2449 ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 54.

2450 Mayr, ‘Das indische Erbrecht,’ p. 170. Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 82.

2451 Dubois, loc. cit. p. 103.

2452 Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 220. Hermann-Blümner, loc. cit. pp. 262, 266. Becker, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 471.

2453 Ginoulhiac, ‘Histoire du régime dotal,’ pp. 187, et seq. Laboulaye, ‘Histoire du droit de propriété foncière en Occident,’ pp. 403, et seq.

2454 Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xviii.

2455 Olivecrona, loc. cit. p. 152. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 325.

2456 Ginoulhiac, pp. 198, et seq.

2457 Olivecrona, p. 57.

2458 In Germany and Switzerland, the practice of presenting a morning gift has been kept up till the present time (Eichhorn, ‘Einleitung in das deutsche Privatrecht,’ p. 726. Bluntschli, ‘Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Zürich,’ vol. ii. pp. 164, et seq.)

2459 Schlyter, ‘Juridiska afhandlingar,’ vol. i. p.  201. Schlegel, ‘Om Morgongavens Oprindelse,’ in ‘Astræa,’ vol. ii. pp. 189, et seq. Koenigswarter, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille,’ p. 123. The old purchase-money which the husband was obliged to give to the bride, was also represented by the fictitious dowry preserved in the rituals of the Church till the sixteenth century. M. Martene mentions a ritual of the Church of Reims, of 1585, in which the bridegroom, at the moment of putting the nuptial ring on the finger of the bride, placed three deniers in her hand (Koenigswarter, p. 174, note 4).

2460 Ginoulhiac, p. 202. Warnkoenig and Stein, ‘Französische Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte,’ vol. ii. p. 257.

2461 ‘Ancient Laws of Ireland,’ vol. i. p.  155; vol. iv. p. 63.

2462 O’Curry, loc. cit. Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxiii. et seq.

2463 Schrader, loc. cit. p. 382. Cf. Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 479, et seq.

2464 Herodotus, loc. cit. book i. ch. 196.

2465 Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 736. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 342, et seq.

2466 ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxiv. v. 53.

2467 Robertson Smith, loc. cit. p. 98.

2468 Ibid., pp. 78, 91, 100. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 353, et seq. Unger, loc. cit. p. 47. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. p.  358.

2469 Bechuanas (Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 192), Aenezes (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 62). The Laplanders, according to Laestadius (‘Ett lappfrieri,’ in ‘Svenska folkets seder,’ p. 125), take presents for their daughters, but do not consider it honourable to receive money.

2470 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  654.

2471 Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98.

2472 Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  201.

2473 Cooper, loc. cit. p. 236. Griffith, loc. cit. p. 35.

2474 Riedel, loc. cit. p. 68.

2475 Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 12.

2476 Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 387.

2477 Harkness, loc. cit. pp. 116, et seq.

2478 Tuski (Dall, loc. cit. p. 381), Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315), Chinooks (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 337), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol ii. p. 157), Shoshones (Lewis and Clarke, loc. cit. p. 307), Miwok (Powers, loc. cit. p. 354), Quiché (Morelet, loc. cit. p. 257), Budduma, Tedâ (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 370, 448), Todas (Marshall, loc. cit. p. 211), Central Asiatic Turks (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 233, et seq.), Laplanders (v. Düben, loc. cit. p. 200), Papuans of Dorey (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 102), Samoans (Prichard, loc. cit. pp. 139, et seq. Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 93, 96), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  153).

2479 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  66. Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

2480 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 238.

2481 Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 92. For other similar instances, see Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 522 (Somals); Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 324 (Beni-Amer); Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ p. 124 (Arabs of Upper Egypt); Hanoteau and Letourneux, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 161 (Kabyles); Proyart, loc. cit. p. 569 (Negroes of Loango); Caillié, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  349 (Mandingoes); Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 192 (Bechuanas).

2482 Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  90.

2483 Moore, loc. cit. p. 181.

2484 Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 62.

2485 ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333.

2486 Cooper, loc. cit. p. 236.

2487 Georgi, loc. cit. p. 182.

2488 Ibid., p. 55.

2489 Negroes of Accra (Daniell, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 12), Tartars of Kazan (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 433) and Orenburg (Georgi, p. 103), Tunguses (ibid., p. 324), and other semi-civilized peoples belonging to the Russian Empire. For African peoples, see Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p.  417.

2490 Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 240.

2491 ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 194, et seq.

2492 In Gautama’s time, however, the ‘çulka,’ did not belong to the ‘strîdhan’ (Mayr, ‘Das indische Erbrecht,’ p. 170).

2493 Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Hindu Law,’ pp. 33, et seq. Steele, loc. cit. p.67.

2494 Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 154.

2495 Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 155. Meier and Schömann, ‘Der attische Process,’ pp. 518, et seq. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 345, et seq. Hermann-Blümner, loc. cit. p. 265. Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  692.

2496 Potter, ‘Archaeologia Graeca,’ vol. ii. p. 273.

2497 Ginoulhiac, loc. cit. p. 70. Sohm, ‘Institutionen des römischen Rechts,’ p. 281. Laboulaye, ‘Recherches sur la condition des femmes,’ P. 38.

2498 Laboulaye, p. 39. Ginoulhiac, loc. cit. p. 70. Laferrière, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  223.

2499 Laboulaye, ‘Recherches,’ pp. 39-41. Idem, ‘Histoire du droit de propriété foncière,’ pp. 183-185. Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, vol. i. p. 693. Sohm, p. 282.

2500 Maine, ‘Early History of Institutions,’ pp. 338.

2501 Eccius, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. ii. vol. i. pp. 412, et seq.

2502 Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p.  331. Idem, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ pp. 241, et seq.

2503 Olivecrona, loc. cit. p. 51. Nordström, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 50.

2504 Macieiowski, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 214-218.

2505 O’Curry, loc. cit. Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxii., clxxviii. Lewis, loc. cit. pp. 8, et seq.

2506 Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 342-344.

2507 Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Muhammadan Law,’ p. xxxv. Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  218.

2508 Lane, vol. i. p.  138, note †.

2509 Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 370.

2510 Kenai (Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  407), Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315), Ahts (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 197), Creeks (Hawkins, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 66), Kingsmill Islanders (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  101), Siamese (Moore, loc. cit. p. 169), Kukis (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 254), Abyssinians (Lobo, loc. cit. p. 26), people of Madagascar (Rochon, loc. cit. p. 747), Touaregs (Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 181).

2511 Cf. Heriot, loc. cit. p. 335 (North American Indians); Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  270 (Tahitians); Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 110 (Negroes); Burton, ‘The Lake Regions of Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 332 (East Africans); Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p.  376 (several African peoples); Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  185 (Tartars); Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 67, et seq. (Voguls).

2512 Cf. Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 508 (Greenlanders); v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  115 (Brazilian aborigines); Bove, loc. cit. p. 132 (Fuegians); Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 522 (Somals); Marshall, loc. cit. p. 212 (Todas); Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  70 (Mongols); Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der Morduanen, Kasaken,’ &c., p. 262 (Kalmucks); Post, ‘Die Anfänge des Staats-und Rechtsleben,’ pp. 54, et seq.

2513 Cf. Last, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. v. p.  532 (Masai); Metz, loc. cit. p. 87 (Badagas); Davy, loc. cit. p. 286 (Sinhalese).

2514 It is remarkable that dowry is unknown among the Chinese, whereas, in the wild aboriginal tribes of China, it is usual for wives among the wealthy families to receive marriage portions (Gray, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 304).

2515 Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ vol. ii. p. 344.

2516 ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 3. 

2517 Potter, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 268. Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 152. Cf. Meier and Shömann, loc. cit. pp. 513, et seq.

2518 Isaeus, ‘περὶ τοῦ Πυῤῥου κλήρου,’ § 51, p. 43.

2519 Aristotle, loc. cit. book ii. ch. ix. § 11.

2520 Laboulaye, ‘Recherches,’ pp. 38, et seq. Ginoulhiac, loc. cit. pp. 66, et seq. Meier and Schömann, pp. 513, et seq.

2521 Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  693. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. p. 347.

2522 Ginoulhiac, loc. cit. p. 103.

2523 For dos necessaria in Germany during the Middle Ages, see Mittermaier, ‘Grundsätze des gemeinen deutschen Privatrechts,’ vol. ii. p. 3. 

2524 Eccius, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. ii. vol. i. p.  414.

2525 ‘Code Napoléon,’ art. 204.

2526 Maine, ‘Early History of Institutions,’ p. 339.

2527 Euripides, ‘Μήδεια,’ vv. 231-235.

2528 Hall, loc. cit. p. 567. Cf. Lyon, loc. cit. p. 352; Dall, loc. cit. p. 139.

2529 Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 223.

2530 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 132.

2531 Kaniagmuts (Lisiansky, loc. cit. pp. 198, et seq.), Aleuts (Coxe, loc. cit. p. 230. v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 47. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  92), Mahlemuts (Bancroft, vol. i. p.  81), Chippewyans (Richardson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 24), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 157), Creeks (Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  268), Moxes, Iroquois (Heriot, loc. cit. pp. 326, 332), Navajos (Letherman, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1855, p. 294), Arawaks (Brett, loc. cit. p. 101), Muras (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 512), Tupis, Chiriguana (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 422, et seq.), Patagonians (Falkner, loc. cit. p. 124), Fuegians (Bove, loc. cit. p. 132).

2532 Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 62.

2533 Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 94.

2534 Breton, loc. cit. p. 398.

2535 Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  107.

2536 St. Andrew St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 239.

2537 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 57.

2538 Ibid., p. 19.

2539 Dall, loc. cit. p. 524.

2540 ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.

2541 Schön and Crowther, ‘Journals,’ p. 162.

2542 Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 49.

2543 Tartars (Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  186), people of Bornu (Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 31, note), Bazes (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 525), Copts (Lane, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 331).

2544 Bent, ‘The Cyclades,’ p. 137.

2545 Bakongo (Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, loc. cit. p. 270), &c.

2546 Tuski, Kaniagmuts (Dall, pp. 381, 402), &c.

2547 Post, ‘Die Grundlagen des Rechts,’ p. 240.

2548 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 105. See Lippert, ‘Kulturgeschichte,’ vol. ii. pp. 141, et seq.; Mantegazza, ‘Geschlechtsverhältnisse des Menschen,’ ch. xiii.

2549 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 216.

2550 Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. iv. p. 405.

2551 Sibree, loc. cit. p. 251. Dubois, loc. cit. p. 107. v. Schroeder, loc. cit. p. 82. Mantegazza, p. 287. de Gubernatis, ‘Storia comparata degli usi nuziali,’ p. 168.

2552 v. Eschwege, ‘Journal von Brasilien,’ vol. i. p.  96.

2553 Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 115. For instances of eating and drinking together as a marriage ceremony, see Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. iv. pp. 387-405; v. Schroeder, pp. 82-84; Riedel, loc. cit. p. 460; Winternitz, ‘On a Comparative Study of Indo-European Customs,’ in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ pp. 280, et seq.; de Gubernatis, p. 168.

2554 v. Schroeder, p. 84.

2555 Winternitz, loc. cit. p. 282. Cf. Haas, ‘Die Heirathsgebräuche der alten Inder,’ in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. pp. 310, et seq. (Hindus).

2556 Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 409.

2557 Low, cited by Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 409.

2558 Steel, ‘On the Khasia Tribe,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. vii. p. 308.

2559 Bailey, ibid., N.S. vol. ii. pp. 293, et seq.

2560 Colebrooke, ‘The Religious Ceremonies of the Hindus,’ in ‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. vii. p. 309.

2561 Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 149.

2562 Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 84. Cf. Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 86 (Wukas of New Guinea).

2563 Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 131, 220, 319.

2564 Taplin, loc. cit. p. 12.

2565 Soyaux, loc. cit. p. 161. Cf. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 392 (Arawaks).

2566 Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p.  26.

2567 Krauss, loc. cit. p. 385.

2568 Meiners, ‘Vergleichung des ältern und neuern Russlandes,’ vol. ii. pp. 167, et seq.

2569 The wedding-ring was in use among the ancient Hindus (Haas, in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. p.  299). According to Mr. Hooper (loc. cit. p. 390), it is also found among the Indians of James’s Bay.

2570 Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 290.

2571 Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 222.

2572 Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 150.

2573 Heriot, loc. cit. p. 334.

2574 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 91.

2575 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 92. This description, however, does not agree with those given by Williams and Erskine (see Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 632).

2576 Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  271.

2577 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  101.

2578 Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. pp. 639, et seq.

2579 Lewin, loc. cit. p. 129.

2580 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 64.

2581 Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385.

2582 Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 161.

2583 Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. pp. 169, et seq. For other instances of religious marriage ceremonies, see ibid., vol. iii. p. 281 (Negroes of Congo); Georgi, loc. cit. p. 41 (Chuvashes); Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 307 (Mussus); Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 276 (Humphrey’s Islanders).

2584 Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 183.

2585 Lewin, p. 175.

2586 Gonds, Kúrmis (Dalton, pp. 201, 319), &c.

2587 Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  70.

2588 Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 339, 459, et seq.

2589 Sinhalese (Davy, loc. cit. p. 285), Naickers (Kearns, ‘Kalyán’a Shat’anku,’ p. 54), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 149), Khyoungtha (Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 126, et seq.), Siamese (Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 183), Kalmucks (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 411), Chinese (Wells Williams, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  785), Japanese (Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 121), ancient Mexicans (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 132). In this connection should also be noticed the ‘lucky days,’ when matrimony in general is concluded under the best auspices. In China, these are especially marked in the almanacks (Montgomery, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 268). The spring season and the last month in the year are regarded as the most fortunate nuptial periods in that country (Wells Williams, vol. i. p.  791), whereas the ninth month is considered very unpropitious (Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  187). Among the Bedouins of Mount Sinai (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 152), the Egyptians (Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 222, et seq.), and the Mohammedan negroes of Senegambia (Reade, loc. cit. p. 453), Friday is esteemed the most fortunate day for marriage; while the Copts generally marry on the night preceding Sunday (Lane, vol. ii. p. 331). In India, the month Phalguna was considered the luckiest period (v. Bohlen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 148), and in Morocco, as I am informed by Dr. Churcher, the month called Moolood (birth of Mohammed). Again, in Thuringia, marriages are generally contracted at the time of the full moon (Schmidt, ‘Sitten und Gebräuche in Thüringen,’ p. 28); whilst in Orkney and Esthonia, no couple would consent to marry except at the time of the crescent moon. The same superstition prevailed among the ancient Hindus, Greeks, and Germans (v. Schroeder, loc. cit. p. 50). In Scotland, formerly, nearly all avoided contracting marriage in May, and the Lowlanders were disinclined to marry on Friday (Rogers, loc. cit. p. 112). The Romans considered May and the first half of June an unlucky period (Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 265). In Egypt, it is a common belief that, if any one make a marriage contract in the month of Moharram, the marriage will be unhappy and soon dissolved, hence few persons do so (Lane, vol. i. p.  219, note *). For ‘unlucky days’ among the tribes of the Indian Archipelago, see Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p.  380.

2590 Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 370.

2591 Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 366.

2592 Ibid., vol. iv. p. 317. de Herrera, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 172.