[153]Louis C. Crampton,
op. cit., p. 31.
[154]Senator George G. Vest, a strong friend of Yellowstone, once referred
to Mr. Dawes as the father of the Park, “for he drew the law of designation.”
If not the actual scribe, he was certainly the advocate of the principles involved.
See L. C. Crampton,
op. cit., p. 32.
[155]John Muir,
The Atlantic Monthly, LXXXI (April, 1898), 509.
Dr. F. V. Hayden’s tribute to Congress is equal to John Muir’s. Hayden
said, “That our legislators, at a time when public opinion is so strong against
appropriating the public domain for any purpose, however laudable, should
reserve for the benefit and instruction of the people a tract of 3,575 square
miles, is an act that should cause universal satisfaction through the land. This
noble deed may be regarded as a tribute from our legislators to science, and
the gratitude of the nation, and of men of science in all parts of the world,
is due them for this munificent donation.” See “The Yellowstone National
Park,” American Journal, III (April, 1872), 295-96.
[156]Congressional Globe, p. 697.
[157]George Catlin,
North American Indians (Philadelphia: 1913), II, 290.
[158]This refers to Chief Joseph’s retreat
which is described in
Chapter XI.
[159]Alexander Ross,
The Fur Hunters of the Far West, p. 257.
[160]Ulrich B. Phillips, “Lectures On Early America,” a series of lectures given
in Berkeley, Calif., 1932.
[161]Robert Vaughn,
Then and Now, p. 156.
[163]James Stuart,
Contributions, Montana Historical Society, I, 154.
[164]Edgar F. Goad, “Bandelier, Scholar of the Mesas” (Washington, D. C.:
Department of Interior Information Service, 1940), p. 13.
[165]Alexander Ross,
op. cit., p. 183.
[166]LeRoy R. Hafen and Carl C. Rister,
Western America (New York: Prentice-Hall,
1941), p. 6.
[167]The most notorious foreigners to regale themselves among western American
adventure scenes were Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied, Sir George
Gore of Ireland, and the Earl of Dunraven.
Maximilian spent the summer of 1833 on the upper Missouri. He was a
shabby, toothless man, but of first-rate scientific ability. It is said that his
accounts, together with Bodmer’s paintings, constitute an important record
of the period.
Sir George Gore was a millionaire who spent two years in the West. He left
a saga of ruthless slaughter and camp-life prodigality in his wake. His parting
gesture was the destruction, by fire, of all the wagons, harness, saddles, and
similar equipment. This was done to spite the Missouri Fur Company because
of their exorbitant river transportation charges.
In 1871 the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia hunted bison on the Nebraska
plains.
[169]Granville Stuart,
Forty Years on the Frontier, edited by Paul C. Phillips
(Cleveland: 1925), II, 104. This view was expressed by Representative
James A. Garfield. See
Congressional Record, Forty-third Congress, First
Session, 1874, pp. 2107-9.
[170]Warren A. Ferris,
op. cit., p. 244.
[172]Dan E. Clark,
The West in American History (New York: Thomas Y.
Crowell Co., 1937), p. 573.
[173]Fredrick L. Paxson,
Recent American History of the United States (Boston:
Prentice-Hall Co., 1937), p. 28.
[174]LeRoy R. Hafen and Carl G. Rister,
op. cit., p. 528.
[175]D. J. Louck, “Journal,” State Historian’s file, Laramie, Wyoming.
[176]Helen F. Sanders,
op. cit., p. 313.
[177]Howard R. Briggs,
Westward America (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons,
1942), p. 276.
[178]Ibid., pp. 279-80. In 1862, Granville Stuart collected a herd and drove
them to Bannock. Conrad Kohrs had a butcher shop there at that time.
[179]Dorothy Gardiner,
West of the River (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell
Co., 1941), p. 319.
Forts were located chiefly with an eye to the protection of travel. Some of
the principal ones—Cook, on Judith River, Montana; Reno; Phil Kearney;
C. F. Smith; and Casper in Wyoming—were built in 1866. D. A. Russell near
Cheyenne, Fort Shaw on Sun River, and Fort Buford were established in
1867. Fort Laramie was built in 1849; Fort Bridger, in 1858; Fort Stambaugh
at South Pass, 1869; Fort Steele on North Platte Crossing, 1868; and
Fort Assiniboine near Havre, 1879.
[180]Granville Stuart,
op. cit. Other prominent stockmen were C. D. Duncan,
Robert Coburn, N. J. Dovenspeck, Amos Snyder, Adolf Baro, W. C. and G. P.
Burnett, Pat Dunlevy, James Dempsey, Chas. Ranges, Edward Regan, N. W.
McCaulley, and F. E. Lawrence.
[181]Dan E. Clark,
op. cit., p. 596.
[182]Helen F. Sanders,
op. cit., p. 316.
[183]Nathaniel P. Langford,
The Discovery of Yellowstone Park, p. 181.
[184]Cornelius Hedges,
Contributions, Montana Historical Society, V, 391.
[185]Dan E. Clark,
op. cit., p. 625.
[186]Chief Joseph, “Chief Joseph’s Own Story,” as told by him on his trip to
Washington, D. C., p. 3.
[187]Francis Haines,
Red Eagles of the Northwest (Portland, Ore.: The Scholastic
Press, 1939), p. 234.
[189]Chief Joseph,
op. cit., p. 9.
[190]Helen A. Howard and Dan L. McGrath,
War Chief Joseph (Caldwell,
Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1941), p. 145.
[191]Chester Anders Fee,
Chief Joseph, the Biography of a Great Indian (New
York: Wilson-Erickson, 1936), p. 168.
[192]Francis Haines,
op. cit., p. 262.
[193]Helen F. Sanders,
op. cit., p. 268.
[195]W. T. Sherman,
Reports of Inspection Made in the Summer of 1877
(Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1878), p. 34.
[196]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter, editors,
Adventures in Geyser
Land, by Frank D. Carpenter (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd.,
1935), p. 279.
George F. Cowan was born in Ohio in 1842. He was with the first volunteers
during the Civil War. He attained the rank of Sergeant. At this time
he was one of Montana’s leading attorneys.
[197]Chester A. Fee,
op. cit., p. 218.
[198]Francis Haines,
op. cit., p. 287.
[199]Heister Guie and L. V. McWhorter,
op. cit., p. 223.
[200]Edwin J. Stanley,
Rambles in Wonderland (New York: D. Appleton and
Co., 1878), p. 166.
[201]Chester A. Fee,
op. cit., p. 223.
[202]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter,
op. cit., p. 225.
George F. Cowan’s experiences were so peculiar that one is puzzled to
know whether he was the most lucky or unlucky of men. A train of incidents
followed his suffering in the Park. Near Fort Ellis the neck yoke broke, and
the Cowan party was thrown out of the carriage. At Bozeman, when Mr.
Arnold was dressing Cowan’s wounds in the hotel room, the bedstead gave
way and down went the injured man.
[203]Andrew J. Weikert, “Journal of a Tour Through Yellowstone National
Park in August and September 1877,”
Contributions, Historical Society of
Montana, IV (1900), 185-99.
[204]H. M. Chittenden,
Yellowstone National Park, p. 142. Stewart was relieved
of $260.00 and a watch.
[206]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter,
op. cit., pp. 194-5.
Near the top of Mt. Everts, and toward its southern end, there is a cliff
formed by an ancient flow of lava. Upon a flat space, at the foot of the cliff,
one may find an inscription that reads, “Ben Stone 1877.”
[208]O. O. Howard,
Chief Joseph, His Pursuit and Capture (Boston: Lee and
Shephard, 1881), p. 243.
[209]Helen A. Howard and Dan L. McGrath,
op. cit., p. 258.
[211]Chester A. Fee,
op. cit., pp. 248-9.
[212]Helen A. Howard and Dan L. McGrath,
op. cit., pp. 271-2.
[213]This was Joseph’s understanding, as revealed in all subsequent statements.
[214]Chester A. Fee,
op. cit., pp. 262-3.
[217]Helen A. Howard and Dan L. McGrath,
op. cit., p. 183.
[218]Chester A. Fee,
op. cit., p. 287.
[219]The Hayden and other government expeditions did quite a lot of trail
work in an informal manner. That is to say, they had large parties and considerable
baggage. In order to get through the forest quite a lot of trail building
became necessary.
[220]Jack E. Haynes, “The Expedition of President Chester A. Arthur to Yellowstone
National Park in 1883,”
Annals of Wyoming, January, 1942, p. 2.
[221]J. J. Leclercq,
La Terre des Marveilles. An excerpt containing this story is
in Mercer Cook’s
Portraits of Americans (New York: D. C. Heath and Co.,
1939), pp. 47-8.
[222]John Muir,
The Atlantic Monthly, LXXXI (Jan. 1898), 15.
Edwin J. Stanley’s Rambles in Wonderland describes conditions as of that time.
[223]P. W. Norris,
Annual Report 1880, p. 584. See also Elno’s “The Lord of
Hard Luck,”
Dillon Examiner, June 12, 1940.
[224]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter,
Adventures in Geyser Land, p. 71.
Texas Jack served as a guide for the Earl of Dunraven in 1874.
[225]Jones Bros. and McGill of Cody and Hougan and Phillips of Salt Lake
City, along with many others, conducted tours varying in duration and cost.
The fee varied from five to ten dollars a day per person.
[226]C. S. Walgamott,
Reminiscences (Twin Falls, Idaho, 1926), II, 78.
[227]John Muir,
The Atlantic Monthly, LXXXI (April, 1898), 515.
[228]Alice W. Rollins, “The Three Tetons,”
Harper’s, LXXIV (May, 1887),
876.
[230]Rudyard Kipling,
American Notes, p. 126. “Buckskin Charley” was
Charles Marble; Yankee Jim’s name was James George; Hofer’s name was
Thomas Elwood Hofer.
[231]Yellowstone Park Scrap Book, II, 52. There are three volumes of newspaper
and magazine clippings in the Park Library at Mammoth, Wyoming.
[232]Ibid., pp. 60, 123. See also I, 33, and III, 33.
[233]Alice W. Rollins,
op. cit., p. 74.
[234]Silas S. Huntley was the guiding mind of the organization from 1892
to 1901, when H. W. Child succeeded to the management, which he held
until 1917. E. W. Bach was an active partner.
[235]The transportation setup as of 1914: Yellowstone Park Transportation
Company, Gardiner, Round Trip $25.00; Yellowstone Western Stage Company,
Yellowstone, Montana, $20.00; Holm Transportation Company, Cody,
Wyoming, five days $25.00; Wylie Permanent Camping Company maintains
permanent camps and operates a line from Gardiner, also West Yellowstone
and Camp Cody (East Gate). The camps: Swan Lake Basin, Riverside,
Upper Geyser Basin, Outlet of Lake, Grand Canyon, Camp Cody and Tower
Falls. Lunch stations at Gibbon Geyser Basin and Thumb. Six day tour
$40.00.
[236]Yellowstone Park Scrap Book, III, 20. Also Henry D. Sedgwick, Jr., “On
Horse Back Through Yellowstone,”
World’s Work, VI (June, 1903). Two
of Yancey’s buildings are still standing.
[238]Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1884, I, 73.
[239]A corrupt and incompetent concern called The Improvement Company
started a hotel in Mammoth. In 1884 this firm attempted to secure private
ownership of land in important localities through Congressional action. When
the move failed the firm went under. Its interests were bought by the Yellowstone
Park Association which was financed by the Northern Pacific Railway.
[240]The Norris Hotel was replaced by a camp hotel and eating house, which
served until 1900, when a new one was completed. The hotel at Old Faithful
had not been profitable and was not replaced until 1903, when Old Faithful
Inn was built.
[241]J. E. Rickards, ex-Governor of Montana, to the editor of
The Salt Lake
Tribune, July 17, 1897.
[243]Report of the Department of the Interior 1907, p. 533. The Boat Company
charged three dollars for a ride from Thumb to Lake Fishing Bridge.
[244]Henry D. Sedgwick,
op. cit., p. 3572.
[246]Ibid., Captain George S. Anderson earnestly prophesied that there would
not be a square mile of forest left standing in six months if railroads were permitted
to enter.
[247]Charles D. Warner, “Yellowstone National Park,”
Harper’s, XCIV (January,
1897), 323.
[248]Annual Report 1907. Several wells had to be dug between Norris and
Canyon.
[249]Horace M. Albright,
Park Service Bulletin, April 14, 1934, p. 46.
[250]Lucien M. Lewis, “To the Old Stage Driver,”
Overland Monthly, LXIX (July, 1917), 52.
[251]Yellowstone Park Automobile Regulations for the Season of 1916. Department
of the Interior
Bulletin. Here is an example of the procedure:
| SCHEDULE A |
|---|
| Gardiner to Norris | Miles | Not earlier than | Not later than |
|---|
| Leave Gardiner Entrance | 0 | 6:00 A.M. | 6:30 A.M. |
| Arrive Mammoth Hot Springs | 5 | 6:20 | 7:00 |
| Leave Mammoth Hot Springs | 0 | 6:45 | 7:15 |
| Leave 8 Mile Post | 8 | | 8:00 |
| Arrive Norris | 20 | 8:30 | 9:00 |
Schedule B was for the P.M.
Bicyclists were also closely regulated. Upon meeting a team the rider was
required to stop and stand between his cycle and the team. He could not pass
a team from the rear without a signal.
People on horseback were expected to observe every precaution in passing
teams of all sorts.
[252]Reports of the Department of the Interior 1917, p. 812.
[253]Chas. Van Tassell,
Truthful Lies (Bozeman, Montana, 1921).
[254]Reports of the Secretary of the Interior 1936, p. 132. The firms combined
in this consolidation were The Yellowstone Park Hotel Co., The
Yellowstone Park Transportation Co., The Yellowstone Park Lodge and
Camps Co., and The Yellowstone Park Boat Company.
[255]Ibid., 1939, p. 300.
[256]There are two service stations in Old Faithful Camp. Some people complain
because they cannot get their favorite gasoline. However, it would be
both unsightly and impractical to allow each company a half-dozen representatives.
There are no pumps at all at Madison and Norris stations.
[257]Park Service Bulletin, Nov., 1936, p. 12.
[258]Richard G. Lillard,
The Great Forest (New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
1948), p. 32.
[261]Hans Huth,
Yosemite, the Story of an Idea. Reprint from the
Sierra Club Bulletin, March 1948, p. 48.
[262]Richard G. Lillard,
op. cit., p. 85.
[263]Richard G. Lillard,
op. cit., p. 256.
[264]Hugh H. Bennett, “Thomas Jefferson Soil Conservationist,” U. S. Department
of Agriculture, No. 548 (1944).
[265]Karl B. Mickey,
Man and Soil (Chicago: International Harvester Co.,
1945), p. 17.
[266]Hans Huth,
op. cit., p. 73.
[267]George Catlin,
The Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North
American Indians (London, 1841), I, 262.
[268]Hans Huth,
op. cit., p. 52.
[269]Walter Mulford,
Forest Influences (New York: McGraw Hill Book Co.,
1948), p. 15.
[270]Hans Huth,
op. cit., p. 68.
[273]Hans Huth said Frederick Law Olmstead admitted failure in his attempt
to discover the origin of public parks in this country. He attributed it to “a
spontaneous movement of that sort which we conveniently refer to as the
genius of our civilization.”
Ibid., p. 60.
[274]Richard G. Lillard,
op. cit., p. 260.
[275]This agency was later transferred to the Department of Agriculture.
[276]Richard G. Lillard,
op. cit., p. 264.
[278]Ibid. National Legislation Executive Almanac in Brief:
- 1876—$2,000.00, appropriated to employ a competent man to investigate timber conditions in the United States.
- June 30, 1886—Act creating Division of Forestry in Department of Agriculture.
- March 3, 1891—President authorized to establish Forest Reserves; Yellowstone Park Timberland Reserve proclaimed by President Harrison on March 30, 1891.
- June 4, 1897—Present National Forest Act passed.
- July 1, 1901—Division of Forestry becomes Bureau of Forestry.
- February 1, 1905—Bureau of Forestry becomes Forest Service.
- March 1, 1911—Weeks Law passed.
- April 11, 1921—Snell Bill introduced in Congress.
- May 2, 1921—Capper Bill introduced in Congress.
- June 7, 1924—Clarke-McNary Bill signed by President.
- April 30, 1928—McNary-Woodruff Act signed by President.
- May 22, 1928—McSweeney-McNary Act signed by President.
- Jan. 1, 1931—Creation of the Timber Conservation Board.
- 1937—The Norris-Doxey Act.
- 1944—The Cooperative Sustained Yield Act.
Other Acts closely related to the Forestry program include, Civilian Conservation
Corps, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, Public Works
Administration, Taylor Grazing Control Act, Farm Security Act, and Tennessee
Valley Authority.
[279]“National Parks and National Forests,” a statement by the National Park
Service, Department of the Interior and the Forest Service, Department of
Agriculture.
[280]Earl of Dunraven,
op. cit., p. 34.
[281]William T. Hornaday,
Our Vanishing Wild Life (New York: New York
Zoological Society, 1913), p. 2.
[283]Earl of Dunraven,
op. cit., p. 6.
[285]Extinct species include: great auk, Pallas’s cormorant, Labrador duck,
Eskimo curlew, passenger pigeon, Carolina parakeet, yellow-winged green
parrot, heath hen, whooping crane, upland plover. Other effective wild life
conservation advocates were Dr. Theodore S. Palmer, Edward H. Forbush,
T. Gilbert Pearson, John B. Burnham, and William T. Hornaday.
[286]Earl of Dunraven,
op. cit., p. 181.
[288]Nathaniel P. Langford, “The Ascent of Mount Hayden,”
Scribner’s
Monthly, III (June, 1873), 133-40. The author does not necessarily imply
that Langford reached the summit.
The author has possession of a part of Mr. Leigh’s diary, numerous dictations,
and items relative to “Beaver Dick.”
[289]F. H. Knowlton, “The Tertiary Flowers of the Yellowstone National
Park,”
The American Journal of Science, No. 7 (July, 1896).
[290]Chittenden says that Norris Geyser Basin was discovered from the top
of Bunsen Peak in 1872. E. S. Topping and Dwight Woodruff saw a large
column of steam ascending far to the south. They made an investigation and
reported their find. The next day Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Stone, of Bozeman,
Montana, visited the basin. Mrs. Stone was one of the first white women to
enter the Park. Perhaps she was the first excepting certain members of earlier
missionary parties.
[291]N. P. Langford’s Diary, Second Trip To Yellowstone 1872. MS. in Yellowstone
Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming. Dr. Hayden and his co-workers
returned in 1878. In this investigation they made detailed reports upon many
hot springs and geysers. The season’s study, richly embellished with engravings
and colored plates, was published in Hayden’s
Report in 1883.
[292]Lewis R. Freeman,
Down the Yellowstone (New York: Dodd, Mead and
Co., 1922), p. 57.
[293]P. W. Norris,
Annual Report 1880, p. 7.
[294]R. Kipling,
American Notes, p. 174. Also see T. A. Jagger’s article, “Death
Gulch, A Natural Bear Trap,”
Popular Science, LIV (February, 1899),
5-6.
[295]Jack Ellis Haynes states that A. F. Norris, C. M. Stephens, and J. Davis
spent the winter of 1879-80 in the headquarters building at Mammoth.
[296]William Ludlow,
Report to the War Department 1875, pp. 36-7. Mr.
Ludlow made a reconnaissance from Carrol, Montana to Yellowstone Park
and returned.
[297]Yellowstone Scrap Book, II, pp. 37, 56.
[298]Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1884, II (Washington, D. C.:
Government Printing Office, 1885), p. 565.
[299]Ibid., 1889, III, p. 133.
[300]Some of these territorial officials, known in local parlance as “rabbit
catchers,” formed an alliance with the assistant superintendent. By this means
the latter shared, as informers, the fines levied by themselves. H. M. Chittenden,
op. cit., p. 113.
[301]Ibid., p. 134. See also
Report for 1906,
p. 522 and
The Independent, Butte, Montana, Nov., 1895.
[302]H. M. Chittenden,
op. cit., p. 114.
[303]Report of the Secretary of the Interior, II, 873.
[304]Report of the Secretary of the Interior, III (1889), 134.
[306]Henry H. Lewis, “Managing a National Park,”
The Outlook, LXXIV
(August, 1903), 1037.