in Liguria destroyed by a mountain slide. It was near the present town of Piacenza, about an hour’s railway ride from Milan. In 1747 the inscription was found, one of the longest that has come down to us, containing six hundred and thirty lines in seven columns.

347 The usual rate in provinces was twelve per cent. Pliny, Epist., x., 62 (duodenis assibus). Later, Alex. Severus lent money to the poor to enable them to buy land at three per cent.

348 Tacitus, Ann., iv., 27.

349 Pliny’s Letters, Letter 72, vol. ii.

350 Tertullian, Epst., 9.

351 Digest, xlviii., 9, 5.

352 De Verborum Significatione, p. 188, edition Lipsiæ, 1880. Line six reads: “Lactaria columna in foro olitorio dicta, quod ibi infantes lacte alendos deferebant.”

353 M. A. Seneca, Opera. Biponti, 1783.

354 Hunter, Spartianus, part xvii., p. 67.

355 Julianus, 611; Walker, p. 77.

356 Gerardus Noodt, Opera Omnia, 1767. Cornelius Van Binkershoek, Opera Omnia, 1761.

357 Abdy and Walker, Institutes of Justinian, Appendix A. Ortolan, p. 325.

358 Duruy, vol. v., p. 175.

359 Cambridge University Press, p. 122.

360 Duruy, vol. v., p. 467. E. E. Bryant, Life of Antoninus Pius, p. 122, refers to the inscription at Aquileia of a “præfectus alimentorum” as indicative of what Pius had done.

362 Gibbon, vol. i., p. 497.

363 Zosimus, book ii., says parents were obliged to sell their children to pay the tax collectors.

364 Codex Theodosianus, xi., 27, 1–2.

365 Chapter xx., p. 407, vol. i.

366 Justinian Code, viii., 52, 2. Quod si exponendam putave it; animadversoni, quæ constituta est, subjacebit.

367 Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, p. 1. E. A. Freeman, Historical Studies.

368 Charles Loring Brace, Gesta Christi, p. 111.

369 W. E. H. Lecky, History of European Morals, vol. ii., p. 27.

370 Barnabas, Epistle, chapter xix.

371 Justin, Apol., i., chapter xxvii., p. 30.

372 Justin, Apol., i., chapter xxix., p. 31.

373 Athanagoras, Plea, chapter xxxv., p. 419.

374 A. J. Dogour, Recherches sur les Enfants Trouvés, p. 61.

375 Tertullian, Apologeticus, par. 90.

376 Tertullian, Ad Nationes, chapter xv.

377 Clement of Alexandria, Pædagogus, chapter iii., p. 3.

378 Minucius Felix, Oct., chapters xxx. and xxxi.

379 Vision of Paul, par. 40.

380 Codex Theodosianus, xi., xxvii., 1.

381 Ibid., lib. ii., tit. 27.

382 Ibid., lib. v., tit. 7 and 8.

383 Codex Theodosianus, chapter iii., title 3.

384 Codex Theodosianus.

385 Terme et Monfalcon, p. 79.

386 Acta Conciliorum Parisiis, 1715. Tome i., p. 1789. Chapters Concilium Vasense, Anno Christi 442, chapters 9 and 10.

387 Terme et Monfalcon, p. 80.

388 S. A. Dunham, Europe in the Middle Ages, p. 8.

389 Matthew xxviii., 19, 20.

390 Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, book iii., chapter i.

391 Theodoretius, History of the Church, book iv., chapter xxx.

392 Smith and Chetam, Dict. of Ch. Antiq. Missions (see also Socrates, Ecc. Hist., vii., 30; Ozanam, Civilisation chez les Francs, p. 51).

393 Thomas Moore, History of Ireland, vol. i., p. 49.

394 Guizot, Civilization, vol. i., p. 429.

395 La Boulaye, Recherches sur la condition de la femme depuis les Romains jusque au nos jours.

396 Ammian. Marcell., xvii., 8.

397 Codex, second edition of Hessels and Kern, xxviii., section 4, and the Wolfenbuttel edition as quoted by Garabed Artin Davoud-Oghlou, Histoire de la législation des Anciens Germains, vol. i., p. 496.

398 A sou was worth about 1000 grains of silver and the denier had a weight of about 25 grains of silver. Davoud-Oghlou, vol. i., p. 465.

399 Leys Salica, column 491.

400 J. F. A. Payre, Lois des Francs, pp. 82 and 83. The kings and the nobles wore their hair long, while the plain people wore their hair short, as did the Romans for whom these barbarians had a great contempt.

401 Dugour, p. 93; Davoud-Oghlou, vol. i., p. 613; Lallemand, p. 91.

402 “Parentes qui cogente necessitate filios suos alimentorum gratia vendiderint ingenuiati eorum non pare juicant. Homo enim liber pretio nullo æstimatur.” Edictum Theodorici, art. 94.

403 Thomas Hodgkin, The Letters of Cassiodorus, book viii., letter 33.

404 Terme et Monfalcon, Hist. des Enfants Trouvés, p. 28.

405 Terme et Monfalcon, p. 84.

406 Lerousse, Bathilde.

407 Lebeau, Hist. du Bas Empire, vol. vi., p. 179.

408 The History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, vol. i., p. 414, translated by Benj. Thorpe.

409 Laws of Hloth. and Ead., vi. Ine, vii. Æthels., v. i. By the Salic law also (tit. xxvi., art. 6) twelve was fixed as the age of responsibility.

410 See Laws of Cnut, lxxvii.

412 Gaillard, p. 83.

413 Muratori, Antiquates italicæ medii ævi, Mediolani, 1740, vol. iii., p. 587.

414 Pontani, Opera, Basil, 1566, t. i., chapter xix.

415 Gaillard, vol. i., p. 85.

416 Histoire de Languedoc.

419 Gaillard, vol. i., p. 85. Bulletin Ferussac, pact de la Geog., t. xvi., p. 66.

420 Ramcle, p. 34. Bullarium Romanorum, t. i., p. 74.

421 See Bull of Innocent III., 28th of April, 1198.

422 Beckmann, Histoire des Inventions et Découvertes, tome iv.

423 Dictionnaire des Sciences Medicales, “Enfans Trouvés.”

424 Ramcle, 38. Bullarium Romanorum, Nicholas IV.

426 Cited by de Breuil.

427 Histoire de Languedoc, tome iii., p. 43.

429 Rapport fait à l’Académie Royale des Sciences. Par MM. Dumeril et Coquebert-Monbret. Paris, 1825, p. x.

430 Considérations sur les Enfants Trouvés, Benoiston de Chateauneuf, p. x.

431 Gaillard, p. 90.

432 Gaillard, p. 90.

433 Id., p. 90. Chateauneuf.

434 At that time Louis was at war with Germany in the Pays-Bas and in Cologne, and the conspiracy of Cinq-Mars had just been discovered.

435 Terme et Monfalcon, p. 100.

436 Gaillard, p. 92.

438 L. F. Salzman, English Industries of the Middle Ages, p. 229.

439 Memorials of London and London Life, ed. by H. T. Riley, p. 549.

440 W. J. Ashley, The English Economic History, p. 9.

441 O. J. Dunlop and R. D. Denman, English Apprenticeship and Child Labour, p. 29.

443 H. T. Riley, Memorials of London and London Life, p. 278.

444 Act of Henry VIII., passed by the Common Council of London, September 27, 1556. See A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London, vol. i., ed. by Ed. Arber, introduction, p. xli.

445 H. de B. Gibbins, Industry in England, p. 341.

446 Rep., 7 and 8 Vict. c. 101, s. 13.

447 Macaulay, History of England, vol. i., pp. 389 and 390.

448 Chamberlayne’s State of England; Petty’s Political Arithmetic, chapter viii.; Dunning’s Plain and Easy Method; Firmin’s Proposition for the Employing of the Poor. “It ought to be observed that Firmin was an eminent philanthropist,” Macaulay observes.