495 Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 91, et seq.

496 Eyre, ‘Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 214.

497 Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  143.

498 Sibree, loc. cit. p. 247.

499 Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 212.

500 Mr. A. J.  Swann, in a letter dated Kavala Island, Lake Tanganyika, December 14th, 1888.

501 Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320. According to M. Le Mesurier (‘The Veddás of Ceylon,’ in Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,‘ vol. ix. p. 347), the Rock or Hill Veddahs use the word for brother, ‘aluwa,’ when they speak of or to any person with whom they are in friendship.

502 Mr. Bridges, in a letter dated Downeast, Tierra del Fuego, August 28th, 1888.

503 In dealing with the pretended group-marriages of the Australians, we have noted the distortion of facts to which Mr. Morgan’s hypothesis has given rise. Nowhere has this distortion appeared in an odder way than in Professor Bernhöft’s pamphlet, entitled ‘Verwandtschaftsnamen und Eheformen der nordamerikanischen Volksstämme.’ The author, misled by the systems of nomenclature, asserts that even now group-marriages are extremely common (have ‘eine ungeheure Verbreitung’) not only among the Australians, but also throughout America and Africa, and in many parts of Asia (pp. 8, 16). In a paper of more recent date (‘Altindische Familien-Organisation,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. ix. p. 7), however, Professor Bernhöft admits that the actual practice has mostly become different from that which the terms indicate, and that the progress to individual marriage has already often taken place.

504 Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 196, et seq. Morgan, ‘Systems,’ p. 35 note.

505 Morgan, ‘Systems,’ p. 36, note.

506 ‘Das Mutterrecht.'

507 McLennan, loc. cit. p. 88.

508 See, besides the works of Bachofen and McLennan, Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 151-156; Giraud-Teulon, loc. cit. ch. vii.-x.; Idem, ‘La Mère chez certains peuples de l’antiquité;’ Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ pp. 183, et seq.; Lippert, ‘Die Geschichte der Familie,’ sec. i.; Idem, ‘Kulturgeschichte,’ vol. ii. ch. ii.; Dargun, ‘Mutterrecht und Raubehe,’ pp. 2-9; Post, ‘Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ pp. 93, et seq.; Idem, ‘Der Ursprung des Rechts,’ pp. 37, et seq.; Idem, ‘Baustiene,’ vol. i. pp. 77, et seq.; Starcke, ‘The Primitive Family,’ sec. i. ch. i.-v.; Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1881, vol. li. pp. 244-254; Friedrichs, ‘Ueber den Ursprung des Matriarchats,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. viii. pp. 382, et seq.; Frazer, ‘Totemism,’ pp. 70-72; Letourneau, ‘L’évolution du mariage et de la famille,’ ch. xvi.-xviii.; Wake, ‘The Development of Marriage and Kinship,’ ch. viii., et seq.

509 Cf. Hale, in ‘Science,’ vol. xix. p. 30.

510 Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  176.

511 Heriot, loc. cit. pp. 343, et seq.

512 Powers, loc. cit. p. 371 (Yokuts). Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 242.

513 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 182, 194.

514 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 234.

515 Sproat, loc. cit. pp. 98, 116.

516 Frazer, loc. cit. p. 71.

517 Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., pp. 5, et seq.

518 v. Humboldt, ‘Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent,’ vol. vi. p. 41. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 383.

519 Buckley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 31.

520 Waitz, vol. iii. pp. 471, et seq. Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ American Races, p. 10.

521 v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 352, et seq. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 499.

522 Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p.  334.

523 Cook, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  412.

524 Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 579, 583.

525 Ellis, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  260.

526 Cook, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 172.

527 Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ pp. 391, et seq.

528 Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 247. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 203.

529 Gill, ‘Myths and Songs from the South Pacific,’ p. 36.

530 Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 366.

531 Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 209, et seq. Cheyne, ‘Islands in the Western Pacific Ocean,’ p. 109. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 119.

532 Marsden, loc. cit. p. 244.

533 Hickson, ‘A Naturalist in North Celebes,’ pp. 285, et seq. Wilken, ‘Over de verwantschap, etc., bij de volken van het maleische ras,’ p. 21.

534 Wilken, p. 21.

535 Kohler, ‘Das Recht der Papuas auf Neu-Guinea,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. pp. 373, 375. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 395. Chalmers, ‘Pioneering in New Guinea,’ p. 188.

536 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  85.

537 Taylor, ‘Te Ika a Maui,’ p. 326. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 210.

538 According to Mr. Frazer (loc. cit. p. 70), the proportion of tribes with female to those with male descent is as four to one.

539 Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. pp. 276, 285. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 777. Eyre, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 328. Frazer, p. 70.

540 Taplin, ‘The Narrinyeri,’ in Wood’s, ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ pp. 12, 51.

541 Gason, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 186.

542 Grey, ‘Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia,’ vol. ii. pp. 226, 236.

543 Marshall, ‘A Phrenologist amongst the Todas,’ p. 206.

544 Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, pp. 10, et seq.

545 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 274.

546 Rowney, loc. cit. p. 167.

547 Hunter, ‘The Annals of Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p.  202.

548 Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 11.

549 Burckhardt, ‘Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys,’ p. 75. Wilken’s ‘Das Matriarchat bei den alten Arabern’ and Professor Robertson Smith’s (loc. cit. p. 151) suggestion that the maternal system alone prevailed among the ancient Arabs, must be regarded as a mere hypothesis. Cf. Redhouse, ‘Notes on Prof. E. B.  Tylor’s “Arabian Matriarchate.”‘

550 Wake, loc. cit. p. 271.

551 Cf. Dargun, loc. cit. p. 5. 

552 Batchelor, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. x. p.  212.

553 Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 458. Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 54, 57, 63 (Jyntias, Khasias, Garos). Dargun, p. 5, note.

554 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 522. Cf. Burton, ‘First Footsteps in East Africa,’ p. 123.

555 ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  169.

556 Waitz, vol. ii. p. 469.

557 Bosman, loc. cit. p. 421.

558 ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 230.

559 Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 228. Chapman, ‘Travels in the Interior of South Africa,’ vol. i. p.  341.

560 Conder, ‘The Native Tribes in Bechuana-Land,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85. Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 185.

561 In a letter dated Imbizane River, Natal, October 10th, 1888.

562 In a letter dated Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony, October 1st, 1888.

563 Maclean, ‘Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs,’ pp. 71, 116. v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 220. Cf. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 391. Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 92.

564 Starcke, loc. cit. p. 75. Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ African Races, p. 7. 

565 Andersson, p. 333.

566 Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Types of Lowest Races, &c., p. 10. For other instances of male descent in Africa, see Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 26-28.

567 Maine, ‘Dissertations on Early Law and Custom,’ p. 149.

568 Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ and ‘Antiquarische Briefe.’ McLennan, loc. cit. pp. 118-120, 195-246. Idem, ‘The Patriarchal Theory.’ Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines du mariage,’ ch. xiv., xvi.

569 Tacitus, ‘Germania,’ ch. xx.

570 Schrader, ‘Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples,’ p. 395.

571 Müller, ‘Biographies of Words,’ p. xvii.

572 Mr. Horatio Hale thinks (‘Science,’ vol. xix. p. 30) that in North America the paternal and maternal systems are both primitive.

573 Cf. Friedrichs, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. viii. pp. 371, &c.

574 Maine, loc. cit. p. 202.

575 Cf. Lippert, ‘Die Geschichte der Familie,’ pp. 5, 8, 9, &c.

576 Carver, loc. cit. p. 378.

577 Cameron, ‘Notes on some Tribes of New South Wales,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv., p. 352.

578 Howitt, in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1883, p. 813.

579 Wilkinson, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians,’ vol. i. p.  320.

580 Ribot, ‘L’hérédité psychologique,’ p. 362.

581 Maine, loc. cit. p. 203.

582 Cf. Tylor, ‘Researches into the Early History of Mankind,’ pp. 295, et seq.; Kohler, in ‘Kritische Vierteljahrschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft,’ N. S.  vol. iv. pp. 182, et seq.

583 Cf. Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 150, et seq.

584 Belt, ‘The Naturalist in Nicaragua’ p. 322.

585 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  273.

586 Hooker, ‘Himalayan Journals,’ vol. ii. p. 276.

587 Quoted by Starcke, loc. cit. p. 69, note 4.

588 Ibid., pp. 27, 28, 35, 36, 40, 41, &c.

589 Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 184, 192, et seq. It is remarkable, he says (p. 187), that while all children, among the Efatese, belonged, by the family name, to the mother’s family, each child had its own name, and any one bearing the name at once knew the father’s family thereby.

590 Casalis, loc. cit. p. 181.

591 Moore, loc. cit. p. 298. Powers, loc. cit. p. 382. Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian and his Wigwam,’ p. 72.

592 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 383.

593 Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  136. Cf. Livingstone, loc. cit. pp. 622, et seq.

594 Hickson, ‘Notes on the Sengirese,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 138.

595 Hooker, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 276.

596 Marsden, loc. cit. p. 262.

597 Starcke, loc. cit. p. 80.

598 Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 258.

599 Early Arabians (Robertson Smith, loc. cit. pp. 74, et seq.), Sumatrans (Marsden, loc. cit. p. 225), Sinhalese (McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ pp. 101, et seq.).

600 Küchler, ‘Marriage in Japan,’ in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p 115.

601 Starcke, loc. cit. p. 36.

602 Grey, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 226, 231. Lubbock, loc. cit. pp. 136, et seq.

603 v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.

604 McCall Theal, ‘History of the Emigrant Boers,’ p. 16.

605 Medhurst, ‘Marriage, Affinity, and Inheritance in China,’ in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 29.

606 Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 484, 490. Proyart, loc. cit. p. 571.

607 Marshall, loc. cit. pp. 206, et seq.

608 Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 35.

609 Wake, loc. cit. p. 271.

610 Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  637, note.

611 Cf. Bosman, loc. cit. p. 421. Phillips, ‘The Lower Congo,’ in ‘Jour. Anth. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 229. Grade, in ‘Aus allen Welttheilen,’ vol. xx. p. 5.  Powell, ‘Wanderings in a Wild Country,’ p. 60.

612 Maine, loc. cit. pp. 204, et seq.

613 Ibid., pp. 204, et seq. note.

614 Mantegazza, ‘Die Hygieine der Liebe,’ p. 405.

615 Quoted by Witkowski, ‘La génération humaine,’ p. 218.

616 ‘Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet,’ &c., note to p. 74.

617 Wilson, ‘The Abode of Snow,’ p. 215.

618 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  82. Cf. Erman, in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. iii. p. 163.

619 Lisiansky, ‘Voyage Round the World,’ p. 83.

620 Bontier and Le Verrier, loc. cit. p. 139.

621 Harkness, loc. cit. pp. 122, et seq.

622 de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  227.

623 Hamilton, loc. cit. pp. 374, et seq.

624 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 395.

625 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 394.

626 Le Bon, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 289, et seq. Kautsky, in ‘Kosmos,’ vol. xii. p. 262.

627 Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines de la famille,’ p’ 79, note.

628 Le Bon, vol. ii. p. 293.

629 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  125.

630 Breton, ‘Excursions in New South Wales,’ &c., p. 231. Wilkes, vol. ii. p. 195. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 774. Schürmann, loc. cit. p. 223. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 280.

631 Grey, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 252.

632 Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 100, 109.

633 Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn, Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 292.

634 Holmberg, ‘Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des russischen Amerika,’ in ‘Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 332, et seq. Dali, loc. cit. p. 421.

635 Petroff, loc. cit. p. 158. Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  383. Hardisty, ‘The Loucheux Indians,’ in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 312. Dixon, ‘Voyage round the World,’ pp. 225, et seq. Harmon, ‘Journal of Voyages and Travels,’ p. 293. Franklin, ‘Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea,’ p. 67. Cf. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 328; Hearne, loc. cit. p. 310; Mackenzie, loc. cit. p. 147; Hooper, loc. cit. p. 390.

636 Harmon, loc. cit. p. 343.

637 Powers, loc. cit. p. 412.

638 Adair, loc. cit. p. 143.

639 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 209.

640 v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  693.

641 v. Schütz-Holzhausen, ‘Der Amazonas,’ p. 70.

642 v. Martius, vol i. p.  322. Keane, ‘On the Botocudos,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206.

643 v. Spix and v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 241.

644 Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 128.

645 Ibid., i. p.  82.

646 Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  239.

647 Moncelon, in ‘Bull Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 368. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 115.

648 ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 329.

649 Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194.

650 Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 315.

651 Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 5, 335, 448. Cf. Modigliani, ‘Un viaggio a Nías,’ p. 471 (Nias).

652 ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144.

653 Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 348, et seq.

654 Chavanne, loc. cit. p. 315.

655 Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. xx. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 516.

656 Bosman, loc. cit. p. 479.

657 Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p.  25. Cf. Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iv. p. 498; ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 237; Bosman, p. 480.