THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN

Volume I

By Charles Darwin

Edited By His Son Francis Darwin



CONTENTS

VOLUME I
PREFACE
LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN.
VOLUME I.
CHAPTER 1.I. — THE DARWIN FAMILY.
CHAPTER 1.II. — AUTOBIOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER 1.III. — REMINISCENCES OF MY FATHER'S EVERYDAY LIFE.
CHAPTER 1.IV. — CAMBRIDGE LIFE.
CHAPTER 1.V. — THE APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.'
CHAPTER 1.VI. — THE VOYAGE.
CHAPTER 1.VII. — LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE.
CHAPTER 1.VIII. — RELIGION.
CHAPTER 1.IX. — LIFE AT DOWN.
CHAPTER 1.X. — THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
     Chapter I. "On the kind of intermediateness necessary, and the number
     Chapter II. "The gradual appearance and disappearance of organic
     Chapter III. "Geographical Distribution." Corresponds to Chapters XI.
     Chapter IV. "Affinities and Classification of Organic beings."
     Chapter V. "Unity of Type," Morphology, Embryology.
     Chapter VI. Rudimentary Organs.
     Chapter VII. Recapitulation and Conclusion.
CHAPTER 1.XI. — THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
CHAPTER 1.XII. — THE UNFINISHED BOOK.
CHAPTER 1. XIII. — THE WRITING OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
CHAPTER 1.XIV. — BY PROFESSOR HUXLEY.





THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF

CHARLES DARWIN

Volume II

By Charles Darwin

Edited By His Son Francis Darwin

CONTENTS

TRANSCRIPT OF A FACSIMILE OF A PAGE FROM A NOTE-BOOK OF 1837.
LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN.
VOLUME II.
CHAPTER 2.I. — THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
CHAPTER 2.II. — THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES' (continued).
CHAPTER 2.III. — SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
CHAPTER 2.IV. — THE SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
CHAPTER 2.V. — THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION.'
CHAPTER 2.VI. — WORK ON 'MAN.'
CHAPTER 2.VII. — PUBLICATION OF THE 'DESCENT OF MAN.'
CHAPTER 2.VIII. — MISCELLANEA
CHAPTER 2.IX. — MISCELLANEA (continued)
CHAPTER 2.X. — FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS.
CHAPTER 2.XI. — THE 'EFFECTS OF CROSS- AND SELF-FERTILISATION
CHAPTER 2.XII. — 'DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES.'
CHAPTER 2.XIII. — CLIMBING AND INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.
CHAPTER 2.XIV. — THE 'POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS.'
CHAPTER 2.XV. — MISCELLANEOUS BOTANICAL LETTERS.
CHAPTER 2.XVI. — CONCLUSION.
APPENDIX I.
APPENDIX II.
Notes upon the Rhea Americana. Zoology Society Proc., Part v. 1837.
Notes on the Effects produced by the Ancient Glaciers of
Notes on the Fertilization of Orchids. Annals and Magazine of Natural
APPENDIX III.
APPENDIX IV.





MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN


By Charles Darwin



CONTENTS

PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN.
VOLUME I.
OUTLINE OF CHARLES DARWIN'S LIFE.
CHARLES DARWIN
CHAPTER 1.I.—AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL FRAGMENT, AND EARLY LETTERS.
CHAPTER 1.II.—EVOLUTION, 1844-1858.
CHAPTER 1.III.—EVOLUTION, 1859-1863.
CHAPTER 1.IV.—EVOLUTION, 1864-1869.
CHAPTER 1.V.—EVOLUTION, 1870-1882.
CHAPTER 1.VI.—GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1843-1867.





MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN, VOLUME II

By Charles Darwin



CONTENTS

MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN
VOLUME II
CHAPTER 2.VII.—GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
CHAPTER 2.VIII.—MAN.
CHAPTER 2.IX. GEOLOGY, 1840-1882.
CHAPTER 2.X.—BOTANY, 1843-1871.
CHAPTER 2.XI.—BOTANY, 1863-1881.
CHAPTER 2.XII.





THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES DARWIN

From The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin

By Charles Darwin

Edited by his Son Francis Darwin

CAMBRIDGE 1828-1831.
"VOYAGE OF THE 'BEAGLE' FROM DECEMBER 27, 1831, TO OCTOBER 2, 1836."
FROM MY RETURN TO ENGLAND (OCTOBER 2, 1836) TO MY MARRIAGE (JANUARY 29,
FROM MY MARRIAGE, JANUARY 29, 1839, AND RESIDENCE IN UPPER GOWER STREET,
RESIDENCE AT DOWN FROM SEPTEMBER 14, 1842, TO THE PRESENT TIME, 1876.
MY SEVERAL PUBLICATIONS.
WRITTEN MAY 1ST, 1881.





CHARLES DARWIN: HIS LIFE TOLD IN AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER,
AND IN A SELECTED SERIES OF HIS PUBLISHED LETTERS

Edited By His Son, Francis Darwin, F.R.S.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
I. —The Darwins 1
II. —Autobiography 5
III. —Religion 55
IV. —Reminiscences 66
V. —Cambridge Life—The Appointment to the Beagle: 1828-1831 104
VI. —The Voyage: 1831-1836 124
VII. —London and Cambridge: 1836-1842 140
VIII. —Life at Down: 1842-1854 150
IX. —The Foundations of the Origin of Species: 1831-1844 165
X. —The Growth of the Origin of Species: 1843-1858 173
XI. —The Writing of the Origin of Species, June 1858, to November 1859 185
XII. —The Publication of the Origin of Species, October to December 1859 206
XIII. —The Origin of Species—Reviews and Criticisms—Adhesions and Attacks: 1860 223
XIV. —The Spread of Evolution: 1861-1871 245
XV. —Miscellanea—Revival of Geological Work—The Vivisection Question—Honours 281
XVI. —The Fertilisation of Flowers 297
XVII. —Climbing Plants—Power of Movement in Plants—Insectivorous Plants—Kew Index of Plant Names 313
XVIII. —Conclusion 325
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX
I. —The Funeral in Westminster Abbey 329
II. —Portraits 331
Index 333





CORAL REEFS

By Charles Darwin

Plates and drawings unavailable

CONTENTS

EDITORIAL NOTE.
CORAL REEFS.
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.
THE STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CORAL REEFS.
CRITICAL INTRODUCTION.
CORAL-REEFS.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I.—ATOLLS OR LAGOON-ISLANDS.
CHAPTER II.—BARRIER REEFS.
CHAPTER III.—FRINGING OR SHORE-REEFS.
CHAPTER IV.—ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND GROWTH OF CORAL-REEFS.
CHAPTER V.—THEORY OF THE FORMATION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF
CHAPTER VI.—ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CORAL-REEFS WITH REFERENCE TO THE
APPENDIX.





VOLCANIC ISLANDS

By Charles Darwin



CONTENTS

EDITORIAL NOTE.
VOLCANIC ISLANDS.
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON VOLCANIC ISLANDS.
CHAPTER I.—ST. JAGO, IN THE CAPE DE VERDE ARCHIPELAGO.
CHAPTER II.—FERNANDO NORONHA; TERCEIRA; TAHITI, ETC.
CHAPTER III.—ASCENSION.
CHAPTER IV.—ST. HELENA.
CHAPTER V.—GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO.
CHAPTER VI.—TRACHYTE AND BASALT.—DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANIC ISLES.
CHAPTER VII.—AUSTRALIA; NEW ZEALAND; CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
INDEX TO VOLCANIC ISLANDS.





A MONOGRAPH ON THE SUB-CLASS CIRRIPEDIA (Vol. 1 of 2)

The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes

By Charles Darwin

CONTENTS

List of Species
Lepas 67
1. Lepas anatifera 73
2. Lepas Hillii 77
3. Lepas anserifera 81
4. Lepas pectinata 86
5. Lepas australis 89
6. Lepas fascicularis 92
Pæcilasma 99
1. Pæcilasma Kæmpferi 102
2. Pæcilasma aurantia 105
3. Pæcilasma crassa 107
4. Pæcilasma fissa 109
5. Pæcilasma eburnea 112
Dichelaspis 115
1. Dichelaspis Warwickii 120
2. Dichelaspis Grayii 123
3. Dichelaspis pellucida 125
4. Dichelaspis Lowei 128
5. Dichelaspis orthogonia 130
Oxynaspis 133
1. Oxynaspis celata 134
Conchoderma 136
1. Conchoderma aurita 141
2. Conchoderma virgata 146
C. virgata, var. chelonophilus 151
C. virgata, var. Olfersii 152
3. Conchoderma Hunteri 153
Alepas 156
1. Alepas minuta 160
2. Alepas parasita 163
3. Alepas cornuta 165
4. Alepas tubulosa 169
Anelasma 169
1. Anelasma squalicola 170
Ibla 180
1. Ibla Cumingii 183
2. Ibla quadrivalvis 203
Scalpellum 215
Sub-Carinâ Nullâ 222
1. Scalpellum vulgare 222
2. Scalpellum ornatum 244
3. Scalpellum rutilum 253
Sub-Carinâ Presente 259
4. Scalpellum rostratum 259
5. Scalpellum Peronii 264
6. Scalpellum villosum 274
Pollicipes 293
1. Pollicipes cornucopia 298
2. Pollicipes elegans 304
3. Pollicipes polymerus 307
4. Pollicipes mitella 316
5. Pollicipes spinosus 324
6. Pollicipes sertus 327
Lithotrya 331
1. Lithotrya dorsalis 351
2. Lithotrya cauta 356
3. Lithotrya nicobarica 359
4. Lithotrya rhodiopus 363
5. Lithotrya truncata 366
6. Lithotrya Valentiana 371





A MONOGRAPH ON THE SUB-CLASS CIRRIPEDIA (VOL. 2 OF 2)

THE BALANIDÆ, (OR SESSILE CIRRIPEDES); THE VERRUCIDÆ, ETC., ETC.

By Charles Darwin

CONTENTS

Page
Dedication v
Preface vii
Monograph on the Cirripedia 1
Introduction 1
On the Names given to the different parts of Cirripedes 3
Class Crustacea, Sub-Class Cirripedia 9
On the Sexual Relation of Cirripedes 23
Order I.-Thoracica 30
Family Balanidæ 33
Table of Contents 33
Structure of Shell 34
Structure of the Individual Compartments 43
Structure of the Radii 45
Structure of the Alæ 47
Structure of the Sheath 48
Structure of the Basis 49
Structure of the Opercular Valves (Scuta and Terga) 51
Growth of the Whole Shell, and Its Microscopical Structure 54
Muscles of Sack 61
Branchiæ 63
Thorax and Body 65
Muscular System 68
Movements and Muscles of the Cirri 71
Mouth 74
Cirri 81
Caudal Appendages 85
Alimentary Canal 85
Circulatory System 87
Nervous System 88
Eyes and Vision 93
Acoustic Organs 95
Olfactory Sacks 97
Male Organs of Generation 97
Female Organs of Generation 100
Metamorphoses and Homologies 102
Larva, First Stage 103
Larva, Second Stage 109
Larva in the Last or Pupal Stage 110
Act of Metamorphosis 126
On the Homologies of the Carapace and Shelly Valves 131
Cementing Apparatus 133
Affinities, Classification, Variation 152
Rate of Growth, Exuviation, Powers of Repairing Injuries 156
Geographical Range and Habits 159
Geological History 172
Sub-Family Balaninæ 175
1. Genus Balanus 177
Sections of the Genus 193
Section A 194
1. Balanus tintinnabulum 194
Var. communis, vesiculosus, validus, zebra, crispatus, spinosus, coccopoma, concinnus, intermedius, occator, d'Orbignii
Varieties 201
2. Balanus tulipiformis 204
3. Balanus psittacus 206
4. Balanus Capensis 209
5. Balanus Nigrescens 210
6. Balanus decorus 212
7. Balanus vinaceus 213
8. Balanus Ajax 214
Section B 216
9. Balanus stultus 216
10. Balanus calceolus 218
11. Balanus galeatus 220
12. Balanus cymbiformis 221
13. Balanus navicula 221
Section C 223
14. Balanus trigonus 223
15. Balanus spongicola 225
16. Balanus lævis 227
Var. nitidus, Coquimbensis
17. Balanus perforatus 231
Var. angustus, Cranchii, fistulosus, mirabilis
18. Balanus concavus 235
19. Balanus amphitrite 240
Var. communis, venustus, pallidus, niveus, modestus, Stutsburi, obscurus, variegatus, cirratus
Varieties 245
20. Balanus pocilus 245
21. Balanus eburneus 248
22. Balanus improvisus 250
Var. assimilis
23. Balanus nubilus 253
24. Balanus corrugatus 254
Section D 256
25. Balanus porcatus 256
26. Balanus patellaris 259
27. Balanus crenatus 261
28. Balanus glandula 265
Section E 267
29. Balanus balanoides 267
Varieties 270
30. Balanus cariosus 273
31. Balanus declivis 275
Section F 277
32. Balanus Hameri 277
33. Balanus amaryllis 279
34. Balanus allium 281
35. Balanus cepa 283
36. Balanus quadrivittatus 284
37. Balanus terebratus 285
38. Balanus vestitus 286
39. Balanus Imperator 288
40. Balanus flosculus 290
Var. sordidus
41. Balanus bisulcatus 293
Var. plicatus
42. Balanus dolosus 295
43. Balanus unguiformis 296
Var. erisma
44. Balanus varians 298
45. Balanus inclusus 299
2. Sub-Genus Acasta 302
1. Acasta spongites 308
2. Acasta sulcata 310
3. Acasta cyathus 312
4. Acasta undulata 313
5. Acasta glans 314
6. Acasta lævigata 315
7. Acasta fenestrata 316
8. Acasta purpurata 318
9. Acasta sporillus 319
3. Genus Tetraclita 321
1. Tetraclita porosa 329
Var. communis, nigrescens, viridis, rubescens, elegans, communis (young), patellaris
2. Tetraclita serrata 334
3. Tetraclita rosea 335
4. Tetraclita purpurascens 337
5. Tetraclita costata 339
6. Tetraclita vitiata 340
7. Tetraclita corulescens 342
8. Tetraclita radiata 343
4. Genus Elminius 345
1. Elminius Kingii 348
2. Elminius modestus 350
3. Elminius plicatus 351
4. Elminius simplex 353
5. Genus Pyrgoma 355
1. Pyrgoma anglicum 360
2. Pyrgoma Stokesii 361
3. Pyrgoma cancellatum 362
4. Pyrgoma conjugatum 364
5. Pyrgoma grande 365
6. Pyrgoma milleporæ 367
7. Pyrgoma dentatum 369
8. Pyrgoma crenatum 370
9. Pyrgoma monticulariæ 372
Species dubiæ 374
6. Sub-Genus Creusia 375
1. Creusia spinulosa 376
Varieties with the Scuta and Terga calcified together 380
7. Genus Chelonobia 382
1. Chelonobia testudinaria 392
2. Chelonobia caretta 394
3. Chelonobia patula 396
Second Section of the Sub-Family of Balaninæ 397
8. Genus Coronula 397
1. Coronula balænaris 415
2. Coronula diadema 417
3. Coronula reginæ 419
4. Coronula barbara 421
Species Dubiæ 423
9. Genus Platylepas 424
1. Platylepas bissexlobata 428
2. Platylepas decorata 429
Species Dubiæ 430
10. Genus Tubicinella 430
1. Tubicinella trachealis 431
11. Genus Xenobalanus 438
1. Xenobalanus globicipitis 440
Sub-Family Chthamalinæ 446
12. Genus Chthamalus 447
1. Chthamalus stellatus 455
Var. communis, fragilis, depressus
2. Chthamalus antennatus 460
3. Chthamalus cirratus 461
4. Chthamalus fissus 462
5. Chthamalus dentatus 463
6. Chthamalus Hembeli 465
7. Chthamalus intertextus 467
8. Chthamalus scabrosus 468
13. Nov. Genus Chamæsipho 470
1. Chamæsipho columna 470
2. Chamæsipho scutelliformis 472
14. Nov. Genus Pachylasma 475
1. Pachylasma giganteum 477
2. Pachylasma aurantiacum 480
15. Genus Octomeris 482
1. Octomeris angulosa 483
2. Octomeris brunnea 484
16. Genus Catophragmus 485
1. Catophragmus polymerus 487
2. Catophragmus imbricatus 490
Remarks on Bronn's List of Fossil Balaninæ and Chthamalinæ 492
Family Verrucidæ 495
Genus Verruca 496
Powers of Excavation 512
1. Verruca Strömia 518
2. Verruca lævigata 520
3. Verruca Spengleri 521
4. Verruca nexa 522
5. Verruca prisca 525
Family Lepadidæ 526
Genus Alcippe 529
Alcippe lampas 530
Female 530
Male 555
Order II.-Abdominalia 563
Cryptophialus minutus 566
Female 566
Male 584
Order III.-Apoda 587
Proteolepas bivincta 589
Synopsis et Index Systematicus 606
Synopsis et Index Systematicus Specierum, et recentium, et fossilum 611
Description of plates 641
Plate 1. Balanus tintinnabulum 641
Plate 2. Genus Balanus 641
Plate 3. Genus Balanus 642
Plate 4. Genus Balanus 642
Plate 5. Genus Balanus 642
Plate 6. Genus Balanus 643
Plate 7. Genus Balanus 643
Plate 8. Genus Balanus 644
Plate 9. Sub-Genus Acasta 644
Plate 10. Genus Tetraclita 645
Plate 11. Genera Tetraclita and Elminius 645
Plate 12. Genera Elminius and Pyrgoma 646
Plate 13. Genera Pyrgoma and Creusia 646
Plate 14. Genera Creusia and Chelonobia 647
Plate 15. Genera Chelonobia and Coronula 648
Plate 16. Genus Coronula 649
Plate 17. Genera Platylepas, Tubicinella, and Xenobalanus 651
Plate 18. Genus Chthamalus 652
Plate 19. Genera Chthamalus, Chamæsipho, and Pachylasma 652
Plate 20. Genera Pachylasma, Octomeris, and Catophragmus 653
Plate 21. Genus Verruca 654
Plate 22. Alcippe lampas 655
Plate 23. Genera Alcippe and Cryptophialus 658
Plate 24. Genera Cryptophialus and Proteolepas 660
Plate 25. Genera Proteolepas and Balanus 662
Plate 26. Structure of the Mouth and Thorax 664
Plate 27. Nervous System and Senses 666
Plate 28. Cementing Apparatus 667
Plate 29. Cirri and Larvæ, first stages 669
Plate 30. Larvæ of Lepas: second and last stages of development 671
Errata 674
Index 675
Plates 685