1468 ‘Westgöta-Lagen,’ Codex Recentior, Kirkyu Balker, ch. lii. Additamenta, § 8.

1469 ‘Uplands-Lagen,’ Aerfdæ Balkær, ch. i. § 4.

1470 Nordström, ‘Svenska samhälls-författningens historia,’ vol. ii. pp. 15, et seq. Wilda, loc. cit. p. 803. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p.  304. According to Saxo Grammaticus (‘Historia Danica,’ book v. vol. i. p.  186), a woman was allowed to dispose of her own hand before the days of King Frotho.

1471 ‘Der Schwabenspiegel,’ Landrecht, § 55.

1472 Kraut, ‘Die Vormundschaft,’ vol. i. p.  326.

1473 Weinhold, vol. i. p.  305.

1474 Quoted in Spencer’s ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ France, p. 38.

1475 Quoted by de Ribbe, ‘Les familles et la société en France avant la Révolution,’ p. 51.

1476 Bodin, ‘De Republica,’ book i. ch. iv. p. 31.

1477 Sully, ‘Memoirs,’ vol. v. p.  180.

1478 Koenigswarter, loc. cit. p. 231.

1479 de Goncourt, ‘La Femme au dix-huitième siècle,’ p. 20.

1480 ‘Code Civil,’ art. 374.

1481 Ibid., art. 375-383.

1482 Ibid., art. 148.

1483 ‘Code Civil,’ art. 151.

1484 Kent, ‘Commentaries on American Law,’ lecture xxvi.

1485 Diderot and d’Alembert, ‘Encyclopédie,’ vol. xiii. p. 255.

1486 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 384.

1487 Nicholson, loc. cit. p. 1.  Cf. a criticism of ‘The Descent of Man,’ in ‘The Athenæum,’ 1871, March 4th.

1488 Darwin, vol. ii. p. 252.

1489 Müller, ‘The Fertilisation of Flowers,’ p. 14.

1490 Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 223.

1491 ‘The Colours of Plants and the Origin of the Colour-Sense,’ in ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 221-248. ‘Darwinism,’ ch. x.

1492 Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 193-195.

1493 Ibid., p. 187.

1494 Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 213.

1495 Idem, ‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,’ pp. 73, et seq.

1496 Ibid., pp. 259-261.

1497 Fraser, in ‘Nature,’ vol. iii. p. 489.

1498 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  485.

1499 Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 270.

1500 The Gallinaceæ, however, form an exception; though almost wholly terrestrial, they have the most pronounced sexual colours. But they are active and wander much.

1501 Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 230, et seq.

1502 Gould, ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 383.

1503 Wood, loc.cit. vol. ii. p. 257.

1504 Prejevalsky, ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ pp. 92, 94.

1505 Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 94.

1506 Gould, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 382, et seq.

1507 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  62.

1508 Burdach, ‘Physiologie,’ vol. i. p.  277.

1509 Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 284.

1510 Ibid., p. 294.

1511 Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 293.

1512 Mr. Belt (loc. cit. p. 112) has seen the female of Florisuga mellivora sitting quietly on a branch, and two males displaying their charms in front of her. ‘One would shoot up like a rocket, then suddenly expanding the snow-white tail like an inverted parachute, slowly descend in front of her, turning round gradually to show off both back and front.... The expanded white tail covered more space than all the rest of the bird, and was evidently the grand feature in the performance.'

1513 See Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 285.

1514 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 67, 74.

1515 Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 102-104.

1516 According to Professor Vogt (‘Lectures on Man,’ p. 421), the aversion between allied species in the wild state is more frequently overcome by the males than by the females; and, in crosses between wild and domesticated animals, the female generally belongs to the domesticated species or race (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle générale,’ vol. iii. p. 177).

1517 Taylor, loc. cit. pp. 293, et seq.

1518 Merolla da Sorrento, loc. cit. p. 236.

1519 Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  141.

1520 de Quatrefages, ‘The Human Species,’ p. 267.

1521 Peschel, loc. cit. p. 8, note 8.

1522 Nott and Gliddon, ‘Types of Mankind,’ p. 401.

1523 Kerry-Nicholls, ‘The Maori Race,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 195.

1524 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  612.

1525 Leguével de Lacombe, ‘Voyage à Madagascar,’ vol. ii. pp. 121-123.

1526 Apollodorus Atheniensis, ‘ Βιβλωθήκη,’ book iii. ch. ix. § 2.

1527 Cf. Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 12.

1528 Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 216. Cf. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  363; Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 40, et seq. (Nagas of Upper Assam).

1529 Sibree, loc. cit. p. 251.

1530 Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 310.

1531 Mitchell, ‘Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia,’ vol. i. p. 307.

1532 v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 233.

1533 Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 161.

1534 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 373, et seq.

1535 Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 213.

1536 Hume, ‘Essays,’ vol. i. p.  268.

1537 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  227. Cf. Sproat, loc. cit. p. 29; Heriot, loc. cit. p. 348.

1538 Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 280, note.

1539 Williams, ‘Narrative of Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 539. Cf. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  81; King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 527.

1540 Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.

1541 Prichard, ‘Researches into the Physical History of Mankind,’ vol. iv. p. 519.

1542 Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 493. For other instances of different ideas of beauty, see Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 374-381.

1543 Bombet, ‘The Lives of Haydn and Mozart,’ p. 278.

1544 Spencer, ‘Essays,’ vol. ii. pp. 156, 162. Mr. Spencer’s view on this point bears a close resemblance to that of Vischer, the Hegelian, according to whom the Indo-European race alone is really beautiful (Vischer, ‘Aesthetik,’ vol. ii. pp. 175, et seq.).

1545 Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 29.

1546 v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  174; vol. ii. p. 200. Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 390.

1547 Reade, loc. cit. p. 74.

1548 Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 186.

1549 Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 454. Cf. ibid., p. 340.

1550 This rule does not hold good for all races. Speaking of the natives of King George’s Sound, Cook remarks (‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 303) that ‘the women are nearly of the same size, colour, and form, with the men; from whom it is not easy to distinguish them.’ Ellis states (‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  81) that, among the Tahitians, the difference between the stature of the male and female sex is not so great as that which often prevails in Europe. Diodorus Siculus says (loc. cit. book v. ch. xxxii. § 2) that the Gallic women were as tall as the men; and Dr. Fritsch asserts (loc. cit. p. 398) the same with reference to the Bushman women of South Africa. Among the Californian Shastika, according to Mr. Powers (loc. cit. p. 244), the women are even ‘larger and stronger-featured, and in every way more respectable,’ than the men. Cf. Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 118 (Somals).

1551 Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. pp. 9, et seq.

1552 v. Humboldt, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 236, et seq.

1553 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. p.  268. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 381. Mantegazza, ‘Rio de la Plata e Tenerife.’ Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 27.

1554 Martineau, ‘Types of Ethical Theory,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Delaunay, ‘Sur la beauté,’ in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. viii. p. 198.

1555 Davy, loc. cit. pp. 110, et seq.

1556 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. p.  268.

1557 Castrén, ‘Nordiska resor och forskningar,’ vol. i. p.  229.

1558 Prichard, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 434, et seq.

1559 de Rubruquis, loc. cit. p. 33.

1560 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 543.

1561 Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 38; 259, note *.

1562 v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain,’ vol. i. p.  154, note. For other evidence for v. Humboldt’s theory, see—besides Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man’—Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 62, et seq.; vol. vi. pp. 543, 571; Idem, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305; Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 11.

1563 Macfie, loc. cit. p. 441. Heriot, loc. cit. p. 348. Catlin, ‘Last Rambles amongst the Indians,’ pp. 145, et seq.

1564 Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  81. Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 272. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 27.

1565 Marsden, loc. cit. pp. 44, et seq.

1566 Andersson, loc. cit. p. 196.

1567 Welcker, ‘Die Füsse der Chinesinnen,’ in ‘Archiv. f. Anthr.,’ vol. v. p. 149. Katscher, ‘Bilder aus dem chinesischen Leben,’ p. 51.

1568 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 377.

1569 Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 280, 304.

1570 Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.

1571 Sibree, loc. cit. pp. 111, 210.

1572 Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  23. For additional evidence, see Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 183; Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 92; Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 452, 455.

1573 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 383.

1574 Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 307.

1575 Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ pp. 381, et seq. Cheyne, loc. cit. p. 105.

1576 Crawfurd, vol. i. p.  23.

1577 Marco Polo, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 291.

1578 v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ p. 141.

1579 Cf. Lawrence, ‘Lectures on Physiology,’ &c., p. 474.

1580 Godron, ‘De l’espèce et des races,’ vol. ii. p. 310.

1581 Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 175, et seq.

1582 Quetelet, loc. cit. pp. 59, et seq. Cf. Ranke, ‘Der Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 77-79, 116, et seq.

1583 Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 86.

1584 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. pp. 158, 159, 182-185. Cf. Ranke, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 131-136.

1585 Lawrence, loc. cit. p. 400.

1586 Virchow, ‘Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung des Schädelgrundes,’ p. 121.

1587 Spencer, ‘Essays,’ vol. ii. pp. 153, et seq.

1588 Schaaffhausen, ‘On the Primitive Form of the Human Skull,’ in ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. vi. p. 416.

1589 Ibid., p. 419.

1590 Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ pp. 53, et seq. Cf. de Quatrefages, loc. cit. p. 254.

1591 ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. xxxi. pt. ii. p. 852.

1592 Joest, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 475. Cf. Peschel, loc. cit. pp. 19, et seq.

1593 ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 377.

1594 Cf. Pouchet, ‘The Plurality of the Human Race,’ p. 92; Virchow, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 213.

1595 ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 475, note.

1596 Squier, ‘The States of Central America,’ p. 56.

1597 Godron, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 276.

1598 Mayer, ‘Die Mechanik der Wärme,’ p. 98.

1599 Tylor, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 86.

1600 de Quatrefages, loc. cit. p. 255.

1601 Rohlfs, ‘Henry Noël von Bagermi,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 255.

1602 Reade, loc. cit. p. 526.

1603 Ibid., p. 526.

1604 Peschel, loc. cit. p. 92.

1605 Wallace, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. ii. p. 182.

1606 Quoted by Schaaffhausen, in ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. vi. p. 418.

1607 Cf. Schaaffhausen, ‘Darwinism and Anthropology,’ ibid., vol vi. pp. cviii., et seq.

1608 M. Elisée Reclus (quoted by de Quatrefages, loc. cit. p. 255) makes a curious mistake when he asserts that, at the end of a given time, whatever be their origin, all the descendants of whites or of negroes who have immigrated to America will become Redskins.

1609 Weismann, ‘Essays upon Heredity,’ &c., p. 81.

1610 Weismann, loc. cit. pp. 81, &c. Godron, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 299.

1611 Rauber, ‘Homo sapiens ferus,’ pp. 69-71.

1612 Poiret, ‘Voyage en Barbarie,’ vol. i. p.  31.

1613 Mr. Wallace (‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,’ Essay ix.), so far as I know, is the only investigator who has tried to explain, by the principle of natural selection, the origin of human racial distinctions.

1614 A negro child is not born black, but becomes so after some shorter or longer time (Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 342. Caillié, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  351). The children of dark races are usually fairer than the adults (Darwin, vol. ii. p. 342. Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 385).

1615 Camper, ‘Kleinere Schriften,’ vol. i. p.  44.

1616 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 384, et seq.

1617 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 383.

1618 Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  316.

1619 Speaking of the Rejangs of Sumatra, Marsden says (loc. cit. p. 206), ‘The quick, and to them inexplicable, revolutions of our fashions are subject of much astonishment, and they naturally conclude that those modes can have but little intrinsic merit which we are so ready to change.'

1620 Earl, loc. cit. p. 48.

1621 Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ pp. 538, et seq.

1622 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 403, et seq.

1623 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 410.

1624 Mr. Wallace, in his ‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection’ (p. 359), believes that ‘a superior intelligence has guided the development of man in a definite direction,’ and considers (pp. 348, et seq.) that the hairless condition of the skin comes under this head. Again, Mr. Belt’s experience in tropical countries has led him to the conclusion that, in such parts at least, there is one serious drawback to the advantage of having the skin covered with hair:—‘It affords cover for parasitical insects, which, if the skin were naked, might more easily be got rid of’ (Belt, loc. cit. p. 209).

1625 Collins, who wrote sixty years before ‘The Origin of Species,’ makes the following observation regarding the natives about Botany Bay and Port Jackson (New South Wales):—‘Their sight is peculiarly fine, indeed their existence very often depends upon the accuracy of it; for a short-sighted man ... would never be able to defend himself from their spears, which are thrown with amazing force and velocity’ (Collins, ‘Account of the English Colony in New South Wales,’ vol. i. pp. 553, et seq.).

1626 v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ vol. i. pp. 152, et seq. Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ pp. 113, et seq. Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 30, note; Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ pp. 274, et seq.; Collins, vol. i. p.  553 (Australians). Rengger, loc. cit. pp. 9, et seq. (Indians of Paraguay).