1149 v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 642; 702, 703, note; 579.

1150 v. Spix and v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 76.

1151 Macgillivray, ‘The Voyage of Rattlesnake,’ vol. i. p.  146.

1152 Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  85.

1153 Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 16, et seq. Idem, ‘Journal of a Voyage round the World,’ p. 44.

1154 Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 168.

1155 Cheyne, loc. cit. p. 144.

1156 Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 383.

1157 New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Ulaua (Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 561, 565).

1158 Torres Islands, New Guinea (Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 567).

1159 Admiralty Islands (Labillardière, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 279, et seq. Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. pp. 397, et seq.).

1160 Marsden, loc. cit. p. 52.

1161 Godwin-Austen, ‘Gāro Hill Tribes,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 394.

1162 Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  169.

1163 Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  155.

1164 Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 276, et seq.

1165 Bosman, loc. cit. p. 524.

1166 ‘Nur das Verborgene reizt,’ says Dr. Zimmermann (loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 84), ‘und Diejenigen welche auf den Gesellschafts-Inseln die verhüllende Kleidung und den heimlichen Genuss und das Verbergen der natürlichen Gefühle einführten, haben gewiss die Sitten nicht verbessert.'

1167 Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 383.

1168 Hunter, ‘Historical Journal,’ &c., p. 477.

1169 Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 296.

1170 Rowley, loc. cit. p. 146.

1171 Snow, ‘Two Years’ Cruise off Tierra del Fuego,‘ vol. ii. p. 51.

1172 Speaking of the naked women of New Ireland, he says (loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 103, et seq.), ‘In der That muss ich auch sagen, dass nach kurzer Zeit, nach einer durchaus nicht lange dauernden Gewöhnung an diese Sache, man gar nichts anstössiges mehr in diesem gänzlichen Mangel an Kleidung findet.... Ich habe sehr häufig bemerkt, dass ein Kleid irgend einer Dame, welches nicht nach der allgemeinen Mode geschnitten war, mir stärker auffiel als mir der gänzliche Mangel an Bekleidung der Eingeborenen der tropischen Inseln aufgefallen ist; dazu kommt noch, dass die Leute dem Beobachter durchaus keine Veranlassung geben, an etwas unschickliches zu denken. Eine Europaërin, wenn sie auf eine so glückliche Insel verschlagen und ihrer Kleidung beraubt wäre, würde selbst nach jahrelangem Aufenthalt in solchen Regionen sich die Hände vor die Brust oder irgend einen anderen Theil halten und gerade durch dies Verbergenwollen würde sie die Aufmerksamkeit gegen das zu Verbergende lenken.'

1173 Reade, loc. cit. p. 546.

1174 Johnston, loc. cit. p. 437.

1175 Lewin, loc. cit. p. 349.

1176 Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 230, 276, et seq.

1177 Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  154.

1178 Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 116, et seq.

1179 Gumilla, ‘Histoire naturelle, civile et géographique de l’Orenoque,’ vol. i. pp. 188, et seq.

1180 v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 230.

1181 Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 357.

1182 Quoted by Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 174.

1183 Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. pp. 467, et seq.

1184 Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 392.

1185 Barrington, loc. cit. pp. 23, et seq.

1186 Freycinet, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 748.

1187 Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 286; 281, note.

1188 Snow, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 46.

1189 Macgillivray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  49; vol. ii. pp. 19, et seq.

1190 Southey, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 240, et seq. Cf v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 111.

1191 Taplin, loc. cit. p. 15. Cf. Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  275.

1192 Curr, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 19.

1193 Wanyoro (Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 49; ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 82), New Caledonians (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 342), Papuans of Dorey (Finsch, loc. cit. p. 96), aborigines of Hayti (Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 275), Fuegians (Snow, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 46).

1194 Wilson and Felkin, vol. ii. p. 62. Cf. ibid., vol. ii. p. 97 (Baris); Shooter, loc. cit. p. 6 (Kafirs).

1195 Macgillivray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  263.

1196 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 355. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 351.

1197 Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 280. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 562. Cf. Dalton, loc. cit. p. 27 (Abors).

1198 Tacullies (Harmon, loc. cit. p. 305), Uaupés (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 281), Oráons (Dalton, loc. cit. p. 250), Ysabel Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 604), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 121), Papuans of Humboldt Bay (Finsch, loc. cit. p. 139). As to the indecent character of savage dances, see, for instance, Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 754 (Australians); Turner, p. 95 (Samoans); Ehrenreich, ‘Ueber die Botocudos,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xix. p. 33 (Botocudos); Powers, loc. cit. p. 57 (Californians).

1199 Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ pp. 27, 38.

1200 Curr, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 472.

1201 Wallace, pp. 281, 493. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  597.

1202 Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  235.

1203 Casalis, loc. cit. p. 269.

1204 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 42. Riedel, loc. cit. p. 463. Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 123. Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 128. Reade, loc. cit. pp. 45, 245, et seq. Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 221. Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  36. Caillié, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  351. ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 237.

1205 Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 98, et seq. Cf. Bonney, ‘The Aborigines of the River Darling,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 127; Cameron, ibid., vol. xiv. p. 358; Bonwick, ‘The Australian Natives,’ ibid., vol. xvi. p. 209.

1206 Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 300.

1207 v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 10.

1208 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 41.

1209 Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 473. Cf. Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, vol. i. p.  269.

1210 Lewin, loc. cit. p. 207.

1211 Ibid., p. 192.

1212 Stricker, ‘Der Fuss der Chinesinnen,’ in ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ vol. iv. p. 243.

1213 Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 477, et seq.

1214 Man, loc. cit. pp. 80, et seq.

1215 Harmon, loc. cit. p. 289. Cf. Hearne, loc. cit. pp. 314, et seq.

1216 Moore, loc. cit. pp. 259, et seq. Cf. Buchanan, loc. cit. p. 323.

1217 Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. pp. 397, et seq. Labillardière, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 279, et seq.

1218 Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 365. Dr. Brown, however, thinks that this custom serves another end.

1219 v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  211.

1220 Atooi (Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 192, 232), Tonga (Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 266), Samoa (Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 34), Vaitupu (ibid., vol. v. pt ii. p. 188), Fiji (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol iii. p. 355). The natives of Ponapé have their lower extremities most richly tattooed, and, to quote Dr. Finsch (‘Die Bewohner von Ponapé,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. pp. 311, 314), ‘als Bassis und Mittelpunkt der Zeichnung dieser Partien ist ein viereckiges Feld zu betrachten, welches die Gegend des Venusberges bedeckt und von der Behaarung unmittelbar beginnend, etwas über denselben hinausreicht.'

1221 Riedel, loc. cit. p. 293. Cf. Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 189, et seq. (Papuans).

1222 Andree, ‘Die Beschneidung,’ in ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ vol. xiii. p. 74. The following statements, when other references are not given, are borrowed from this paper.

1223 Sibree, loc. cit. p. 217.

1224 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 560, et seq.

1225 Lafitau, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  412.

1226 v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  582, note.

1227 Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 517.

1228 ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.

1229 Parkyns, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 38.

1230 Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 58.

1231 Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. p. 216.

1232 Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 75. Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. xx.

1233 See, for instance, Burton, ‘Notes on the Dahoman,’ in ‘Memoirs Read before the Anthr. Soc. of London,’ vol. i. p.  318; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 41, 784; Müller,‘Allgemeine Ethnographie,’ pp. 337, et seq.; Reade, loc. cit. pp. 539, et seq.; Modigliani, loc. cit. p. 702.

1234 Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 78.

1235 Sturt, loc. cit. vol ii. p. 140.

1236 Spencer, ‘Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 67.

1237 Galton, ‘The Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa,’ pp. 192, et seq. Andersson, loc. cit. p. 465.

1238 Sibree, loc. cit. p. 160. Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  39.

1239 Spencer, vol. ii. p. 67.

1240 Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  60. Cf. Eyre, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 315; Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iii. p. 256.

1241 Cf. Lane, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 320 (Copts); Sibree, loc. cit. p. 217 (people of Madagascar); Maclean, loc. cit. p. 157 (Kafirs).

1242 Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 75.

1243 Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 65, note.

1244 Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 77.

1245 Maclean, loc. cit. p. 157.

1246 Cook, ‘Journal of a Voyage,’ p. 106.

1247 Atooi, of the Sandwich Islands (idem, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 233), Nukahiva (Lisiansky, loc. cit. pp. 85, et seq.), &c. (Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 28, 565, 576).

1248 ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 96.

1249 The same kind of mutilation, spoken of by Mr. Curr as ‘the terrible rite,’ occurs among several other Australian tribes (Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 75; Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 411).

1250 Schürmann, loc. cit. p. 231.

1251 Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 316.

1252 Abyssinians (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 504), Barea (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 528), Negroes of Benin and Sierra Leone (Bosman, loc. cit. p. 526. Griffith, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 308, et seq.), Mandingoes (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 111), Bechuanas (Holub, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  398), Kafirs (v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 218), Malays of Java (Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. p.  146), Indians of Peru (ibid., vol. i. p.  146).

1253 Ploss, vol. i. p.  143.

1254 Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 316.

1255 Macgillivray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  263.

1256 Forster, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 383.

1257 v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 12, et seq.

1258 Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ p. 477.

1259 Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 267.

1260 Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 59.

1261 Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 301.

1262 Ebers, ‘Durch Gosen zum Sinai,’ p. 45.

1263 ‘Dr. E. Vogel’s Reise nach Central-Afrika,’ in Petermann’s ‘Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ geographischer Anstalt,‘ 1857, p. 138.

1264 Peschel, loc. cit. p. 172.

1265 Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  209.

1266 La Pérouse, ‘Voyage round the World,’ vol ii. p. 142.

1267 Lisiansky, loc. cit. pp. 85, et seq.

1268 Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 398. Cf. Labillardière, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 279, et seq.

1269 Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. pp. 125, et seq.

1270 Bain, ‘The Emotions and the Will,’ p. 211.

1271 Fries, loc. cit. p. 109.

1272 Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 305.

1273 Peschel, loc. cit. p. 171.

1274 Ibid., p. 171.

1275 Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 364, et seq. Dall, loc. cit. pp. 139, 397.

1276 Harmon, loc. cit. p. 286.

1277 Kane, ‘Arctic Explorations,’ vol ii. p. 114. On the East Coast of Greenland, according to Dr. Nansen (loc. cit. vol. i. p.  338; vol. ii. p. 277), the Eskimo, men and women alike, when indoors, are completely naked with the exception of the ‘nâtit,’ a narrow band about the loins, of dimensions ‘so extremely small as to make it practically invisible to the stranger’s inexperienced eye.’ Many, indeed, assume some covering when Europeans enter their dwellings, but Dr. Nansen thinks this must be rather from affectation, and a desire to please their visitors, than from any real feeling of modesty (ibid., vol. ii. pp. 277, et seq.).

1278 Peschel, loc. cit. p. 175.

1279 Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. pp. 330, et seq.

1280 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 356.

1281 Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 86.

1282 Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  99.

1283 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 105.

1284 Semper, ‘Die Palau-Inseln,’ p. 68.

1285 Since the appearance of the first edition of this work I have become acquainted with Mr. Johnston’s book on ‘The River Congo,’ where he says (p. 418), ‘Clothing was first adopted as a means of decoration rather than from motives of decency. The private parts were first adorned with the appendages that were afterwards used by a dawning sense of modesty to conceal them.'

1286 Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 263. For early engagements among other Eskimo tribes, see Hall, ‘Arctic Researches,’ p. 567; ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 698; Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  146; Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 308.

1287 Richardson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 23. Mackenzie, loc. cit. p. cxxiii.

1288 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 276, et seq. (Inland Columbians). Mayne, ‘Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island,’ p. 276 (Nutkas).

1289 v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  322.

1290 Falkner, loc. cit. p. 124. King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 152, et seq.

1291 Shoshones (Lewis and Clarke, ‘Travels to the Source of the Missouri River,’ p. 307), Arawaks (Schomburgk, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 460. Brett, loc. cit. pp. 99, et seq.), Macusís (v. Martius, vol. i. p.  645).

1292 Holub, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 314.

1293 Bosman, loc. cit. p. 424.

1294 Burchell, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 58, 564. Beecham, ‘Ashantee and the Gold Coast,’ p. 126.

1295 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol vi. p. 772. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 195. Sturt, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 284, et seq. Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 129, 301. Cameron, ibid., vol. xiv. p. 352.

1296 Finsch, loc. cit. pp. 102, 116. Guillemard, loc. cit. p. 389.

1297 Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  314.

1298 Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 267, 270.

1299 In the Kingsmill Islands (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  102), Fiji (ibid., vol. iii. p. 92), Hudson’s Island (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 290), Nukahiva (Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 127), Solomon Islands (Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 90), New Caledonia (Turner, p. 340), New Britain (Powell, loc. cit. p. 85), Java (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 569), Buru (Riedel, loc. cit. p. 21), and among the Bataks, Sundanese, and other Malay peoples (Hickson, loc. cit. p. 270. Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. pp. 161-167).

1300 Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 167.

1301 Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 109.

1302 ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144.

1303 Hooper, loc. cit. p. 209.