485 Neilson, Trial by Combat, pp. 122-7.
486 Actes du Parlement de Paris, T. I. p. cccvii.
487 Contraria consuetudine non obstante.—Cart. de l’Église de Paris, II. 393-4.
488 Archives Administratives de Reims, T. I. p. 733.
489 Berger, Registres d’Innocent IV. n. 6184 (T. III. p. 148).
490 Harduin. Concil. VII. 384.
491 Compilat. V. Lib. V. Tit. vii. (Ed. Friedberg, p. 184). “Rem hactenus inauditam et tam juri scripto quam æquitati contrariam.”
492 Fit pugna si ecclesia contra ecclesiam habet controversiam vel contra privatum et instrumentum dicatur falsum.—Odofredi Summa de Pugna (Patetta, p. 483).
493 Joh. Friburgens. Summæ Confessorum Lib. II. Tit. iii. Q. 3, 5, 6.—Cf. Baptist. de Saulis Summam Rosellam s. v. Dispensatio, § 7.
494 Proost, Législation des Jugements de Dieu, p. 19.
495 It is not easy to understand the remark of Olivier de la Marche, in the latter half of the fifteenth century (Traités du Duel Judiciaire, p. 44, communicated to me by George Neilson, Esq.), warning judges that they cannot condemn clerks to the duel except in cases of lèse majesté and those affecting the faith. At that time the faith was exclusively in the hands of the Inquisition, and the canons admit of no exception to clerical immunity in cases of treason. In both matters torture had long before proved itself vastly more efficient than the clumsy and doubtful ordeals.
496 Du Cange, s. v. Bellum.
497 Muratori, Antiq. Ital. Dissert. 39.—Among various other examples given by the same author is one of the year 1010, in which the court of the bishop of Aretino grants the combat to decide a case between a monastery and a layman.
498 Neilson, Trial by Combat, pp. 76, 81.
499 Ivon. Epist. cxlviii.
500 Ivon. Epist. ccxlvii.
501 Pet. Cantor. Verb. Abbreviat. cap. lxxviii.
502 Migne’s Patrologia, T. 188, p. 1287.
503 Baildon, Select Civil Pleas, I. 43.
504 Lib. Pract. de Consuetud. Remens, passim (Archives Législatives de Reims).
505 Archives Adminst. de Reims, T. I. p. 822.
506 Actes du Parlement de Paris, T. I. p. cccvii.
507 Cartulaire de l’Église de Paris, III. 433. After the first blows the parties could be separated on payment of a fine to the court, from the recipient of which the name is evidently derived. Apparently the good canons drew a distinction between awarding the duel and engaging in it, for we have already seen (p. 159) that twenty-four years before they had obtained from Innocent IV. a special privilege exempting them from the necessity of maintaining their rights by battle.
508 Cartulaire de l’Église de Paris, I. 234.
509 Ibid. I. 79-80.
510 Patetta, Le Ordalie, p. 437.
511 Les Olim, I. 24.
512 Actes du Parl. de Paris, T. I. No. 2122, C. p. 197.
513 Actes du Parl. de Paris, T. I. p. 446.
514 Du Cange, s. v. Arramiatio.
515 Les Olim, III. 679.
516 Voirs est que tuit li cas où il pot avoir gages de bataille ou peril de perdre vie ou membre, doivent estre justicié par le laie justice; ne ne s’en doit sainte Église meller.—Coutumes du Beauvoisis, cap. xi. art. 30.
517 See the Registre Criminel de la Justice de St. Martin-des-Champs (Paris, 1877).
518 Joh. Friburgens. Summæ Confessorum Lib. II. Tit. iii. Q. 5.
519 En la cort de la mer na point de bataille por prueve ne por demande de celuy veage.—Assises de Jerusalem, cap. xliii.
520 Pardessus, Us et Coutumes de la Mer.
521 Livres de Jostice et de Plet, Liv. VII. Tit. iv. § 2.
522 According to Bracton, the appellant in criminal cases appears always obliged to swear to his own personal knowledge, visu ac auditu, of the crime alleged. This, however, was not the case elsewhere. Among the glossators on the Lombard law there were warm disputes as to the propriety, in certain cases, of forcing one of the contestants to commit perjury. The matter will be found treated at some length in Savigny’s Geschichte d. Rom. Recht. B. IV. pp. 159 sqq. Cf. Odofredi Summa de Pugna (Patetta, pp. 485-7).
The formula of the oath as given in the Fleta is as follows: The parties take each other by the hand and first the appellee swears, “Hoc audis, homo quem per manum teneo, qui A. te facis appellari per nomen baptismi tui, quod ego C. fratrem tuum, vel alium parentem vel dominum non occidi, vel plagam ei feci ullo genere armorum per quod remotior esse debuit a vita et morti propinquior; sic me Deus adjuvet et hæc Sancta, etc.” Then the appellant responds: “Hoc audis homo quem per manum teneo, qui te R. facis appellari per nomen baptismi tui, quod tu es perjurus et ideo perjurus quia tali anno, tali die, tali hora et tali loco nequiter et in felonia occidisti C. fratrum meum tali genere armorum, unde obiit infra triduum; sic me Deus, etc.”—Lib. I. cap. xxxii. §§ 28, 29.—Bracton, Lib. III. Tract ii. c. 21, § 2.
In the German law the oath was simpler, but quite as absolute.—Jur. Prov. Saxon, Lib I. cap. lxii.—Sachsische Weichbild, xxxv. 8.
By the ordonnance of Philippe le Bel in 1306 each party was obliged to take three solemn oaths on relics before a priest, asserting his good cause in the most positive manner and his reliance on the judgment of God.—Isambert, Anc. Lois Françaises, II. 840.
523 Cod. Leg. Normann. P. I. c. lxiv. (Ludewig. Reliq. MSS. T. VII. p. 270).—Anc. Cout. de Normandie (Bourdot de Richebourg, IV. 29).
524 Leg. Alamann. Tit. 84.
525 Capit. Ludov. Pii ann. 819, cap. x. A somewhat similar provision occurs in the L. Burgund. Tit. xlv. et lxxx.
526 L. Guillelmi Conquest. III. xii. (Thorpe, I. 493).—A previous law, however, had assessed a Norman appellant sixty sous when defeated (Ibid. II. ii.).
527 L. Henrici I. cap. lix. § 15.
528 Glanvil. de Leg. Angl. Lib. II. cap. iii.
529 Pipe Roll Society, I. 21; II. 31, 46, 59; III. 10.
530 Maitland, Select Pleas of the Crown, I. 108.
531 Solement ceux vainqus sont quittes ou lour clients pur eux rendre aux combattants vanquishours 40 sous en nosme de recreantise et ruaille peur la bourse a mettre eins ses deniers oustre le jugement sur le principall.—Horne’s Myrror of Justice, cap. iii. sect. 23.
532 Formul. Vetus in L. Longobard. (Georgisch, p. 1276).
533 For d’Oloron, Art. 21.
534 Bracton, Lib. III. Tract. ii. cap. 18, § 4. In another passage, Bracton gives a reason for this clemency—“Si autem victus sit in campo ... quamvis ad gaolam mittendus sit, tamen sit ei aliquando gratia de misericordia, quia pugnat pro pace” (Ibid. cap. 21, § 7). See also the Fleta, Lib. I. cap. xxxii. § 32.
535 Étab. de Normandie, Tit. “De prandre fame à force” (Marnier).
536 Lib. Juris Civilis Veronæ, cap. 78 (p. 63).
537 Odofredi Summa de Pugna c. xii. (Patetta, p. 491-2).
538 Qui calumniam illatam non probat, pœnam debet incurrere quam si probasset reus utique sustineret.—C. 2 Decret. Caus. v. q. vi.
Guillielmi Brito. Phillippidos Lib. VIII.
It will be observed that the pre-existing Norman custom here described is precisely that indicated above by Glanville.
540 E. g. Établissements Lib. I. cap. 27 and 91.—“Cil qui seroit vaincus seroit pendus” (cap. 82).
541 Beaumanoir, chap. lxiv. § 10.
542 Assises d’Antioche, Haute Cour, ch. xi.; Assises des Bourgeois, ch. vi. vii. See also Assises de Jerusalem, cap. 317.
543 Recta fides et æquitas et jus armorum volunt ut appellans eandem incurrat pœnam quam defendens, si is victus fuerit et subactus.—Formula Duelli, apud Spelman. Glossar. s. v. Campus.
544 Jur. Provin. Saxon. Lib. I. c. 63.—Jur. Provin. Alamann. cap. ccclxxxvi. §§ 19, 20 (Ed. Schilter.).
545 Sachsische Weichbild, 82.—Jur. Provin. Alamann. cap. clxviii. § 20; clxxii. § 18 (Ed. Senckenberg.).
546 Ibid. cap. ccxix. § 6 (Ed. Schilter.).
547 Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1369 (Mart. Ampl. Coll. V. 293-4).
548 Chron. Augustan. (Pistor. III. 684, Ed. 1726).
549 Assis. Hierosol. Alta Corte cap. cv. (Canciani, V. 208).
550 Würdinger, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Kampfrechtes in Bayern, p. 8.
551 Jur. Provin. Saxon. Lib. I. c. 63, 65.—Sachsische Weichbild, xxxv.—Jur. Provin. Alamann. cap. ccclxxxvi. § 31 (Ed. Schilter.); cap. clxxviii. §§ 7, 8 (Ed. Senckenb.). See Würdinger, p. 11, for the solemn sentence placing the defaulter under the ban.
552 Proost, Législation des Jugements de Dieu, pp. 18, 21.
553 For de Morlaas, Rubr. IV. art. 5.
554 Horne’s Myrror of Justice, cap. iv. sect. 13.—Pipe Roll Society, I. 65.
555 Schlegel Comment. ad Grágás § 31.—Grágás sect. VIII. cap. 105. A fanciful etymologist might trace to this custom the modern phrase of “posting a coward.”
556 Neilson, Trial by Combat, p. 128.
557 Jur. Provin. Alamann. cap. ccclxxxvi. § 32 (Ed. Schilter.); cap. clxxiii. § 13 (Ed. Senckenberg.).
558 Un Miracle de Notre-Dame d’Amis et d’Amille (Monmerqué et Michel, Théat. Français au Moyen-Age, p. 238).
Another passage in the same play signifies the equality of punishment for appellant and defendant in cases of defeat:—
559 Jur. Provin. Saxon, I. 63.
560 Venables, Lincolnshire Notes and Queries, Vol. I. p. 195 (1889). So an entry in the Pipe Roll for 1158-9 “Et in conductu Rad. Shirloc. 6s. 8d. Et pro apparatu ejusdem Rad. et socii ejus ad duellum 16s. 4d.”—Pipe Roll Society, I, 2.
561 Neilson, Trial by Combat, p. 42.
562 E. g. Constit. Sicular. Lib. II. Tit. xxxvii. § 1. This was also the case in Bohemia (Patetta, Le Ordalie, p. 159).
563 Laurière, Table des Ordonn. p. 10.
564 See facsimile of a record of a duel between Walter Blowberme and Hamo le Stare, where in the background the latter unlucky defendant is represented as hanging on a gallows (Maitland’s Select Pleas of the Crown, Vol. I.). It had already been engraved in Bysshe’s notes to Upton’s De Studio Militari, p. 37.
565 Revue Historique de Droit, 1861, p. 514.
566 Constit. Sicular. Lib. II. Tit. xxxvii. § 4.
567 This, moreover, was not permitted by Frederic (Ubi sup.).
568 Jur. Provin. Saxon. I. 63.
569 Würdinger, Beiträge, p. 22.
570 De Militari Officio Lib. II. cap. viii.
571 Book of Cynog, chap. xi. § 34 (Owen, II. 211).
572 Du Boys, op. cit. I. 611.
573 D’Achery Spicilegium, T. III. p. 376.
574 Odofredi Summa de Pugna, vii. xi. (Patetta, pp. 490, 491).
575 Galfridi Vit. Caroli Boni, cap. xiii. n. 94.
Similar persistence was exhibited in a combat before Richard II. in 1380. Katrington, the defeated defendant died the next day in delirium caused by exhaustion.—Neilson’s Trial by Combat, p. 172.
576 It is perhaps worthy of remark that in India, where the judicial duel was unknown, in the other ordeals one of the ancient lawgivers, Katyayana, allows, and in some cases prescribes, the use of champions.—Patella, Le Ordalie, p. 110.
577 L. Alamann. Add. cap. xxi.
578 L. Longobard. Lib. I. Tit. iii. § 6, and Lib. II. Tit. lv. § 12.
579 L. Anglior. et Werinor. Tit. XIV.
580 Licet unicuique pro se campionem mercede conducere si eum invenire potuerit.—Ll. Frision. Tit. XIV. c. iv.
581 Greg. Turon. Hist. Lib. X. cap. x. In this case, both combatants perished, when the accused was promptly put to death, showing that such a result was regarded as proving the truth of the offence alleged.
582 Horum enim causa accidit ut non solum valentes viribus, sed etiam infirmi et senes lacessantur ad certamen et pugnam etiam pro vilissimis rebus (Lib. adv. Legem Gundobadi cap. vii.). Mitte unum de tuis, qui congrediatur mecum singulari certamine, ut probat me reum tibi esse, si occiderit (Lib. contra Judicium Dei cap i.).
583 Liceat ei per campionem, id est per pugnam, crimen ipsum de super se si potuerit ejicere.—L. Longobard. Lib. I. Tit. i. § 8.
584 Proost, Législation des Jugements de Dieu, p. 82.
585 Jur. Provin. Saxon. Lib. I. art. 39, 48.—Sachsische Weichbild, art. xxxv. 2. 4; art. lxxxii. 2.
586 Patetta, Le Ordalie, pp. 427-9. Roffredo, after carefully enumerating six cases in which champions were allowed by the law, adds: “Hodie tamen de consuetudine permittitur cuilibet campionem dare.”—Odofredi Summa de Pugna (Patetta, p. 485).
587 Glanvil. de Leg. Angl. Lib. II. iii. Thus in a suit over a knight’s fee in 1201, the plaintiffs offer a champion, Walter Wider, “qui idem optulit ut de visu suo et auditu.”—Baildon, Select Civil Pleas, I. 33.
588 Cod. Leg. Norman. P. II. cap. lxiv. (Ludewig Reliq. MSS. VII. 416).
589 Étab. de Normandie, p. 21 (Marnier).
590 Assises d’Antioche, Haute Cour, ch. ix. xi. xii.; Assises des Bourgeois, ch. vi. vii.
591 Assis. Hierosol. Bassa Corte, cap. ccxxxviii. (Canciani, II. 534).—Constit. Sicular. Lib. II. Tit. xxxvii. § 2.
592 Neilson’s Trial by Combat, pp. 88, 90-1.
593 Horne’s Myrror of Justice, cap. iii. § 23.
594 Myrror of Justice, cap. iv. § 11.
595 Cod. Leg. Norman. P. II. cap. lxiv. § 18 (Ludewig VII 417).
596 Among the crimes entailing infamy is enumerated that of “ceux qui combatent mortelment pur loyer qui sont vanquish en combate joyné per jugement.”—Horne’s Myrror of Justice, cap. iv. sect. 13.
597 Et campioni qui victus fuerit, propter perjuriam quod ante pugnam commisit, dextra manus amputetur (Capit. Ludov. Pii ann. 819, § x.).—Victus vero in duello centum solidos et obolum reddere tenebitur. Pugil vero conductitius, si victus fuerit, pugno vel pede privabitur (Charta ann. 1203—Du Cange).—Also Beaumanoir, Cout. du Beauv., cap. lxvii. § 10 (Du Cange seems to me to have misinterpreted this passage).—See also Monteil’s admirable “Histoire des Français des divers États,” XVe Siècle, Hist. XIII.
598 Assis. Hierosol. Bassa Corte, cap. ccxxxviii. Alta Corte, cap. cv. (Canciani II. 534; V. 208).
599 Assises d’Antioche, Haute Cour, ch. xi.; Assises des Bourgeois, ch. vi. vii.
600 Et li campions vaincus a le poing copé; car se n’estoit por le mehaing qu’il emporte, aucuns, par barat, se porroit faindre par loier et se clameroit vaincus, par quoi ses mestres emporteroit le damace et le vilonie, et cil emporteroit l’argent; et por ce est bons li jugemens du mehaing (Cout. du Beauv., cap. lxi. § 14).
601 Isambert, Anciennes Lois Françaises V. 387.
602 Constit. Sicular. Lib. II. Tit. xxxvii. § 3.
603 Et post illam inquisitionem, tradat manum ipse camphio in manu parentis aut conliberti sui ante judicem.—L. Longobard. Lib. II. Tit. lv. § 11.
604 Thus the oath administered by the papal legate to William of Holland, on his receiving knighthood previous to his coronation as King of the Romans in 1247, contains the clause “pro liberatione cujuslibet innocentis duellum inire.”—Goldast. Constit. Imp. T. III. p. 400.
605 Anomalous Laws, Book x. chap. ii. § 9 (Owen, II. 315). The position thus acquired was that of brother or nephew in sharing and paying wer-gild.
606 Ut nemo furem camphium mancipiis aut de qualibet causa recipere præsumat, sicut sæpius dominus imperator commendavit.—Capit. Carol. Mag. ex L. Longobard. cap. xxxv. (Baluze).
607 Novel. CXV. cap. iii. § 10—more fully set forth in Lib. III. Cod. Tit. xxvii. l. 11.
608 Conseil. chap. xxxiii. tit. 32.
609 Ibid. chap. xv. tit. 87, which is a translation of Lib. IV. Dig. Tit. ii. l. 23, § 2.
610 Percutiat si quis hominem infamem, hoc est lusorem vel pugilem, aut mulierem publicam, etc.—Sachsische Weichbild, Art. cxxix. “Plusieurs larrons, ravisseurs de femmes, violleurs d’églises, batteurs à loyer,” etc.—Ordonn. de Charles VII. ann. 1447, also Anciennes Coutumes de Bretagne (Monteil, ubi sup.).
611 Johen de Beaumont dit que chanpions loiez, prové de tel chose, ne puet home apelier á gage de bataille an nul quas, si n’est por chanpion loiez por sa deffansse; car la poine de sa mauvese vie le doit bien en ce punir.—Livres de Jostice et de Plet, Liv. XIX. Tit. ii. § 4.
612 Campiones et eorum liberi (ita nati) et omnes qui illegitime nati sunt, et omnes qui furti aut pleni latrocinii nomine satisfecere, aut fustigationem sustinuere, hi omnes juris beneficiis carent.—Jur. Provin. Alaman. cap. xxxvi. § 2 (Ed. Schilter.).—Jur. Provin. Saxon. Lib. III. c. xlv.
613 Campionibus et ipsorum liberis emendæ loco datur fulgur ex clypeo nitido, qui soli obvertitur, ortum; hoc is qui eis satisfactionem debet loco emendæ præstare tenetur (Jur. Prov. Alaman. cap. cccv. § 15.—Jur. Provin. Saxon. Lib. III. art. xlv.). In the French version of the Speculum Suevicum, these emblematic measures of damage are followed by the remark “cestes emandes furent establies an la vieillie loy per les roys” (P. II. c. lxxxvi.), which would appear to show that they were disused in the territories for which the translation was made.
614 Richstich Landrecht, Lib. II. cap. xxv.
615 Odofredi Summa de Pugna c. v. (Patetta, p. 489).
616 Lib. Juris Civilis Veron. cap. 125, 126 (Veronæ, 1728, p. 95).
617 L. Longobard. Lib. II. Tit. lv. §§ 38, 40.
618 Muratori, Antiq. Ital. Dissert. 39.
619 L. Longobard. Lib. I. Tit. ix. § 37; Tit. x. § 4.
620 Vix enim aut nunquam duo pugiles inveniri poterunt sic æquales, etc.—Constit. Sicular. Lib. II. Tit. xxxiii.
621 Ibid. Lib. I. Tit. xxxiii.
622 Ibi tunc multi latrones a gladiatoribus singulari certamine devicti, suspendio perierunt.—Dithmari. Chron. Lib. VII.
623 Jur. Provin. Alaman. cap. xxxvi. § 2; cap. lx. § 1.