373 The multitude of “Eau de Cologne” makers calling themselves “Farina” is a case in point.

374 Adams, Hippocrates, vol. i. p. 7.

375 Galen, De Sanitate tuenda.

376 Meryon, Hist. Med., p. 11.

377 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 91.

378 All-heal.

379 Dr. Puschmann, in his History of Medical Education, p. 42, translates this passage: “Castration will I not carry out even on those who suffer from stone, but leave this to those people who make a business of it.” The words in the Greek are οὐ τεμέω δὲ ουδὲ μὴν λιθιῶντας, and much controversy has been excited by them. Some commentators of great authority think the passage forbids castration, as disgraceful things are being spoken of, such as giving poisons and procuring abortion. Certainly there is no reason for supposing that the doctors of the period would object to perform lithotomy though it is the fact that there was a class of operators who were a sort of unscientific specialists in the practice.

380 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 93.

381 Plut., Symp., viii. 4, § 4.

382 Plato, De Leg., xi.

383 Ibid., iv.

384 Cos gave birth to Ptolemy Philadelphus, the second of the Greek kings of Egypt, to Ariston the philosopher, and to Apelles the painter.

385 Vol. ii. p. 569.

386 Vol. vi. p. 1152.

387 Works of Hippocrates, Syd. Soc., vol. ii. p. 565.

388 Œuvres Complètes d’Hippocrate, Tom. I., Introd., ch. i. p. 3.

389 Adams, Hippocrates, vol. i. p. 18.

390 Epidem., vi.

391 Ibid., i.

392 Derivation is the drawing of humours from one part of the body to another, as from the eye by a blister on the neck; revulsion differs from this only by the force of the medicine and the distance of the disorder from the part to which it is applied. He treated fevers by preparations which increase the amount of fluid in the blood, as by water, buttermilk, whey, etc. This was called the diluent system. At the same time he used mild aperients and sometimes venesection.

393 Νοὐσων φύσιες ἰητροἰ. Epid., vi. 5, l.t. iii. p. 606.

394 See for all this surgical information Ashurst’s International Encyclopædia of Surgery, vol. vi.

395 Genuine Works of Hippocrates, vol. i. pp. 20, 21.

396 Adams, Genuine Works of Hippocrates, vol. i. pp. 129, 130.

397 Probably masks or inanimate figures (Adams).

398 Baas, Hist. Med., Eng. Trans., pp. 111, 112.

399 Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I., bk. iv.

400 Celsus, De Medic., Prælat, in lib. i.

401 Hist. Nat., xxvi. 6.

402 On the question of the authenticity of this epistle see Dr. Adams’ commentary in his Paulus Ægineta, vol. i. p. 186.

403 Hist. de la Méd., vol. i. pp. 422-3.

404 Œuvres d’Hippocr., vol. i. p. 202, etc.

405 Cæl. Aurel., De Morb. Acut., iii. 17.

406 Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd. Meryon, Hist. Med., p. 35.

407 Études Biographiques par Paul-Antoine, Cap. p. 26. The Treatise on Stones by Theophrastus is one of the first works we possess on the study of minerals.

408 Alexandria and her Schools, p. 6.

409 Galen, De Uteri Dissect., c. 5, vol. ii. p. 895.

410 De Anima, c. 10, p. 757.

411 De Medic., i. Præf., p. 6.

412 Baas, Hist. of Med., pp. 121-123.

413 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 76.

414 Plutarch’s Life of Demetrius.

415 He modified his opinions on the nerves by careful dissections, and greatly improved his physiology.

416 Baas, Hist. of Med., pp. 121-123.

417 Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. II. c. iii.

418 Dr. W. A. Greenhill, art. “Dogmatici,” Smith’s Dict. Class. Ant. Briefly, this was as much as to say that a man could not be an educated doctor who had not practised, or at least seen, human vivisection. As these have not been performed since the fifteenth century, when, as we shall learn, they were practised by Italian anatomists, it follows, according to the argument, that the Alexandrian physicians were better educated than our own!

419 De Med., vii. 26. See also Smith’s Dict. Ant., p. 220.

420 Plin., Hist. Nat., xxvi. 6.

421 De Med., Præfat.

422 Celsus, Of Medicine.

423 Life of Demetrius.

424 Hist. Med., p. 129.

425 Hist. de la Méd.; Pt. II., bk. iii., ch. xiii.

426 Celsus, Of Medicine, chap. iv. Futvoye’s Trans.

427 Dr. Francis Adams. Preface to Works of Paulus Ægineta, p. xii.

428 iii. 131.

429 Smith’s Dict. Ant., p. 611.

430 Herodotus, iv. 68.

431 Hist. de la Méd., vol. vi. p. 28.

432 Smith’s Dict. Ant., art. “Therapeutica.”

433 Titus Livius, lib. i., cap. xxxi. Pliny, Hist. Nat., lib. xxviii., c. ii.

434 De Civ. Dei., lib. iv. cap. xxi.

435 Ibid., cap. xxiii.

436 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 131.

437 Puschmann, Hist. of Med. Educ., p. 86.

438 Ibid., p. 97. Baas, Hist. Med., p. 152.

439 Hist. Nat., xxix. 8.

440 Life of Cato the Censor.

441 Hist. Nat., xxix. cap. 8.

442 Epist. 93.

443 See Baas, Hist. of Med., and Dr. Habershon’s note on this subject, p. 133.

444 Bostock, Hist. of Med.

445 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 98.

446 Epigrams, x. 56.

447 Hist. Med. Educ., p. 131.

448 Cels., lib. vii. p. 337, ed. Targ. Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., tom. vii. p. 38.

449 Hist. of Med. Educ., p. 117.

450 Galen, x. 987. Plin., Nat. Hist., xxix. 8.

451 Nat. Hist., xxix. 5.

452 Smith’s Dict. Ant., p. 611.

453 Puschmann’s Med. Educ., 126.

454 Cæl. Aurel., De Morb. Chron., iii. 8.

455 Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., vol. vi. p. 138.

456 Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 137.

457 Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., vol. ii. p. 24.

458 Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 140.

459 Cæl. Aurel., De Morb. Chron., i. l. p. 286.

460 Sat., x. 221.

461 Galen, Introd., c. l., tom. xiv., pp. 663, 684. Ed. Kühn.

462 De Medic., lib. i., Præf.

463 Le Clerc, Hist. Méd., Part II., liv. iv., sec. i., ch. 1.

464 Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 143.

465 Prof. W. Turner, art. “Anatomy,” Ency. Brit.

466 Dr. Ch. Creighton, art. “Surgery,” Ency. Brit.

467 Grundriss der Geschichte der Medicin.

468 A. C. Celsi Med. Præf., ad lib. 7.

469 De re Med., lib. 1.

470 Hist. de la Méd., vol. ii. p. 50.

471 Sprengel, Hist. Méd., vol. ii. p. 37.

472 Baas, Grund. der Ges. der Med., p. 144.

473 Mechanical Account of Poisons.

474 Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., ix. 17.

475 National Dispensatory, p. 1515.

476 Conf. Gal. Comment. in Hippocr., lib. vi.; De Morb. Vulgar., vi., § 5, tom. xvii. p. ii. p. 337.

477 History of Inventions, art. “Apothecaries.”

478 Plin., lib. xxxiv. cap. 11.

479 C. Steph., 1133.

480 Peloponnesian War, ii. 48.

481 Annal., xiii. c. 15, 16.

482 Nero, 33.

483 The Instructor, Book II.

484 Seneca, De Benefic., vi. 15, 16, 17.

485 John Henry Newman’s Life of Apollonius Tyanæus.

486 By Lord Herbert and Mr. Blount.

487 Newman’s Life of Apollonius.

488 Galen, De Temperamentis.

489 Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., art. “Pneumatici.” See also Sprengel and Le Clerc.

490 Smith’s Dict. Ant., art. “Eclectici.”

491 Nat. Hist., xx. 40; xxiv. 120.

492 vi. 236; xiii. 98; xiv. 252.

493 See Baas, Hist. Med., p. 167.

494 De Causis Diuturnorum Morborum, etc., lib. ii. cap. xiii.

495 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 167.

496 Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., Introd. vol. i. p. 15.

497 Bostock, Hist. of Med.

498 Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 389.

499 De Usu, Part iii. 10.

500 Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 386. Sprengel, ii. p. 150.

501 De Motu Musc.

502 Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 388.

503 See for a full account of Galen’s doctrine of the pulse, Dr. Adams’ Commentary on Paulus Ægineta, vol. ii. p. 12.

504 De Dignosc. Puls., iii. 3, vol. viii. p. 902.

505 Dr. Greenhill in Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biog.

506 Galen’s Art of Physic.

507 Ency. Brit., art. “Surgery.”

508 Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biog., art. “Galen.”

509 Cardan, De Subtil.

510 Hist. of Med., vol. i. p. 115.

511 Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biog., vol. i. p. 126.

512 Alexandria and her Schools, p. 113.

513 Freind, Historia Medicinæ, p. 383.

514 Ibid., p. 380.

515 Smith’s Dict. Ant.

516 Hist. Med.

517 Freind, Hist. Med.

518 Ibid.

519 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 201.

520 Ibid.

521 North Brit. Rev., vol. 47.

522 Browning’s Parleyings, p. 44.

523 Cato, De re Rustica, c. 2.

524 Sat. vi.

525 Prescott says, Conquest of Mexico, chap, ii., that among the Aztecs, “Hospitals were established in the principal cities for the cure of the sick, and the permanent refuge of the disabled soldier; and the surgeons were placed over them, ‘who were so far better than those in Europe,’ says an old chronicler, ‘that they did not protract the cure, in order to increase the pay.’”

526 Ecclesiastical History, lib. vi. ch. xlii.

527 Butler’s Lives of the Saints. St. Basil the Great.

528 Ibid., loc. cit.

529 p. 153.

530 Eccl. Hist., lib. vii. c. xxi.

531 See Balmez, European Civilization, p. 436.

532 Can. 10. Concil. iv. (Mans. vii.).

533 Fleury’s Eccl. Hist., Book xxi. 3, note e.

534 Ibid., xxiii. 24.

535 Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., p. 56.

536 Ency. Brit., vol. i. p. 181.

537 Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 189.

538 Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., Amelia B. Edwards, p. 243.

539 Preface to Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. p. xxi.

540 Ibid., vol. i. p. xxiii.

541 Vulpes, Illustrazione di tutti gli Strumenti chirurgici scavati in Ercolano e in Pompei, Napoli, 1847.

542 Ibid.

543 Vulpes, ut supra.

544 Medical Superstitions, p. 56

545 Marsden, Hist. Sumatra, p. 189.

546 Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, p. 61.

547 Custom and Myth, p. 148.

548 Custom and Myth., p. 150.

549 Rivers of Life, J. G. R. Forlong.

550 Anthropological Journal, vol. xii. p. 572.

551 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 68.

552 Hooker, Himalayan Journ., Ed. 1891, p. 141.

553 Travels in Africa, Ed. 1890, p. 488.

554 Plin., xxi. 104.

555 Plin., xxii. 24.