2913 Kerry-Nicholls, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 195.

2914 Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  74.

2915 Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 191, et seq.

2916 d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  390.

2917 Stone, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. xlvi. p. 55.

2918 Marsden, loc. cit. p. 272.

2919 Low, loc. cit. p. 146.

2920 Pridham, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  451. Cf. Davy, loc. cit. p. 107, note.

2921 Quoted by Chervin, ‘Recherches sur les causes physiques de la polygamie,’ p. 22.

2922 Marshall, loc. cit. p. 100.

2923 Dunlop, loc. cit. pp. 181, et seq.

2924 Wilson, loc. cit. p. 374.

2925 Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 289.

2926 Ritter, ‘Erdkunde,’ vol. vi. p. 773.

2927 Bowring, ‘The Population of China,’ in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. v. pp. 13, et seq.

2928 Marshall, pp. 100, 102.

2929 Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  71.

2930 Rémusat, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  245. Gerland, ‘Das Aussterben der Naturvölker,’ p. 49.

2931 Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 112. Price, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  189.

2932 Laing, ‘Travels in the Timannee, Kooranko, and Soolima Countries,’ p. 59.

2933 ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 253.

2934 Bosman, loc. cit. p. 424. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 225. Mr. Swann, in a letter. Thomson, ‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 51.

2935 Cf. Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  244 (Khosas).

2936 Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  150.

2937 v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 59. Cf. Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 215.

2938 Sutherland, ‘On the Esquimaux,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 213.

2939 King, ibid. vol. i. p.  152.

2940 Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  133.

2941 Shastika (Powers, loc. cit. p. 243), Khosas (Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  244), Cis-Natalian Kafirs (Mr. Cousins), people of Baghirmi (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 616), Waguha (Mr. Swann). In Morocco, according to Dr. Churcher, warfare of a civil or tribal kind has, no doubt, had some influence upon the disproportion of the sexes; and the same is the case in Uganda (Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  151).

2942 Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  119. Cf. Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477.

2943 Ellis, ‘History of Madagascar,’ vol. i. p.  152.

2944 Kutchin (Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418), Guanas (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 93), Hawaiians (Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ p. 414), Tahitians (Idem, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 257, et seq.), natives of Maupiti (Montgomery, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 12), Kulus (de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  227), Kashmiri (Wilson, loc. cit. p. 374).

2945 Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 195, et seq.

2946 Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418.

2947 Ross, ibid., 1866, p. 305. Sproat, loc. cit. p. 94.

2948 Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ vol. i. pp. 251, et seq.

2949 Belly, ‘À travers l’Amérique Centrale,’ vol. i. p.  253, note.

2950 Sturt, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 77, 136, et seq.

2951 Grey, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 251.

2952 Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 813.

2953 Davy, loc. cit. p. 289.

2954 Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240.

2955 Marshall, loc. cit. p. 100.

2956 Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 241.

2957 Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 81.

2958 Bruce, ‘Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile,’ vol. i. pp. 284, et seq.

2959 ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 209.

2960 Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 150, et seq.

2961 Süssmilch, ‘Die göttliche Ordnung in den Veränderungen des menschlichen Geschlechts,’ vol. ii. pp. 258, 259, &c. Chervin, loc. cit. pp. 38, &c.

2962 Montesquieu, loc. cit. book xvi. ch. 4.

2963 v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 55.

2964 Sadler, ‘The Law of Population,’ vol. ii. pp. 337-339. v. Oettingen, p. 56.

2965 Hofacker and Notter, ‘Ueber Eigenschaften, welche sich bei Menschen und Thieren von den Aeltern auf die Nachkommen vererben.’ Sadler, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 333, et seq.

2966 Hensen, loc. cit. p. 206. Berner, ‘Ueber die Ursachen der Geschlechtsbildung;’ quoted by Janke, loc. cit. p. 347.

2967 Goehlert, ‘Die Geschlechtsverschiedenheit der Kinder in den Ehen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 119-122.

2968 Stieda, ‘Das Sexualverhältniss der Geborenen,’ pp. 19, 20, 34, 35, &c.; quoted by v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 67.

2969 For this statement I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Jacobs.

2970 Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 521. Idem, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p. 212, note.

2971 ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. viii. p. cviii.

2972 Sanderson, ‘Polygamous Marriage among the Kafirs of Natal,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. viii. pp. 254-260.

2973 Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 521.

2974 Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 378, et seq.

2975 Düsing, ‘Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhältnisses bei der Vermehrung der Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen.'

2976 Ploss, ‘Ueber die das Geschlechtsverhältniss der Kinder bedingenden Ursachen,’ in ‘Monatsschrift für Geburtskunde und Frauenkrankheiten,’ vol. xii. pp. 321-360.

2977 Ibid., vol. xii. p. 340.

2978 v. Oettingen, loc. cit. pp. 64, et seq. Düsing, loc. cit. pp. 159, et seq.

2979 Düsing, pp. 161, et seq. I may call attention to the fact that among the Swedish nobility, according to censuses taken in the years 1851-1860, contrary to the general rule in Europe, female births actually outnumber male (Bertillon, in ‘Diction. encycl. des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. xi. p. 472).

2980 Ploss, in ‘Monatsschrift f. Geburtskunde,’ vol. xii. p. 352. In the region between 501 to 1,000 feet, which is the most fertile (ibid., p. 353), the proportion was 105·7 to 100.

2981 Davy, loc. cit. p. 107, note.

2982 Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66 (Western Eskimo). v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p.  548 (Avanos and Maypurs). Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 128 (Nukahivans). Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240 (Sinhalese). Marshall, loc. cit. p. 214; Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 240 (Todas). Dunlop, loc. cit. p. 181; Fraser, ‘Journal of a Tour through the Himālā Mountains,’ p. 208; Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 133 (Himalayans). Rémusat, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  245 (Massagetæ).

2983 Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

2984 Dunlop, loc. cit. pp. 181, et seq.

2985 Beauregard, ‘En Asie; Kachmir et Tibet,’ in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. pp. 265, 267, 271. Cf. Wilson, loc. cit. p. 212.

2986 Koeppen, ‘Die Religion des Buddha,’ vol. i. p.  476.

2987 Baber, ‘Travels and Researches in the interior of China,’ in ‘Roy. Geo. Soc. Supplementary Papers,’ vol. i. p.  97.

2988 Rockhill, loc. cit. p. 214, note.

2989 Koeppen, vol. i. pp. 476, et seq. note 2. Du Halde, ‘Description de la Chine,’ vol. iv. p. 572.

2990 Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p.  202.

2991 ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  229.

2992 ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  xxiii.

2993 Gordon Cumming, loc. cit. pp. 405, et seq.

2994 Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 306.

2995 Bellew, loc. cit. p. 118.

2996 Wilson, loc. cit. p. 216.

2997 Koeppen, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  476. Turner, ‘Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 351. ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  266. Wilson, pp. 215, et seq.

2998 Fraser, loc. cit. p. 207.

2999 Turner, ‘Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 349. Wilson, pp. 209, 210.

3000 Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 428.

3001 Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 135.

3002 Düsing, loc. cit. pp. 237-242.

3003 1150 unions of horses of the same colour gave 91·3 male foals to 100 female; 878 unions of horses of somewhat different colours, 86·2 to 100 respectively; 237 unions of horses of still more different colours, 56 to 100 respectively; 30 unions of horses of the most widely different colours, 30 to 100 respectively (Goehlert, ‘Ueber die Vererbung der Haarfarben bei den Pferden,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiv. pp. 145-155).

3004 Düsing, pp. 242-245.

3005 Powers, loc. cit. pp. 149, 403.

3006 Starkweather, ‘The Law of Sex,’ pp. 159, et seq.

3007 Galindo, ‘On Central America,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. vi. p. 126.

3008 Peschel, loc. cit. p. 221.

3009 Squier, loc. cit. p. 58.

3010 Belly, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  253, note.

3011 v. Spix and v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 33.

3012 Burton, ‘The Highlands of the Brazil,’ vol. i. p.  115.

3013 de Castelnau, ‘Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud,’ Histoire du voyage, vol. i. pp. 137, et seq.

3014 Ibid., vol. i. p.  328.

3015 ‘Das Ausland,’ 1859, pp. 58, et seq.

3016 v. Görtz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 288.

3017 Süssmilch, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 260, et seq.

3018 Felkin, ‘Contribution to the Determination of Sex,’ in ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. xxxii. pt. i. pp. 233-236.

3019 Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. pp. 44, et seq.

3020 Bell, ‘The History of Improved Short-Horn, or Durham Cattle,’ p. 351.

3021 Carr, ‘The History of the Rise and Progress of the Killerby, Studley, and Warlaby Herds of Shorthorns,’ p. 98.

3022 Janke, loc. cit. pp. 373, et seq.

3023 Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 285.

3024 Metz, loc. cit. p. 131.

3025 Metz, loc. cit. p. 131.

3026 Theal, loc. cit. pp. 16, et seq.

3027 Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 26. Mr. Jacobs thinks that English Jews marry their first cousins to the extent of 7·5 per cent. of all marriages, against a proportion of about 2 per cent. for England generally, as calculated by Professor G. H.  Darwin. M. Stieda, in his ‘Eheschliessungen in Elsass-Lothringen’ (1872-1876), gives the proportion of consanguineous marriages among Jews as 23·02 per thousand, against 1·86 for Protestants, and 9·97 for Catholics (Jacobs, ‘Studies in Jewish Statistics,’ p. 53).

3028 According to Mr. Jacob’s comprehensive manuscript collection of Jewish statistics, which he has kindly allowed me to examine, the average proportion of male and female Jewish births registered in various countries is 114·50 males to 100 females, whilst the average proportion among the non-Jewish population of the corresponding countries is 105·25 males to 100 females. But Mr. Jacobs thinks that the accuracy of these statistics may be called in question, as the abnormal figures for Austria (128 to 100, in the years 1861-1870) and Russia (129 to 100, in the years 1867-1870), when compared with those for Posen (108 to 100, in the years 1819-1873) and Prussia (108 to 100, in the years 1875-1881), render it likely that some uniform error occurs in the registration of Jewish female children in Eastern Europe. It has also been suggested that less care is taken in the registration of females among poor Jews. Moreover, still-born children are not included in the rates of births, and this certainly affects the figures as to sex, because, parturition being more difficult in the case of males than in that of females, there are not so many still-born females as still-born males (v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 57). E. Nagel attributes the excess of male births among Jews to the greater care which Jewish wives take of their health during pregnancy, as also to the smaller number of illegitimate births. But Mr. Jacobs believes that the ratio of male births is greater among Jews than among non-Jewish Europeans, even if we take this objection into account.

3029 Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ p. 270. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 382, et seq.

3030 Chervin, loc. cit. p. 38.

3031 Goehlert, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiii. p. 127.

3032 Armstrong, loc. cit. p. 195.

3033 Jones, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 326 (Kutchin). Dall, loc. cit. p. 403 (Kaniagmuts). Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p.  183 (Blackfeet). Bosman, loc. cit. pp. 423, 527; Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 121 (Negroes). Andree, loc. cit. p. 142 (Jews). Steller, loc. cit. pp. 347, et seq. (Kamchadales). Riedel, loc. cit. p. 263 (people of Aru).

3034 Algonquins (Heriot, loc. cit. p. 329), Pelew Islanders (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 31), Malays (Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  27), people of Aru (Riedel, p. 263), Negroes (Reade, loc. cit. pp. 45, 243. Moore, loc. cit. p. 242. Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 121, et seq.), Massagetæ (Beauregard, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  264, note 6), Azteks (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 267).

3035 Ashe, loc. cit. p. 249.

3036 Hearne, loc. cit. p. 93.

3037 Walla Wallas (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 400, et seq.), Thlinkets, Mosquitoes, New Zealanders (Waitz, vol. iii. p. 328; vol. iv. p. 291; vol. vi. p. 131), Chinese (Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  185).

3038 American Indians (Heriot, p. 339), people of Aru (Riedel, p. 263), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 210), Fijians (Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 191), Wanyoro (‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 84), Waganda (Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  187), Ashantees (Reade, loc. cit. p. 45).

3039 Moore, loc. cit. p. 223.

3040 Thomson, ‘Notes on the Basin of the River Rovuma,’ in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iv. p. 75.

3041 Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 191.

3042 Cf. Egede, loc. cit. p. 146; Brett, loc. cit. p. 102; Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205; Idem, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 78; Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  48, note *. ‘Thierische Milche,’ says Lippert (‘Die Geschichte der Familie,’ p. 22), ‘ist so wenig die allgemeine Nahrung der Menschheit auf einer sehr frühen Kulturstufe gewesen, dass vielmehr sämmtliche Völker der neuen Welt aus eigner Entwicklung gar nie diese Stufe erklommen haben.'

3043 Carver, loc. cit. p. 262; Powers, loc. cit. p. 271 (North American Indians).

3044 Dalton, loc. cit. p. 38 (Akas). Oldham, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. p. 240 (Khasias). Lewin, loc. cit. p. 261 (Kukis). Harkness, loc. cit. p. 78 (Kotars).

3045 Wilson, loc. cit. p. 179.

3046 Bastian, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. p. 389.

3047 Cf. Sproat, loc. cit. pp. 251, et seq.; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 96, 331; Reade, loc. cit. p. 250; Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 46, 85.

3048 Cf. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ.’ vol. iv. pp. 401, et seq. (Kaniagmuts); Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. 242 (Chinooks); Powers, loc. cit. pp. 235, et seq. (Wintun); v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 644, et seq. (Macusís).

3049 Cf. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 243; vol. v. p.  176; Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 456; Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 131, 778; Powers, p. 32.

3050 Reade, loc. cit. p. 45.

3051 Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. ii. pp. 376-387.

3052 Katscher, loc. cit. p. 48.

3053 v. Żmigrodzki, loc. cit. p. 177.

3054 Ross, loc. cit. p. 311.

3055 Powers, loc. cit. pp. 20, 44.

3056 Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  121.

3057 Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312.

3058 Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  196. Schomburgk, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  122.

3059 Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  311. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 15, 22.

3060 Stavorinus, ‘Account of Java and Batavia,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xi. p. 193.

3061 Boyle, loc. cit. p. 199, note.

3062 Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 50, 66.

3063 St John, ‘The Ainos,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 249.

3064 Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p.  50. On the Arabs of Upper Egypt, see Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ pp. 124, 265.