2295 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ‘Ρωμαϊκή ἀρχαιολογος,’ book ii. ch. xxx. § 5.

2296 Plutarch, ‘Λῦκουργος,’ ch. xv.

2297 v. Zmigrodzki, loc. cit. p. 250.

2298 Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 329.

2299 Ortolan, ‘Histoire de la Législation romaine,’ p. 81.

2300 Dargun, loc. cit. pp. 111-140. Cf. Grimm, loc. cit. p. 440; Nordström, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 12; Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. pp. 308-310.

2301 Olaus Magnus, ‘Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus,’ p. 328.

2302 Kames, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  450. Cf. Lewis, loc. cit. p. 197; Rhys, in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ p. 289.

2303 Macieiowski, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 189.

2304 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 190. ‘Globus,’ vol. v. p.  317. Kulischer, ‘Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. pp. 206-208. Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 476, et seq. Wolkov, in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. iii. p. 578.

2305 Krauss, loc. cit. ch. xiv.

2306 Olaus Magnus, pp. 481, et seq.

2307 de Gaya, ‘Marriage Ceremonies,’ p. 45.

2308 Cf. the works of McLennan, Tylor, Lubbock, Post, and Dargun, and the essays of Kulischer (in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x.) and Kohler (‘Studien über Frauengemeinschaft, Frauenraub und Frauenkauf,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. pp. 334-368).

2309 Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p.  95.

2310 Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 623, et seq. Idem, in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xxi. pp. 897, et seq.

2311 Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 316, et seq.

2312 Abercromby, ‘Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,’ in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. p.  454.

2313 McLennan, ‘Studies,’ pp. 74, et seq.

2314 Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 265.

2315 In many cases, however, capture takes place merely because the man wishes to lower the price of the bride or to avoid payment (Cf. Abercromby, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 453, et seq.).

2316 Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407.

2317 Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 62, et seq.

2318 Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 266.

2319 It is hard to understand how Herr Kulischer can have persuaded himself that marriage by purchase, as he says in an essay especially devoted to this question, ‘kann nur bei sehr wenigen der jetzt lebenden Wilden aufgefunden werden’ (Kulischer, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 210.)

2320 Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  107. Cf. Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. pp. 276, 285, 343; Taplin, loc. cit. p. 10; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  94; Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 79, 84; Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 164.

2321 Marsden, loc. cit. p. 259.

2322 Aleuts (Dall, loc. cit. p. 402), Kaniagmuts (Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 198), Kenai (Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 406, et seq.), Naudowessies (Carver, loc. cit. p. 373), Arawaks (Brett, loc. cit. p. 101), Quito Indians (Juan and de Ulloa, loc. cit. p. 521), Brazilian aborigines (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 107, et seq.), Fuegians (King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 182. Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 201).

2323 Bushmans (Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  259), Zulus (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 48), Basutos (Casalis, loc. cit. p. 183), Banyai (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 175), &c. (Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 378, et seq.).

2324 Nagas of Upper Assam, Kukis, Limbus and Kirantis, Tipperahs (Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 41, 47, 104, 110), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, loc. cit. pp. 148, et seq.), Bodo and Dhimáls (Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 735), Bhils (Hay, ‘The Túran Mall Hill,’ ibid., vol. xx. p. 507), Mrús (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 234), Lepchas (Hooker, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  125), Gypsies (Liebich, loc. cit. p. 46), Barabinzes, Koriaks (Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 195, 348), Tunguses, Ainos (Dall, loc. cit. pp. 519, 524), Kamchadales (Steller, loc. cit. p. 343), aboriginal tribes of China (Gray, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 304).

2325 Dyaks (Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 221), Tagalas and Bisayans of the Philippines (Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 14. Jagor, loc. cit. p. 235); also in New Britain (Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ix. p. 8).

2326 Steller, p. 343 (Kamchadales). Jagor, p. 235 (Bisayans).

2327 Starcke, loc. cit. p. 39.

2328 Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  721.

2329 Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 242.

2330 v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 215, et seq. (Kafirs). Dalton, loc. cit. p. 43 (Nagas). Borheck, ‘Erdbeschreiburg von Asien,’ vol. i. p.  540 (Tartars of Kazan). Landsell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 225 (Gilyaks).

2331 Sproat, loc. cit. p. 97 (Ahts). Shooter, loc. cit. p. 50 (Kafirs). Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  448 (Tedâ); vol. ii. p. 177 (Baele). Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 240 (Marea). Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 62 (Arabs of Syria). Georgi, loc. cit. p. 431 (Buriats). Neumann, ‘Russland und die Tscherkessen,’ p. 117 (Circassians). Rowlatt, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiv. pt. ii. p. 488 (Mishmis). Hickson, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 139 (Talauer Islanders). Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 138 (Samoans). Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 210 (Caroline Islanders).

2332 Post, ‘Die Anfänge des Staats-und Rechtsleben,’ pp. 41, et seq.

2333 Powers, loc. cit. p. 22.

2334 Macfie, loc. cit. p. 446.

2335 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  654.

2336 Powers, p. 247.

2337 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 214. Cf. Letherman, ‘Sketch of the Navajo Tribe of Indians,’ in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1855, p. 294.

2338 Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  201. Falkner, loc. cit. p. 124. Cf. Lewis and Clarke, loc. cit. p. 307 (Shoshones); Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 207 (Abipones).

2339 v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 215. Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  206.

2340 Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  341.

2341 Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 623.

2342 Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  187.

2343 Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  133.

2344 ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.

2345 Caillié, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  348.

2346 Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 114, 231.

2347 Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 505.

2348 Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  185. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144. Georgi, loc. cit. p. 79.

2349 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 132.

2350 Griffiths, ‘Journals of Travels,’ p. 35.

2351 Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 11.

2352 Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 210.

2353 Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 93.

2354 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 92.

2355 Yurok, Patwin (Powers, loc. cit. pp. 56, 221), Wakamba (Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p.  401), Bedouins of Mount Sinai (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 152), Mishmis (Cooper, loc. cit. pp. 236, et seq.), Lepchas (Rowney, loc. cit. p. 139), Papuans of New Guinea (Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 371).

2356 ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 86.

2357 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 266, 337, 416.

2358 Gray, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 193. Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p. 78, note *.

2359 Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 120.

2360 Robertson Smith, loc. cit. pp. 78, et seq. Ewald, loc. cit. p. 200. Gans, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  128.

2361 ‘Ruth,’ ch. iv. v. 10. ‘Hosea,’ ch. iii. v. 2. 

2362 Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p.  451.

2363 Lüttke, ‘Der Islam,’ p. 119. Warnkoenig, ‘Juristiche Encyclopädie,’ p. 167. Unger, ‘Die Ehe in ihrer welthistorischen Entwicklung,’ pp. 46, et seq.

2364 Herodotus, loc. cit. book i. ch. 196.

2365 Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques sur le développement de la société humaine,’ p. 22.

2366 Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 13. Cf. Porthan, in ‘Kongliga Vitterhets, Historie och Antiquitets Akademiens Handlingar,’ vol. iv. p. 19; Topelius, loc. cit. §§ 8-10.

2367 ‘Kalevala,’ runo xviii. vv. 643, et seq.; runo xxii. vv. 49, et seq. ‘Kanteletar,’ book i. songs 133, 156; book iii. song viii. vv. 20, 39.

2368 Heikel, in ‘Helsingfors Dagblad,’ 1881, no. 68.

2369 v. Schroeder, loc. cit. pp. 27-29.

2370 Winternitz, in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ p. 287.

2371 Zimmer, loc. cit. p. 310.

2372 Dubois, loc. cit. p. 102.

2373 Aristotle, ‘Τὰ πολιτικά,’ book ii. ch. 8.

2374 Herodotus, loc. cit. book v. ch. 6.

2375 Cf. Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 28.

2376 Geijer, ‘Svenska folkets historia,’ in ‘Samlade skrifter,’ vol. v. p.  88.

2377 Laband, ‘Die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen im altrömischen und germanischen Recht,’ in ‘Zeitschr. für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft,’ vol. iii. p. 154. Olivecrona, loc. cit. p. 150.

2378 Friedberg, ‘Das Recht der Eheschliessung,’ pp. 33, 38.

2379 Schmidt, ‘Sitten und Gebräuche in Thüringen,’ pp. 13, et seq.

2380 Schrader, loc. cit. p. 381.

2381 Cf. Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 80, 87.

2382 O’Curry, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish,’ Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxiv. et seq.

2383 Ewers, ‘Das älteste Recht der Russen,’ p. 226 (Russians). Macieiowski, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 195 (Bohemians and Pomeranians). Krauss, loc. cit. p. 273 (South Slavonians). Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 478, et seq. Wolkov, in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 168.

2384 Krauss, p. 275.

2385 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 28.

2386 Bickmore, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 20. Cf. Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xi. pt. i. p.  43.

2387 v. Siebold, loc. cit. p. 31.

2388 v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 109, et seq.

2389 Petroff, loc. cit. p. 161.

2390 Powers, loc. cit. p. 238.

2391 Schweinfurth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 31. Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p.  355.

2392 Lewin, loc. cit. p. 176.

2393 Riedel, loc. cit. p. 270.

2394 Le Mesurier, in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. p. 340. Cf. Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 441; Knox, ‘Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon,’ p. 126.

2395 Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

2396 Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.

2397 Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 210. Cheyne, loc. cit. p. 119 (Bornabi).

2398 ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333.

2399 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  101.

2400 Ellis, ‘Hawaii,’ p. 414.

2401 Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 274.

2402 Wilkes, vol. ii. p. 138. Prichard, loc. cit. p. 136. Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 93. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 538.

2403 Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  270. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 126.

2404 v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  153.

2405 New Guinea (Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396. d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  396), New Britain (Romilly, loc. cit. p. 27. Powell, loc. cit. p. 84), Solomon Islands (Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 95), New Hebrides (Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194. Meinicke, ‘Die Inseln des stillen Oceans,’ vol. i. p.  203), New Caledonia (Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367), Fiji (Wilkes, vol. iii. p. 92. Cf., however, Williams and Calvert, loc. cit. pp. 144, et seq.), Tukopia (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191), Melanesia in general (Codrington, loc. cit. p. 240).

2406 Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 343.

2407 Peschel, loc. cit. pp. 209, et seq.

2408 Labillardière, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 276.

2409 Weddell, loc. cit. p. 153.

2410 Hawkesworth, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 634; vol. i. p.  373.

2411 Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 340.

2412 Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 53.

2413 Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  625.

2414 Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98.

2415 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 633.

2416 Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 113.

2417 Lewin, loc. cit. p. 182.

2418 Smith, ‘The Araucanians,’ p. 215.

2419 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 86.

2420 Taylor, loc. cit. pp. 336, et seq.

2421 Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 121.

2422 See ante, p. 40.

2423 Aleuts (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  92), Achomâwi in California (Powers, loc. cit. p. 270), Araucanians (Alcedo-Thompson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  416. Pöppig, ‘Reise in Chile,’ vol. i. pp. 383, et seq.), Samoans (Prichard, loc. cit. p. 139), Barea and Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 487), Kandhs (Percival, loc. cit. pp. 345, et seq.), Igorrotes of Ysarog (Jagor, loc. cit. p. 172), Samoyedes (Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der obischen Ostjakken, Samoyeden,’ &c., p. 66).

2424 Cf. d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 395, 396, 414, et seq. (inhabitants of Naiabui in New Guinea, and of Yule Island); Jagor, loc. cit. p. 235 (Bisayans); McNair, loc. cit. p. 232 (Malays of Perak); Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 178 (Burmese); Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 148 (Gonds); Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 230 (Central Asiatic Turks); Ahlqvist, ‘Kulturwörter,’ p. 203 (Turkish and Finnish peoples); Castrén, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 126 (Ostyaks); Park, loc. cit. p. 220 (Mandingoes); Merolla da Sorrento, loc. cit. p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno).

2425 Shooter, loc. cit. p. 49.

2426 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  277. Cf. v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 215, et seq. Kafirs.

2427 Karok, Yurok (Powers, loc. cit. pp. 22, 56).

2428 ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. vv. 23-25.

2429 Ibid., ch. iii. v. 51. Cf. ibid., ch. ix. vv. 93, 98.

2430 ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 29.

2431 Ibid., ch. iii. v. 53.

2432 Cf. Jolly, ‘Die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den alten Indern,’ in ‘Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München,’ 1876, p. 433.

2433 Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 92, 146, 248, 250, &c.

2434 Grimm, loc. cit. p. 424.

2435 Laferrière, ‘Histoire du droit civil de Rome et du droit français,’ vol. iii. p. 156. Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 33.

2436 Olivecrona, loc. cit. pp. 57, 152, 158.

2437 Gans, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  138.

2438 Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. p.  359.

2439 Cf. Topelius, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1850, p. 326.

2440 ‘Kalevala,’ runo xviii. vv. 643, et seq. ‘Kanteletar,’ book iii. song viii. vv. 23-25.

2441 Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p.  78, note *.

2442 Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 33. Idem, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille,’ p. 123. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p.  320.

2443 Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 82.

2444 Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, ‘Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,’ vol. i. p.  691.

2445 Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 11, et seq.

2446 Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 123.

2447 Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xviii.

2448 Grimm, loc. cit. p. 429.