556 Plin., xxx. 30.

557 Official Guide, Brit. Museum Galleries, 1892, pp. 122-3.

558 From Ritual of the Dead. Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 90.

559 Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt, p. 94.

560 Pratt’s Flowering Plants, vol. i. p. 50.

561 Nat. Hist., Book xxx. chap. 20.

562 Ibid., Book. xxx. chap. 24.

563 Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., Smith’s art. “Amulets.”

564 H. N. xxv. 9.

565 Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., art. “Therapeutica.” See also “Amulets,” p. 45.

566 Hist. Med., p. 772.

567 Vol. ii. p. 139.

568 Heathen charm.

569 A blackberry.

570 Nightmare was considered to be the work of an evil spirit.

571 Plin., xxx. 30.

572 See the twenty-second and twenty-fourth books of Pliny’s Natural History.

573 Lib. ix. cap. 4, p. 538, Ed. 1556.

574 Galen de Facult. Simpl., lib. vi. p. 792, Ed. Kühn.

575 “A Gnostic device. See Montfauçon, plates 159, 161, 163.”

576 This also is Gnostic.

577 Mr. Cockayne considers this to be probably Gnostic; some of the words are pure nonsense.

578 Quoted by Mr. Cockayne in his Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i., Preface, pp. xviii., xix., xx.

579 Anatomy of Melancholy, Part 2, sec. 5.

580 Rev. C. A. John’s Flowers of the Field.

581 Brand’s Observations, vol. ii. p. 67.

582 Hist. Nat., xxxvii. 10.

583 Brand’s Observations, etc., vol. ii. p. 63.

584 Burton’s Anatomy, p. 454.

585 Saxon Leech Book, II. ch. lxvi.

586 See Curious Myths of Middle Ages, S. B. Gould, Appendix C, p. 273.

587 Morley’s Life of Corn. Agrippa, vol. i. p. 165.

588 History of Medicine, p. 107.

589 Secret Miracles of Nature, Eng. trans. fol., Lond. 1658, p. 164.

590 Vulgar Errors.

591 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i., Pref., p. xxxii.

592 Brand’s Popular Antiquities, vol. iii. p. 139.

593 Encylopædia of Antiquities, vol. i. p. 336.

594 Medical Superstitions, p. 45.

595 Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 5th Ed., p. 23.

596 Park’s Travels, vol. i. p. 357.

597 Astley’s Voyages, vol. ii. p. 35.

598 Siberia, p. 310.

599 Vambery’s Travels in Central Asia, p. 50.

600 Masson’s Travels in Belochistan, etc., vol. i. pp. 74, 90, 312, vol. ii. pp. 127, 302.

601 The Thoughts of Blaise Pascal, Bell’s Ed. 1890, p. 2.

602 L’Amulette de Pascal. Médecine et Médecins. Par E. Littré. Paris, 1872.

603 Arnot’s Hist. Edin.

604 Vol. i. p. 192.

605 Præcepta de Medicina of Serenus Samonicus.

606 Lardner, Works, vol. ix. pp. 290-364.

607 Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, p. 52.

608 Vol. iii. p. 29.

609 Morley’s Life of Cornelius Agrippa, vol. i. p. 80.

610 Ibid., p. 81.

611 Henry’s Hist. of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 147.

612 Meryon, Hist. Med., pp. 113, 114; Strutt’s Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 279.

613 Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 279.

614 Ibid., p. 281.

615 Plin., Hist. Nat., lib. xxx. c. i.

616 Diod. Sicul., lib. v. cap. 35.

617 The Chronicles of England, vol. i. pp. 278, 279.

618 The Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 278.

619 Nat. Hist., Book xxx. chap. iv.

620 See note on Pliny’s passage, “Ut dedisse Persis videri possit,” in Bohn’s Pliny’s Nat. Hist., vol. v. p. 426.

621 Holinshed, Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 506.

622 Hist. Med., p. 249.

623 Hist. Med. Education, p. 187.

624 Ibid., p. 186.

625 Grimm’s Teutonic Mythology, translated by Stallybrass, vol. i. p. 133.

626 Ibid., vol. i. p. 42.

627 See Tennyson’s poem, The Victim.

628 Grimm.

629 Ibid.

630 Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. ii. p. 586.

631 Grimm’s Teutonic Mythology, p. 588.

632 Ibid., p. 602.

633 Ibid., p. 604.

634 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 874.

635 Eccl. Hist., lib. iii. cap. 18.

636 Strutt’s Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 345.

637 Chronicles of England, vol. ii. p. 248.

638 Bede, Eccles. Hist., lib. v. cap. 3.

639 Chronicles of England, vol. ii. p. 248.

640 Strutt’s Horda Angel Cynnan, vol. i. p. 70.

641 Strutt, The Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 344. Bede, Eccl. Hist., iii. 18.

642 Leech Book, ii. p. 289.

643 Ibid., p. xxv.

644 A valuable expectorant which is largely used at the present time.

645 Recherches critiques sur l’âge et origine des traductions Latines d’Aristote. Paris, 1819.

646 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii., Preface, p. xxix.

647 Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England, vol. ii. Edited by Rev. O. Cockayne. (Rolls Series.)

648 MS. Reg., 12. D. xvii.

649 Leech Book, I. xiii. p. 57.

650 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 117.

651 The doctor and the patient.

652 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 137.

653 Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 137-8.

654 Church bells were anciently used more to frighten the fiends away than for calling together the worshippers.

655 Psalms cxix., lxviii., and lxix.

656 A formula of Benediction.

657 Polypodium vulgare.

658 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. pp. 138-9.

659 Leech Book, III. vol. ii. p. 343.

660 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 335.

661 Ibid., p. 335.

662 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 307.

663 Ibid., vol. i. Preface, p. xxvii.

664 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. Preface, pp. xxvi., xxvii.

665 Leech Book, iii. p. 307.

666 Myv. Arch., iii. p. 129.

667 Meddygon Myddfai, Preface, p. ix.

668 Llanover MS.

669 Ancient Laws and Institutions of Wales, vol. ii. p. 515.

670 Meddygon Myddfai, p. xi.

671 Ibid., p. xiii.

672 Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, vol. i. p. 41 etc.

673 Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, vol. i. p. 315.

674 Ibid., p. 507.

675 The Physicians of Myddvai, Llandovery, 1861.

676 Leges Wallica, l. 4. Henry’s Hist. of Eng., vol. i. p. 320.

677 Ancient Laws, etc., of Wales, v. i. p. 313.

678 See on this Balmez, European Civilization, p. 214.

679 Pococke, Hist. Dynast., p. 128; Freind, Hist. Med., Lat. Ed., p. 472.

680 Puschmann, Hist. of Med. Educ., p. 156.

681 L. Leclerc, Hist. de la Méd. Arabe, i. p. 38.

682 Freind, Hist. Med., p. 473, Ed. 1733.

683 Decline and Fall, etc., ch. lii.

684 Weber, Hist. Ind. Lit., p. 266.

685 Royle, Antiquity of Hindu Medicine.

686 Weber, p. 266.

687 Puschmann, p. 160.

688 Leo Afric., De viris Illust. ap. Arab. Bib.

689 The Saracens, p. 191.

690 Ibid.

691 Ibid., pp. 191, 192.

692 Decline and Fall, etc., ch. lii.

693 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 158.

694 Freeman’s Saracens, p. 54.

695 Kingsley’s Alexandria, p. 148.

696 Sismondi, Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 51.

697 Hist. Med., p. 123.

698 See Thompson’s Hist. Chem., vol. i. p. 112.

699 Berington’s Lit. Hist. Middle Ages, p. 415.

700 Gibbon, Decline and Fall, etc., ch. lii.

701 Imp. Dict. Biog., art. “Averrhoès.”

702 Puschmann, p. 162.

703 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 220.

704 Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 66.

705 Ibid.

706 Decline and Fall, etc., chap. lii.

707 Dictionary of Islam, art. “Da’wah.”

708 Baas, History of Medicine, p. 224.

709 Sismondi, Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 68.

710 Ibid.

711 Dr. W. A. Greenhill, in Smith’s Dict. Classical Biog.

712 Ibid., in life of Rhazes, in Imp. Dict. Biog.

713 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 231.

714 Berington, Lit. Hist. Middle Ages, p. 428.

715 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. vi. pp. 105-119.

716 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. vi. p. 119.

717 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 233.

718 Arabic writer, quoted by Baas, Hist. Med., p. 221.

719 Freeman’s Saracens, p. 4.

720 Ibid., p. 6.

721 Philosophy of History, p. 342.

722 Chateaubriand, Analyse de l’Histoire de France, Seconde Race.

723 Goodwin, Lives of the Necromancers, pp. 29, 30.

724 Cap, Études Biographiques, Ser. ii. p. 326.

725 See Whewell’s Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. i. p. 305.

726 Decline and Fall.

727 Mullinger’s University of Cambridge, p. 334.

728 As Haydn gives them.

729 Ency. Brit., art. “Anatomy.”

730 Rise and Constitution of Universities, p. 157.

731 Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 214.

732 Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 216.

733 Ibid., p. 217.

734 Ibid. See also Dubouchet, “Documents pour servir à l’histoire de l’université de médicine de Montpellier,” in the Gaz. hebd. des sciences med. de Montpellier, 1887, No. 4.

735 Ibid., p. 218.

736 Surgical Dict., art. “Surgery.”

737 Cooper’s Surgical Dictionary, art. “Surgery.”

738 In vit. Ric. pri., p. 490.

739 Strutt’s Horda Angel-Cynnan, vol. ii. p. 26.

740 Wood, Hist. Univ. of Oxford, vol. i. p. 62.

741 Henry, Hist. Great Britain, vol. vi. p. 114.

742 Jessen.

743 L’École de Salerne.

744 Laurie, Rise, etc., of Universities, p. 112.

745 European Civilization, p. 216.