998 Beechey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  39.

999 Parkyns, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 29.

1000 Agassiz, ‘Journey in Brazil,’ p. 320.

1001 Freycinet, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 580. Cf. Beechey, vol. i. p.  140.

1002 Sibree, loc. cit. p. 210.

1003 Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 310.

1004 Curr, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 475.

1005 Williams and Calvert, ‘Fiji and the Fijians,’ p. 137.

1006 Gason, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Dieyerie Tribe,’ in Wood’s, ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ p. 267.

1007 ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. pp. 317, et seq.

1008 Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p.  129.

1009 Williams and Calvert, loc. cit. p. 138. Pritchard, loc. cit. p. 391. Seeman, ‘Viti,’ p. 113. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 355.

1010 Wilkes, vol. v. p.  88. v. Siebold, loc. cit. p. 15.

1011 Egede, loc. cit. p. 132, et seq. Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 468.

1012 ‘A totem is a class of material objects which a savage regards with superstitious respect, believing that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate and altogether special relation’ (Frazer, loc. cit. p. 1).

1013 Frazer, loc. cit. pp. 26-30.

1014 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 36-39.

1015 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 38.

1016 Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 72.

1017 Colquhoun, loc. cit. p. 213.

1018 Keyser, ‘Our Cruise to New Guinea,’ pp. 44, et seq.

1019 Mackenzie, loc. cit. p. cxx. Powers, loc. cit. p. 109. Beechey, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 401. Agassiz, loc. cit. p. 318. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 484, 501, &c. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 434. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 38.

1020 Quoted by Heriot, loc. cit. p. 293, note.

1021 Spencer, vol. ii. pp. 183-186.

1022 Cf. v. Barth, ‘Ostafrika,’ p. 32.

1023 v. Martius, vol. i. pp. 321, 738. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 89. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life of the Tasmanians,’ p. 24. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  159. Heriot, p. 305.

1024 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 237, et seq.

1025 Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 249, et seq.

1026 Colquhoun, loc. cit. p. 76.

1027 Meyer, loc. cit. p. 189.

1028 Anderson, ‘Notes of Travel in Fiji and New Caledonia,’ p. 136.

1029 Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  275.

1030 Armstrong, loc. cit. p. 194. Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 243. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 301. Dixon, loc. cit. p. 187. v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 115. Holmberg says expressly that the men undergo this operation to make themselves agreeable to the young women.

1031 Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 118. Holub, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  35. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. p. 225.

1032 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 250, 365.

1033 v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 224. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 317. Powell, ‘Wanderings in a Wild Country,’ p. 254.

1034 Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 533. Chapman, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 285. Holub, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  328. Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 62. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 16. Andersson, loc. cit. p. 226. Ploss, ‘Das Kind,’ vol. ii. p. 264. Breton, loc. cit. p. 233. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 786, et seq.

1035 Man, ‘Account of the Nicobar Islanders,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 441.

1036 Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 215, et seq.

1037 Tuckey, ‘Expedition to Explore the River Zaire,’ pp. 80, et seq.

1038 Sibree, loc. cit. p. 211.

1039 Cf. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 493; v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 197.

1040 Lewin, loc. cit. p. 240.

1041 Riedel, loc. cit. p. 292.

1042 Harmon, loc. cit. p. 288.

1043 Moseley, ‘On the Inhabitants of the Admiralty Islands,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 400. Short hair is often regarded as a symbol of chastity. Every Buddhist ‘novice’—that is, a person admitted to the first degree of monkhood—has to cut off his hair, in order to prove that ‘he is ready to give up the most beautiful and highly-prized of all his ornaments for the sake of a religious life’ (Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ p. 306); and, in Mexico, the religious virgins, as also men who decided upon a life of chastity, had their hair cut (Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 333; Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 251, et seq.). A similar idea probably underlies the custom which requires that women, when they marry, shall be deprived of their hair, the husband trying in this way to preserve the fidelity of his wife (see Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 354; Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 567; Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 286; de Rubruquis, loc. cit. p. 32; Heriot, loc. cit. p. 335); whilst many men in New Guinea and Bornu deprive their wives of all ornaments (‘Ymer,’ vol. vi. p. 154; Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 31, note). Even at Sparta and Athens, as well as among the Anglo-Saxons, the bride or newly-married wife had her hair cut short (Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 290). Mr. Wright suggests (‘Womankind in Western Europe,’ p. 68) that, among the people last mentioned, this was done in order to show that she had accepted a position of servitude towards her husband, as the cutting of hair in either sex indicated slavery. But that this explanation cannot be applied to every case of hair-cutting appears from the fact, reported by Heriot (loc. cit. p. 333), that, among the Tlascalans, it was customary to shave the head of a newly-married couple, both man and woman, ‘to denote that all youthful sports ought in that state to be abandoned.'

1044 Sparrman, ‘Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope,’ vol. ii. p. 80.

1045 Bonwick, ‘Daily Life of the Tasmanians,’ pp. 25, et seq.

1046 v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  217.

1047 Angas, ‘South Australia Illustrated,’ no. 22.

1048 Sproat, loc. cit. p. 28.

1049 Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 10, 127, et seq. (Charruas and Payaguas). Ploss, ‘Das Kind,’ vol. ii. p. 259 (Manáos and Tamayos). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 45 (Zulus); &c.

1050 Reade, loc. cit. p. 246.

1051 Nieuhoff, ‘Voyages and Travels into Brazil,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xiv. p. 878.

1052 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  98.

1053 Armstrong, loc. cit. p. 195. Bancroft, vol. i. p.  47.

1054 Moore, loc. cit. p. 276.

1055 v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  217.

1056 Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 20.

1057 Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 97.

1058 Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 148.

1059 Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 189.

1060 Schadenberg, ‘Die Negritos der Philippinen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 136.

1061 Fijians (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 355), Samoans (ibid., vol. ii. p. 141), Kingsmill Islanders (ibid., vol. v. p.  103), Tahitians (Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  262), natives of Eimeo (Montgomery, ‘Journal of Voyages and Travels,’ vol. i. p.  127), Tongans (Pritchard, loc. cit. p. 393), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  118), Gambier Islanders (Beechey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  139).

1062 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 739, 785, 787.

1063 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 39. Cf. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  314 (New Zealanders).

1064 Mauch, ‘Reisen im Inneren von Süd-Afrika,’ in Petermann’s ‘Mittheilungen,’ Ergänzungsband viii. no. 37, pp. 38, et seq.

1065 Taylor, loc. cit. p. 321.

1066 Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 88.

1067 Pritchard, loc. cit. pp. 144, et seq.

1068 Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  262 (Tahiti). Montgomery, loc. cit. vol i. p.  127 (Eimeo). Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 328 (Marquesas Islands). Idem, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  314 (New Zealand). Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 61 (Burma). Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 331 (Andaman Islands). St. John, ‘The Ainos,’ ibid., vol. ii. p. 249 (Ainos of Yesso).

1069 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 67.

1070 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol i. p.  72.

1071 Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 286.

1072 Barrington, ‘The History of New South Wales,’ p. 11.

1073 Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  402.

1074 Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. pp. 308, et seq.

1075 Chalmers, loc. cit. p. 166.

1076 Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 170.

1077 Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 90. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  266.

1078 Ellis, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 262, et seq.

1079 Wundt, ‘Ethik,’ p. 93.

1080 Cf. Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 71; Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 170; Dalton, loc. cit. p. 251; Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 331.

1081 Beechey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  139. Yate, loc. cit. pp. 147, et seq.

1082 Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 14, et seq.

1083 Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ pp. 481, et seq. Beechey, vol. i. p.  39.

1084 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 573. Jones, ‘The Grammar of Ornament,’ p. 13, note. Cf. the tattooed circle round the mouth of the Jurís (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 510) and the female Arecunas (Brett, loc. cit. p. 268); the rings round the eyes of the women in the Admiralty Islands (Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 401), of the Australians (Angas, ‘South Australia Illustrated’), and the Patagonians (King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 135); the cicatrices like parallel ridges upon the chest, thighs, and shoulders of the Tasmanians (Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 24); and the tattoos on the hands and feet of Egyptian women (Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 54, 57).

1085 After this chapter had been prepared for the press, I became acquainted with Herr Joest’s magnificent work on tattooing (‘Tätowiren, Narbenzeichnen und Körperbemalen’). Herr Joest, who is an experienced ethnographer, has come to the same conclusion as myself regarding the origin of this practice. He says that ‘der hauptsächliche Trieb, welcher beide Geschlechter bewegt, sich zu tätowiren, der ist, ihre Reize in den Augen des andern Geschlechts zu erhöhen’ (p. 56). He also observes:—‘Je weniger sich ein Mensch bekleidet, desto mehr tätowirt er sich, und je mehr er sich bekleidet, desto weniger thut er letzteres’ (pp. 56, et seq.).

1086 Mr. Walker observes (‘Beauty,’ p. 41) that ‘an essential condition of all excitement and action in animal bodies, is a greater or less degree of novelty in the objects impressing them.'

1087 Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.

1088 Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 15.

1089 Schweinfurth, ‘Im Herzen von Afrika,’ vol. ii. pp. 7, et seq.

1090 Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 475.

1091 Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 197 (cf. Mackenzie, loc. cit. p. 126). Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  235.

1092 Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 281. Cf. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  597.

1093 d’Albertis, ‘New Guinea,’ vol. i. p.  200. Cf. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 570.

1094 Moseley, ‘Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger,’ p. 461. Idem, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 399. Romilly, loc. cit. p. 115.

1095 Campbell, ‘A Year in the New Hebrides,’ p. 145. Strauch, ‘Bemerkungen über Neu-Guinea,’ &c., in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 43. Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 105.

1096 Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 735. Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 204. Breton, loc. cit. pp. 210, et seq.

1097 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 372, et seq. Lubbock, loc. cit. p. 54. Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 219. Mackenzie, loc. cit. pp. 126, et seq.

1098 Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  35.

1099 Brett, loc. cit. p. 411.

1100 d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 415, 418. Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. pp. 43, 62.

1101 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 120, 575, 626.

1102 Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 267. Williams and Calvert, loc. cit. p. 145. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 332.

1103 Elliott, ‘Report on the Seal Islands of Alaska,’ pp. 21, et seq.

1104 Beechey, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  138.

1105 Bove, loc. cit. p. 129. Proyart, loc. cit. p. 575.

1106 Mackenzie, loc. cit. p. xciv. Cf. Harmon, loc. cit. pp. 319, et seq.

1107 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 290-295.

1108 Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  275.

1109 Tylor, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 243.

1110 Moseley, loc. cit. p. 412.

1111 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  121.

1112 Wundt, loc. cit. p. 127.

1113 Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 361.

1114 Powers, loc. cit. p. 348.

1115 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 210. Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 275. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 193, note. v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 230. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 513. v. Schütz-Holzhausen, loc. cit. p. 179. Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, ‘Travels in Brazil,’ p. 59. Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 83.

1116 Charruas, Pampas, Tupis, Payaguas (Azara, vol. ii. pp. 12, 42, 74, 126), and often the Nutkas (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  182) and Patwin (Powers, p. 220).

1117 Aborigines of Trinidad (Columbus, ‘The History of the Life and Actions of Christopher Colon,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xii. p. 101), Mundrucüs, Maurauás, Jurís (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 388, 427, 504), Uaupés, and Curetús (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 492, 509).

1118 Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 499. King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  23. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  121. Bove, loc. cit. p. 129. Armstrong, loc. cit. p. 33. Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ p. 228.

1119 Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. pp. 391, et seq. Breton, loc. cit. pp. 211, et seq. Labillardière, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 27, et seq. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ &c., pp. 104, et seq. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 737. Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 281, note. Sir G. Grey remarks that he never saw a cloak or covering worn north of lat. 29° (Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  93).

1120 Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ pp. 24, 104. Breton, p. 398. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 812.

1121 Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 183.

1122 Forbes, ‘The Kubus of Sumatra,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 122.

1123 Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 5. 

1124 Labillardière, vol. ii. pp. 287, 289.

1125 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 274.

1126 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 277; vol. v. p.  46 (Drummond’s Island). Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 215, note (Pelew Islands).

1127 Nukahiva (Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 85), Pelli of the Caroline Group (Kotzebue, vol. iii. p. 191), New Britain (Powell, loc. cit. p. 250. d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  255), the Duke of York Group (Powell, pp. 74, et seq.), many parts of New Guinea and neighbouring islands (d’Albertis, vol. ii. p. 380. Earl, loc. cit. p. 48. Gill, ‘Life in the Southern Isles,’ p. 203. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 568).

1128 Gill, p. 230.

1129 Forbes, ‘Tribes of Timor,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 406.

1130 Man, ibid., vol. xii. p. 330.

1131 Johnston, loc. cit. p. 433.

1132 Ibid., p. 437. Holub, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 299.

1133 Kretzschmar, ‘Südafrikanische Skizzen,’ p. 225. Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  78. Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  276.

1134 Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, ‘Tre år i Kongo,’ vol. i. p.  15.

1135 Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 305.

1136 Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 53.

1137 ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  36.

1138 Wilson and Felkin, vol. ii. p. 96.

1139 Schweinfurth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  322.

1140 Ibid., vol. i. p.  163.

1141 Cameron, ‘Across Africa,’ vol. i. pp. 285, et seq.

1142 Last, in ‘Proceed. Royal Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. v. p.  530.

1143 Johnston, p. 413, note.

1144 Bontier and Le Verrier, loc. cit. pp. 138, 139, xxxv.

1145 Wundt, loc. cit. p. 127.

1146 Powers, loc. cit. p. 233.

1147 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 446.

1148 Heriot, loc. cit. pp. 306, et seq.