THE BASIS OF MORALITY

By Schoepenhauer

TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE

TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION

PART I.

INTRODUCTION.

I. THE PROBLEM
II. GENERAL RETROSPECT

PART II.

CRITIQUE OF KANT'S BASIS OF ETHICS.

I. PRELIMINARY REMARKS
II. ON THE IMPERATIVE FORM OF THE KANTIAN ETHICS
III. ON THE ASSUMPTION OF DUTIES TOWARDS OURSELVES IN PARTICULAR
IV. ON THE BASIS OF THE KANTIAN ETHICS.

V. ON THE LEADING PRINCIPLE OF THE KANTIAN ETHICS

VI. ON THE DERIVED FORMS OF THE LEADING PRINCIPLE OF THE KANTIAN ETHICS
VII. KANT'S DOCTRINE OF CONSCIENCE
VIII. KANT'S DOCTRINE OP THE INTELLIGIBLE AND EMPIRICAL CHARACTER.

IX. FICHTE'S ETHICS AS A MAGNIFYING GLASS FOR THE ERRORS OF THE KANTIAN

PART III.

THE FOUNDING OF ETHICS.

I. CONDITIONS OF THE PROBLEM
II. SCEPTICAL VIEW
III. ANTIMORAL INCENTIVES
IV. CRITERION OF ACTIONS OF MORAL WORTH
V. STATEMENT AND PROOF OF THE ONLY TRUE MORAL INCENTIVE
VI. THE VIRTUE OF JUSTICE
VII. THE VIRTUE OF LOVING-KINDNESS
VIII. THE PROOF NOW GIVEN CONFIRMED BY EXPERIENCE
IX. ON THE ETHICAL DIFFERENCE OF CHARACTER.

PART IV.

ON THE METAPHYSICAL EXPLANATION OF THE PRIMAL ETHICAL PHAENOMENON.

I. HOW THIS APPENDIX MUST BE UNDERSTOOD
II. THE METAPHYSICAL GROUNDWORK

TWO ESSAYS

By Arthur Schopenhauer

TWO ESSAYS

ON THE FOURFOLD ROOT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON
AND ON THE WILL IN NATURE.

Translated By Mme. Karl Hillebrand

CONTENTS

ON THE FOURFOLD ROOT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON

CHAP.		PAGE
	Translator's Preface	v
	Author's Preface to the Second Edition	xvii
	Editor's Preface to the Third Edition	xx
	Editor's Preface to the Fourth Edition	xxviii
I.	Introduction	1
II.	General Survey of the most important views hitherto held concerning the Principle of Sufficient Reason	6
III.	Insufficiency of the Old and outlines of a New Demonstration	28
IV.	On the First Class of Objects for the Subject, and that form of the Principle of Sufficient Reason which predominates in it	31
V.	On the Second Class of Objects for the Subject and that form of the Principle of Sufficient Reason which predominates in it	114
VI.	On the Third Class of Objects for the Subject and that form of the Principle of Sufficient Reason which predominates in it	153
VII.	On the Fourth Class of Objects for the Subject, and that form of the Principle of Sufficient Reason which predominates in it	165
VIII.	General observations and results	177

ON THE WILL IN NATURE

Preface to the Second Edition	193
Editor's Preface to the Third Edition	213
Editor's Preface to the Fourth Edition	214
Introduction	215
Physiology and Pathology	224
Comparative Anatomy	252
Physiology of Plants	281
Physical Astronomy	305
Linguistic	322
Animal Magnetism and Magic	326
Sinology	359
Reference to Ethics	372
Conclusion	378