1318 Ivon. Decret. X. 15.

1319 Dialog. Ecbert. Ebor. Interrog. III. (Thorpe, II. 88).

1320 Abbon. Floriac. Epist. viii.

1321 Ivon. Carnotens. Epist. lxxiv.

1322 I have treated this matter in some detail in “Studies in Church History,” pp. 69-74, 190 sqq.

1323 Du Cange, s. v. Adramire.

1324 Revue Hist. de Droit, 1861, p. 478.

1325 Decret. Coloman. c. 11 (Batthyani T. I. p. 454).

1326 Lagrèze, Hist. du Droit dans les Pyrénées, p. 246.

1327 “Presbyter de ferro duas pensas et de aqua unam pensam accipiat.” Synod. Zabolcs. ann. 1092 can. 27 (Batthyani I. 439). Another reading makes the fee equal for both (Ib. II. 101).

1328 Jura Primæva Moraviæ, Brunæ, 1781, p. 26.

1329 Pet. Cantor. Verb. Abbreviat. cap. xxiv.

1330 Orderic. Vital. Lib. V. cap. v.

1331 Leg. Scanicar. Lib. VII. cap. 99 (Ed. Thorsen, p. 171). There is another provision that in certain cases of murder the accused could not be compelled to undergo the ordeal of the red-hot ploughshares unless the accuser was supported by twelve conjurators, when, if the accused was successful each of the twelve was obliged to pay him three marks, and the same sum to the priest.—Ib. L. V. c. 58 (p. 140). It was scarcely intelligible why these ordeals were not allowed to be performed in any week in which there was a church-feast (Ibid. p. 170-1).

1332 Post. Concil. Lateran. P. II. cap. 3, 11.

1333 Holophernicos.... Presbyteros, qui animas hominum carissime appreciatas vendant; fœminas nudatas aquis immergi impudicis oculis curiose perspiciant, aut grandi se pretio redimere cogant.—De Casibus S. Galli cap. xiv.

1334 Alex. PP. III. Epist. 74.

1335 Alex. PP. III. Epist. (Harduin. VI. II. 1439).

1336 Pet. Cantor. Verb. Abbreviat. cap. lxxviii.

1337 Hermanni Opusc. de sua Conversione c. 5 (Migne, CLXX. 814).

1338 Anon. Libell, adversus Errores Alberonis (Martene Ampl. Coll. IX. 1265).

1339 C. 8 Extra V. xxxiv.

1340 Can. 10 Extra V. 31.

1341 Innoc. PP. III. Regest. XIV. 138.—Yet abundant miracles in Strassburg testified to the divine favor in these trials.—Cæsar. Hiesterbac. Dist. III. c. 16, 17.

1342 Nec ... quisquam purgationi aquæ ferventis vel frigidæ, seu ferri candentis ritum cujuslibet benedictionis seu consecrationis impendat.—Concil Lateran. can. 18. In 1227, the Council of Trèves repeated the prohibition, but only applied it to the red-hot iron ordeal. “Item. nullus sacerdos candens ferrum benedicat.”—Concil. Trevirens. ann. 1227, cap. ix.

1343 Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1215.

1344 Vulgaris purgatio est quæ a vulgo est inventa, ut ferri candentis, aquæ ferventis vel frigidæ, panis vel casei, monomachiæ id est duelli et ceteræ hujusmodi: sed ista hodie in totum reprobata est et maledicta, tum quia inventa est a diabolo fabricante.—S. Raymundi Summæ Lib. III. Tit. xxxi. § 1.

1345 Ergo hujusmodi judicia sunt penitus reprobanda et purgatio per talia.—Alex. de Ales Summæ P. III. Q. xlvi. Membr. 3.

1346 Hostiensis Aureæ; Summæ Lib. V. De Purg. Vulg. § 3.

1347 Joh. Friburgens. Summæ Confessorum Lib. III. Tit. xxxi. Q. 2, 3.

1348 Astesani de Ast Summæ de Casibus Conscientiæ, P. I. Lib. I. Tit. xiv.

1349 Sachsenspiegel, ed. Ludovici, 1720, p. 619.

1350 Fontanon, IV. 942.

1351 Rymer, Fœd. I. 228.

1352 Prohibitum est judicium quod fieri consuevit per ignem et per aquam.—Mat. Westmon. ann. 1250.

1353 De cetero non fiat judicium per aquam vel ferrum, ut consuetum fuit antiquis temporibus.—Statut. Alex. II. cap. 7 § 3. There is some obscurity about this provision owing to variants in the MSS., but Mr. Neilson holds (Trial by Combat, p. 113;) that there can be little doubt that it abolished the ordeal wholly.

1354 Leges quæ a quibusdam simplicibus sunt dictæ paribiles ... præsentis nostri nominis sanctionis edicto in perpetuum inhibentes omnibus regni nostri judicibus, ut nullus ipsas leges paribiles, quæ absconsæ a veritate deberent potius nuncupari, aliquibus fidelibus nostris indicet.... Eorum etinim sensum non tam corrigendum duximus quam ridendum, qui naturalem candentis ferri calorem tepescere, imo (quod est stultius) frigescere, nulla justa causa superveniente, confidunt; aut qui reum criminis constitutum, ob conscientiam læsam tantum asserunt ab aquæ frigidæ elemento non recipi, quem submergi potius aeris competentis retentio non permittit.—Constit. Sicular. Lib. II. Tit. 31. This last clause would seem to allude to some artifice of the operators by which the accused was prevented from sinking in the cold-water ordeal when a conviction was desired.

This common sense view of the miracles so generally believed is the more significant as coming from Frederic, who, a few years previously, was ferociously vindicating with fire and sword the sanctity of the Holy Seamless Coat against the aspersions of unbelieving heretics. See his Constitutions of 1221 in Goldastus, Const. Imp. I. 293-4.

1355 Statut. MSS. Caroli I. cap. xxii. (Du Cange, s. v. Lex Parib.).

1356 Königswarter, op. cit. p. 176.

1357 Emon. Chron. ann. 1219 (Matthæi Analect. III. 72).

1358 Issued in 1323.

1359 Cod. Leg. Norman. P. II. c. X. §§ 2, 3 (Ludewig, Reliq. Mictorum. VII. 292). It is a little singular that the same phrase is retained in the authentic copy of the Coutumier, in force until the close of the sixteenth century.—Anc. Cout. de Normandie, c. 77 (Bourdot de Richebourg. IV. 32).

1360 C. iii. Extra, Lib. V. Tit. xxxv.—As embodied in the Decretals of Gregory IX. this canon omits a clause indicating how great was the detestation of the people for the ordeal thus imposed on them—“quare conversis et convertendis scandalum incutiunt et terrorem.”—Quint. Compilat. Honorii III. Lib. IV. Tit. xiv.

1361 Batthyani, Legg. Eccles. Hung. T. II. p. 436.—Hartzheim, IV. 27.

1362 Rogeri Bacon Epist. de Secretis Operibus Artis c. ii. (M. R. Series I. 526).

1363 Richstich Landrecht, cap. LII. The same provisions are to be found in a French version of the Speculum Suevicum, probably made towards the close of the fourteenth century for the use of the western provinces of the Empire.—Miroir de Souabe, P. I. c. xlviii. (Éd. Matile, Neufchatel, 1843).

1364 Villaneuva, Viage Literario, XXII. 288.—Du Cange, s. vv. Ferrum candens, Batalia.

1365 Coleccion de Cédulas, etc., Madrid, 1830, Tom. V. p. 142.

1366 Memorial Histórico Español, Madrid, 1850, Tom. I. p. 47.

1367 Concil. Palentin. ann. 1322, can. xxvi.

1368 Non es tenuda la parte de probar lo que niega porque non lo podrie facer.—Las Siete Partidas, P. III. Tit. xiv. l. 1.

1369 S. Antonini Confessionale.

1370 Angeli de Clavasio Summa Angelica s. v. Interrogationes. The contemporary Baptista de Saulis speaks of ordeals in the present tense when saying that all concerned in them are guilty of mortal sin.—Summa Rosella, s. v. Purgatio.

1371 Patetta, Le Ordalie, p. 450.

1372 Plees del Corone, chap. xv. (quoted in 1 Barnewall & Alderson, 433).

1373 Ciruelo, Reprovacion de las Supersticiones. P. II. cap. vii. Salamanca, 1539.

1374 Aventini Annal. Boior. Lib. IV. c. xiv. n. 31.

1375 When, in 1692, Jacques Aymar attracted public attention to the miracles of the diving-rod, he was called to Lyons to assist the police in discovering the perpetrators of a mysterious murder, which had completely baffled the agents of justice. Aided by his rod, he traced the criminals, by land and water, from Lyons to Beaucaire, where he found in prison a man whom he declared to be a participant, and who finally confessed the crime. In 1703 Marshal Montrevel and the intendant Baville made use of Aymar to discover Calvinists, of whom numbers were condemned on the strength of his revelations (Patetta, Le Ordalie, p. 33). Aymar was at length proved to be merely a clever charlatan, but the mania to which he gave rise lasted through the eighteenth century, and nearly at its close his wonders were rivalled by a brother sharper, Campetti. The belief in the powers of the divining-rod has not yet died out, and it is frequently used to discover oil wells, springs, mines, etc.

A good account of Aymar’s career and the discussion to which it gave rise may be found in Prof. Rubio y Diaz’s “Estudios sobre la Evocacion de los Espiritus,” Cadiz, 1860, pp. 116-28.

1376 Diod. Sicul. 1. lxxv.—Sir Gardiner Wilkinson (Ancient Egyptians, Vol. II.) figures several of these little images.

1377 See the translation of the Amherst Papyrus by Chabas, Mélanges Égyptologiques, III.^e Serie, T. II. p. 17 (Sept. 1873). The interpretation of the groups relating to the hands and feet is conjectural, but they unquestionably signify some kind of violence. M. Chabas qualifies this passage as highly important, being the first evidence that has reached us of the judicial use of torture in Egypt. The question has been a debated one, but the previous evidence adduced was altogether inconclusive.

1378 Lenormant, Man. de l’Hist. Ancienne de l’Orient, II. 141.

1379 Herod. I. 116.

1380 Behistun Inscription, col. II. 25-6 (Records of the Past, VII. 98-99). It is worthy of remark that this Medic version of the Inscription is more circumstantial as to these inflictions than the Persian text translated by Rawlinson (Records I. 118-19).

1381 Manu, Bk. VIII.—Institutes of Vishnu, VI. 23, VIII. IX.—Ayeen Akbery, Tit. Beyhar, Vol. II. p. 494—Halhed’s Code of Gentoo Laws, chap. xviii.

1382 Albany Law Journal, 1879.

1383 Lib. III. cap. iii.

1384 Aristophanes (Ranæ, 617) recapitulates most of the processes in vogue.

The best summary I have met with of the Athenian laws of torture is in Eschbach’s “Introduction à l’Étude du Droit,” § 268.

1385 Sueton. August. xxii.

1386 Sueton. Tiberii lxii.

1387 Ibid. Caii xxxii.—Claud. xxxiv.

1388 Ibid. Tiber. lviii.

1389 Tacit. Annal. XV. xliv.

1390 Lactant. de Mortib. Persecut. cap. xiii.

1391 Tormentorum genera inaudita excogitabantur (Ibid. cap. xv.).—When the Christians were accused of an attempt to burn the imperial palace, Diocletian “ira inflammatus, excarnificari omnes suos protinus præcipit. Sedebat ipse atque innocentes igne torrebat” (Ibid. cap. xiv.).—Lactantius, or whoever was the real author of the tract, addresses the priest Donatus to whom it is inscribed: “Novies etiam tormentis cruciatibusque variis subjectus, novies adversarium gloriosa confessione vicisti.... Nihil adversus te verbera, nihil ungulæ, nihil ignis, nihil ferrum, nihil varia tormentorum genera valuerunt” (Ibid. cap. xvi.). Ample details may be found in Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. Lib. V. c. 1, VI. 39, 41, VIII. passim, Lib. Martyrum; and in Cyprian, Epist. X. (Ed. Oxon. 1682).

1392 Tacit. Annal. XV. lvi. lvii.

1393 L. 10 § 6, Dig. XLVIII. xviii.

1394 L. 12, Dig. XLVIII. xviii. (Ulpian.).

1395 Const. 8 Cod. IX. xli. (Dioclet. et Maxim.).

1396 Const. 11 Cod. IX. xli.

1397 Ibid. § 1.

1398 Const. 16 Cod. IX. xli.

1399 Const. 8 Cod. I. 3.

1400 Const. 4 Cod. IX. viii.

1401 Dion. Cass. Roman. Hist. Lib. LX. (Ed. 1592, p. 776).

1402 Sueton. Domit. cap. viii. To Domitian the historian also ascribes the invention of a new and infamously indecent kind of torture (Ibid. cap. x.).

1403 Const. 3 Cod. IX. xli.

1404 Const. 31 Cod. IX. ix.

1405 Const. 7 Cod. IX. viii.

1406 Novell. CXVII. cap. xv. § 1.

1407 Hieron. Epist. I. ad Innocent.

1408 Const. 17 Cod. IX. ii.—Const. 10 Cod. IX. xlvi.

1409 Const. 3 Cod. IX. viii.

1410 Acts, XXII. 24 sqq.

1411 L. 21 § 2, Dig. XXII. v.

1412 Novell. XC. cap. i. § 1.

1413 Quæstiones neque semper in omni causa et persona desiderari debere arbitror; et cum capitalia et atrociora maleficia non aliter explorari et investigari possunt, quam per servorum quæstiones, efficacissimas esse ad requirendam veritatem existimo et habendas censeo.—L. 8, Dig. XLVIII. xviii. (Paulus).

1414 L. 9, Dig. XLVIII. xviii. (Marcianus).

1415 L. 9 § 1, Dig. XLVIII. xviii.—L. 1 § 16, Dig. XLVIII. xvii. (Severus)—L. 1 § 18, Dig. XLVIII. xviii. (Ulpian.).

1416 Pauli Lib. v. Sentt. Tit. xvi. § 7.—The same principle is involved in a rescript of the Antonines.—L. 1 § 14, Dig. XLVIII. xvii. (Severus).

1417 L. 1 § 7, Dig. XLVIII. xvii. The expression “in caput domini” applies as well to civil as to criminal cases.—Pauli Lib. V. Sentt. Tit. xvi. § 5.

1418 L. 3, Dig. XLVIII. xviii.—Const. 13 Cod. IX. xli.

1419 L. 10 § 2, Dig. XLVIII. xviii.—Const. 2 Cod. IX. xli. (Sever. et Antonin. ann. 205).

1420 L. 1 § 11, Dig. XLVIII. xvii.

1421 L. 1 § 9, Dig. XLVIII. xvii.

1422 L. 1 § 13. XLVIII. xvii.—Pauli Lib. V. Sentt. Tit. xvi. § 9.

1423 Const. 10 Cod. IX. xli. (Dioclet. et Maxim.).

1424 Tacit. Annal. II. 30. See also III. 67. Somewhat similar in spirit was his characteristic device for eluding the law which prohibited the execution of virgins (Sueton. Tiber. lxi.).

1425 This principle is embodied in innumerable laws. It is sufficient to refer to Constt. 6 § 2, 7 § 1, 8 § 1, Cod. IX. viii.

1426 L. 18 § 6, Dig. XLVIII. xviii. (Paulus).

1427 L. 1 § 19, Dig. XLVIII. xviii. (Ulpian.).

1428 Const. 1 Cod. IX. xli. (Sever et Antonin.).

1429 Constt. 3, 32 Cod. IX. ix.—L. 17, XLVIII. xviii. (Papin.).

1430 L. 5 Dig. XLVIII. xviii. (Marcian.).

1431 Fl. Vopisc. Tacit. cap. IX.

1432 Du Boys, Hist. du Droit Crim. des Peup. Anciens. pp. 297, 331, 332.

1433 Const. 7 Cod. IX. xli. (Dioclet. et Maxim.).

1434 Pauli Lib. v. Sentt. Tit. xvi. § 3.—See also Ll. 6, 13 Dig. XLVIII. xviii.

1435 Const. 6 Cod. IX. xlvi. This provision of the L. Julia appears to have been revived by Diocletian.

1436 Lib. IX. Cod. Theod. i. 14.

1437 L. 16 § 1, Dig. XLVIII. xviii. (Modestin.).

1438 L. 10 Dig. XLVIII. xviii. (Arcad.).

1439 L. 3 Dig. XLVIII. xix. (Ulpian.).

1440 L. 10 § 3, Dig. XLVIII. xviii.

1441 L. 22 Dig. XLVIII. xviii.

1442 L. 21 Dig. XLVIII. xviii.

1443 L. 1 § 1, Dig. XLVIII. xviii. (Ulpian.).

1444 Const. 8 Cod. IX. xli. (Dioclet. et Maxim.).

1445 L. 7, Dig. XX. v.

1446 L. 1 § 4, Dig. XLVIII. xviii. (Ulpian.).

1447 L. 1 § 23, Dig. XLVIII. xviii.—Res est fragilis et periculosa et quæ veritatem fallat.

1448 Altera sæpe etiam causam falsa dicendi, quod aliis patientia facile mendacium faciat, aliis infirmitas necessarium.—M. F. Quintil. Inst. Orat. V. iv.

1449 Val. Maximi Lib. VIII. c. iv.

1450 Philostrati vit. Apollon. VII. xxiv.

1451 Valer. Maxim. Lib. VIII. c. iv.

1452 Hieron. Epist. I. ad Innocentium.

1453 Q. Curt. Ruf. Hist. VI. xi. Anceps conjectura est quoniam et vera confessis et falsa dicentibus idem doloris finis ostenditur.

1454 Pauli Lib. V. Sentt. Tit. xiv. § 2.—L. 18 Dig. XLVIII. xviii.

1455 Aurel. Prudent. de Vincent. Hymn. v.

1456 Greg. Turon. Hist. Franc. Lib. II. c. xxvii.

1457 De Bell. Gall. VI. xix.

1458 These provisions are specified only in the Salic Law (First Text of Pardessus, Tit. XL. §§ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.—L. Emend. Tit. XLII. §§ 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13), but they were doubtless embodied in the practice of the other tribes.