170 Beukemann, loc. cit. pp. 18, 28.

171 Powers, loc. cit. p. 206.

172 Ante, p. 27.

173 Cf. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  354.

174 Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. ii. p. 149.

175 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 124.

176 Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  241.

177 Wargentin, in ‘Kongl. Vet.-acad. Handl.,’ vol. xxviii. p. 254.

178 Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  242. Bertillon, ‘Natalité (démographie),’ in ‘Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. xi. p. 479.

179 Beukemann, loc. cit. p. 59.

180 Hill, in ‘Nature,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 250.

181 Professor Nicholson says (‘Sexual Selection in Man,’ p. 9) that Darwinism fails to assign any adequate cause for this.

182 Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 113.

183 Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iii. pp. 269, et seq.

184 Darwin, ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 255.

185 Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  247.

186 Ibid., vol. i. p.  246. Quetelet, loc. cit. p. 20. Bertillon, in ‘Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. xi. p. 480.

187 Wappäus, vol. i. p.  343.

188 Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 333.

189 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 43.

190 Ibid., vol. iii. pp. 549, 557.

191 Müller, loc. cit. pp. 2, 86, 104. I myself know of a canary that laid eggs as early as March.

192 Peschel, ‘The Races of Man,’ pp. 229, et seq.

193 Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines du mariage et de la famille,’ p. 148. Lippert, ‘Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit,’ vol. ii. pp. 54, et seq. Von Hellwald, ‘Die menschliche Familie,’ p. 207: ‘Was später der Vater, das ist der Oheim zur Zeit des Mutterrechtes und des Matriarchats.’ Kovalevsky, ‘Tableau des origines et de l’évolution de la famille et de la propriété,’ pp. 15, 16, 21.

194 Giraud-Teulon, loc. cit. pp. 199, et seq.

195 Kovalevsky, ‘Tableau des origines de la famille,’ pp. 21, et seq.

196 Bastian, ‘Die Rechtsverhältnisse bei verschiedenen Völkern der Erde,’ p. 181.

197 ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.

198 Munzinger, ‘Ostafrikanische Studien,’ p. 528.

199 Cain, ‘The Bhadrachellam and Rekapalli Taluqas,’ in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 34.

200 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 150.

201 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  268. Cf. Bartram, ‘The Creek and Cherokee Indians,’ in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p.  65.

202 Codrington, ‘The Melanesians,’ p. 34. Cf. Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 60, 62, 69.

203 Kautsky, ‘Die Entstehung der Ehe und Familie,’ in ‘Kosmos’ vol. xii. p. 198.

204 Cf. Tylor, ‘Primitive Society,’ in ‘The Contemporary Review,’ vol. xxi. pp. 711, et seq.

205 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  166.

206 Savage, ‘Description of Troglodytes Gorilla,’ p. 9. 

207 Reade, loc. cit. p. 220.

208 Du Chaillu, loc. cit. p. 349.

209 ‘Die Gartenlaube,’ 1877, p. 418.

210 Savage, in ‘Boston Journal of Natural History,’ vol. iv. pp. 384, et seq.

211 Du Chaillu, p. 358.

212 Hartmann, loc. cit. p. 221: ‘Dieses Thier lebt in einzelnen Familien oder in kleinern Gruppen von solchen beieinander.'

213 Spencer, ‘The Principles of Psychology,’ vol. ii. pp. 558, et seq.

214 Savage, in ‘Boston Journal of Natural History,’ vol. iv. p. 384. Cf. v. Koppenfels, in ‘Die Gartenlaube,’ 1877, p. 419.

215 Spencer, vol. ii. p. 558.

216 Herr Kautsky is certainly mistaken when he says (‘Kosmos,’ vol. xii. p. 193), ‘Nicht Familien, sondern Stämme sind es, denen wir bei den Völkern begegnen, die sich ihre ursprünglichen Einrichtungen noch bewahrt haben.'

217 Pridham, ‘Account of Ceylon,’ vol. i. p.  454. Cf. Hartshorne, ‘The Weddas,’ in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

218 Bailey, ‘The Wild Tribes of the Veddahs of Ceylon,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 281.

219 Stirling, ‘Residence in Tierra del Fuego,’ in ‘The South American Missionary Magazine,’ vol. iv. p. 11.

220 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  124.

221 Hyades, ‘Ethnographie des Fuégiens,’ in ‘Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p.  333.

222 Bove, ‘Patagonia, Terra del Fuoco,’ p. 134. Lovisato, ‘Appunti etnografici sulla Terra del Fuoco,’ in Guido Cora’s ‘Cosmos,’ vol. viii. p. 150.

223 Bridges, ‘Manners and Customs of the Firelanders,’ in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 204.

224 Salvado, ‘Mémoires historiques sur l’Australie,’ pp. 265, et seq. Idem, ‘Voyage en Australie,’ p. 178.

225 Stanbridge, ‘The Tribes in the Central Part of Victoria,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. i. pp. 286, et seq.

226 Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 278.

227 Fritsch, loc. cit. pp. 443, et seq.

228 Thulié, ‘Instructions sur les Bochimans,’ in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. iv. pp. 409, et seq. Lichtenstein, ‘Travels in Southern Africa,’ vol. i. p.  48.

229 Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 194.

230 v. Martius, ‘Civil and Natural Rights among the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Brazil,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 192.

231 v. Tschudi, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 283.

232 v. Martius, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographic Amerika’s,’ vol. i. pp. 244, 400, 247.

233 Bates, ‘The Naturalist on the River Amazons,’ vol. ii. p. 376.

234 Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 381, 377, et seq.; vol. i. p.  328.

235 Southey, ‘History of Brazil,’ vol. ii. p. 373.

236 v. Spix and v. Martius, ‘Travels in Brazil,’ vol. ii. p. 244.

237 Petroff, ‘The Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska,’ p. 135.

238 Ahlqvist, ‘Die Kulturwörter der westfinnischen Sprachen,’ p. 220.

239 Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 49, 194.

240 King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 177, et seq.

241 Hunter, ‘Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island,’ p. 62.

242 Meyer, loc. cit. p. 191.

243 Brough Smyth, ‘The Aborigines of Victoria,’ vol. i. pp. 146, et seq.

244 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 207, et seq.

245 Cf. Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. §§ 24, 27.

246 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  72.

247 Lubbock, ‘The Development of Relationships,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  2.

248 Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ pp. xxi., xx., 10. Idem, ‘Antiquarische Briefe,’ pp. 20, et seq. McLennan, loc. cit. pp. 92, 95. Morgan, loc. cit. pp. 480, 487, et seq. Idem, ‘Ancient Society,’ pp. 418, 500-502. Lubbock loc. cit. pp. 86, 98, 104. Bastian, loc. cit. p. xviii. Giraud-Teulon, loc. cit. p. 70. Lippert, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 7.  Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft der Urzeit,’ pp. 16, et seq. Idem, ‘Die Grundlagen des Rechts,’ pp. 183, et seq. Idem, ‘Studien zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Familienrechts,’ pp. 54, et seq. Wilken, ‘Over de primitieve vormen van het huwelijk en den oorsprong van het gezin,’ in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol ii. p. 611. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft,’ vol. iv. p. 267. Engels, ‘Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats,’ p. 17. Mr. Herbert Spencer, though inferring (‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  635) that even in prehistoric times promiscuity was checked by the establishment of individual connections, thinks that in the earliest stages it was but in a small degree thus qualified.

249 Fiske, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 345. Kulischer, in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. viii. pp. 140, et seq. Gomplowicz, ‘Grundriss der Sociologie,’ p. 107. Bevel, ‘Woman in the Past, Present, and Future,’ p. 9. 

250 Herodotus, ‘Ιστορία,’ book i. ch. 216. Strabo, loc. cit. book xi. p. 513.

251 Herodotus, book iv. ch. 180.

252 Solinus, ‘Collectanea Rerum Memorabilium,’ ch. xxx. § 2.

253 Nicolaus Damascenus, ‘Ἐθῶν συναγω γή,’ §§ 3, 14.

254 Wolkov, ‘Rites et usages nuptiaux en Ukraine,’ in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 164.

255 Garcilasso de la Vega, ‘The Royal Commentaries of the Yncas,’ vol. ii. p. 443.

256 Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 86-95.

257 Belcher, ‘The Andaman Islands,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. v. p. 45.

258 Poole, ‘Queen Charlotte Islands,’ p. 312.

259 Baegert, ‘The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Californian Peninsula,’ in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1863, p. 368.

260 Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 87, et seq.

261 Buchanan, ‘Journey from Madras,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages and Travels,’ vol. viii. p. 736. Lubbock, p. 87.

262 Watson and Kaye, loc. cit. vol. ii. no. 85.

263 Dubois, ‘Description of the People of India,’ p. 3. 

264 Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 240.

265 Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. pp. 36, 51, 53. Ridley, ‘Kámilarói,’ pp. 161, et seq.

266 Schürmann, ‘The Aboriginal Tribes of Port Lincoln,’ in Wood’s ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ p. 223.

267 King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 182.

268 Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. pp. 610, et seq. Idem, ‘Over de verwantschap en het huwelijks-en erfrecht bij de volken van het maleische ras,’ pp. 20; 82 note.

269 Bastian, ‘Ueber die Eheverhältnisse,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. vi. p. 406.

270 Idem, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. lxi., note 36.

271 Idem, ‘Die Culturländer des Alten America,’ vol. ii. p. 654, note 4.

272 Quoted by Giraud-Teulon, loc. cit. p. 72.

273 Baegert, in ‘Smith Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368.

274 Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  239.

275 Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 104, et seq. Morgan in his ‘Introduction’ to Fison and Howitt’s ‘Kamilaroi and Kurnai,’ p. 10. Kohler, ‘Ueber das Recht der Australneger,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 344. Kovalevsky, ‘Tableau des origines de la famille,’ pp. 13, et seq.

276 Fison and Howitt, p. 60.

277 Ibid., pp. 159, et seq.

278 Howitt, ‘Australian Group Relations,’ in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, p. 817.

279 As regards the Melanesians, Dr. Codrington remarks (loc. cit. pp. 22, et seq.): ‘Speaking generally, it may be said that to a Melanesian man all women, of his own generation at least, are either sisters or wives, to the Melanesian woman all men are either brothers or husbands.... It must not be understood that a Melanesian regards all women who are not of his own division as, in fact, his wives, or conceives himself to have rights which he may exercise in regard to those women of them who are unmarried; but the women who may be his wives by marriage and those who cannot possibly be so, stand in a widely different relation to him.'

280 Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  126.

281 Ibid., vol. i. p.  142.

282 Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 404.

283 Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.

284 Burchell, ‘Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 60.

285 Barrow, ‘Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa,’ vol. i. p.  276.

286 Woldt, ‘Capitain Jacobsen’s Reise an der Nordwestküste Amerikas,’ pp. 20, 21, 28, et seq.

287 Ratzel, ‘Völkerkunde,’ vol. ii. p. 430.

288 Schwaner, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  231, note: ‘De Koeteinezen verhalen, dat hunne Ot geene huwelijken sluiten, geen woningen hebben, en als de dieren des wouds door hen gejaagd worden.'

289 Ibid., vol. i. p.  230.

290 Richardson, ‘Arctic Searching Expedition,’ vol. i. p.  383. Kirby, ‘Journey to the Youcan,’ in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  131.

291 v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  693.

292 Schomburgk, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 459, et seq. Brett, ‘The Indian Tribes of Guiana,’ p. 98.

293 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 472.

294 Dalton, ‘The “Kols” of Chota Nagpore,‘ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vi. p. 25.

295 Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 81.

296 Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p.  304.

297 With reference to the Tahitians, Forster says (‘Voyage round the World,’ vol. ii. p. 132), ‘We have been told a wanton tale of promiscuous embraces, where every woman is common to every man: but when we inquired for a confirmation of this story from the natives, we were soon convinced that it must, like many others, be considered as a groundless invention of a traveller’s gay fancy.’ Regarding the Peruvian natives alleged to live in a state of promiscuity, Garcilasso de la Vega assures us (loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 443) that he saw them with his own eyes when on his way to Spain, for the ship stopped on their coast for three days.

298 Pliny, ‘Historia Naturalis,’ book v. ch. 8: ‘Garamantes, matrimoniorum exsortes, passim cum foeminis degunt.... Blemmyis traduntur capita abesse, ore et oculis pectori affixis.'

299 Rowney, loc. cit. pp. 140, 142, 143.

300 Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 293.

301 Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 85, et seq.

302 Post, ‘Die Grundlagen des Rechts,’ p. 187. Cf. Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 1195.

303 Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  206.

304 Proyart, ‘History of Loango,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 568.

305 Reade, loc. cit. p. 261.

306 Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p.  26.

307 Barth, ‘Reisen in Nord-und Central-Afrika,’ vol. ii. p. 18.

308 Chavanne, loc. cit. p. 315.

309 Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 326.

310 Baker, loc. cit. p. 124.

311 Munzinger, p. 243. For certain other African peoples, see Moore, loc. cit. p. 221; Munzinger, pp. 145, 146, 208; d’Escayrac de Lauture, ‘Die Afrikanische Wüste,’ p. 132.

312 Hanoteau and Letourneux, ‘La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles,’ vol. ii. pp. 148, 187.

313 Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 240.

314 Klemm, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 166.

315 Liebich, ‘Die Zigeuner,’ p. 50, note 1.

316 Georgi, ‘Beschreibung aller Nationen des russischen Reichs,’ p. 311.

317 Klemm, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 26.

318 Prejevalsky, ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ p. 112.

319 Fytche, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  343.

320 Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 444.

321 Low, loc. cit. pp. 300, 247.

322 St. John, ‘Life in the Forests of the Far East,’ vol. i. pp. 52, et seq.

323 Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 66.

324 Meyer, ‘Die Igorrotes von Luzon,’ in ‘Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte,’ 1883, pp. 384, et seq. Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 27. For other tribes of the Indian Archipelago, see Marsden, ‘The History of Sumatra,’ p. 261; and Matthes, ‘Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes,’ p. 6. 

325 Earl, ‘Papuans,’ p. 81. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 629. Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ pp. 77, 82, 92, 101.

326 Bonwick, loc. cit. p. 60.

327 Finsch, p. 101.

328 Bonwick, pp. 59, 11.

329 Erskine, ‘The Islands of the Western Pacific,’ p. 341.